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INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



A GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT, AND 
PROSPECTS OP FUTURE GROWTH, 

COMPILED BY THE 
INTERNATIONAL BUKEAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 



1 9 O 3 . 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1 9 3 . 



INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



il 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



A GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT, AND 
PROSPECTS OF -FUTURE GROWTH. 



COMPILED BY THE 
INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 



1 9 O 3 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1903. 



i 



The Bureau wishes to express its deep obligation to the many sources 
which have aided in the compilation of the Argentine Book by contribu- 
tions of recent information, and especially to the "Argentine Yearbook" 
for 1902, published by the South American Publishing Company, 351 Calle 
San Martin, Buenos Aires, to which it is indebted for much of the latest 
official, statistical, and descriptive data. 



While the utmost care is taken to insure accuracy in the publications of 
the International Bureau of the American Republics, no pecuniary respon- 
sibility is assumed on account of errors or inaccuracies which may occur 
therein. 



i\4^ 




fr of said society. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
Chap. I.— Geographical sketch, area and population, topography, climatol- 
ogy, orography hydrography, native races 7 

II. — Government and constitutional organization. — Law of citizen- 
ship, rights of foreigners, guarantees. — Civil and commercial 

laws, religion 56 

III. — Political divisions. — Capital city, its resources, means of commu- 
nication, principal buildings, public institutions 73 

IV. — Provinces and Territories of the Republic: Brief geographical 
sketch of each. — Resources, means of communication, climate, 

seasons, population, capital city, industries 83 

V. — Agriculture — Review of the agricultural wealth of the country, 
principal products, their cultivation, facilities for obtaining 

Government lands , land laws , forest products 111 

VI.— Stock raising . 134 

VII. — Mining data, mineralogy, mining laws 150 

VIII. — Manufacturing industries: Their development, production, laws 

governing taxes _ . .. , 162 

IX. — Commerce, domestic and foreign; statistical data, customs 

tariffs, stamp and internal tax laws 178 

X. — Financial organization. — Revenues, budget laws, debts 241 

XI. — Banking and currency. — Banks and financial trusts. — Insurance 

companies 249 

XII. — Means of communication. — Interior communication. — Communi- 
cation with foreign countries. — Lines of steamers. — Railroads 
and tramways. — Concessions, laws governing them. — Mail, 

telegraph, and cable service 262 

XIII. — Immigration and colonization. — Statistics, laws, and regulations. 298 
XIV. — Instruction. — Laws on education, regulations, and school sys- 
tems . 311 

XV. — Patent and trade-mark regulations. — Army and navy. — Weights, 

measures, and values 318 

XVI. — Bibliography and cartography 334 

Constitution (Appendix No. 1) 347 

Index 367 

3 





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ILLUSTRATIONS. 






Page. 

Economic map of the Argentine Republic 3 

New boundary between the Argentine Republic and Chile 12 

Family group of Patagonia Indians 33 

Statue of General San Martin, Buenos Aires 57 

National Executive Mansion (Buenos Aires) -_ 58 

The Cathedral, Buenos Aires 72 

"Avenida de Mayo," Buenos Aires -_ 74 

National Opera House, Buenos Aires 75 

Rivadavia Hospital, Buenos Aires 76 

The Buenos Aires Corso 77 

Vestibule of the Jockey Club, Buenos Aires 78 

Waterworks, Buenos Aires 79 

Government house, La Plata 84 

San Roque Dam, Cordoba Range. . i 86 

Courts of Justice, Santa Fe 87 

A vineyard in the province of Mendoza 90 

La Plata City Hall 108 

A few cowhides drying at a depot on the pampas _ . . 123 

Cattle marking 135 

Inoculating cattle on the pampas against carbuncle 143 

Embarking sheep 182 

The meeting of three Republics 200 

Landscape of the ' ' Palermo ' ' Promenade. Buenos Aires 235 

Railway map of the Argentine Republic 272 

Southern Railway station, Buenos Aires 276 

Normal School for Professors, Buenos Aires 312 

Puerto Madero (Dock No. 4) , Buenos Aires 1 

Some Argentine warships __ _/ 

Santa Felicitas Chapel, Buenos Aires 327 

Palace of " La Prensa," Buenos Aires 334 

5 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 



CHAPTER I. 

GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, AREA AND POPULATION, TOPOGRA- 
PHY, CLIMATOLOGY, OROGRAPHY, HYDROGRAPHY, NATIVE 
RACES. 

Geographical position. — The Argentine Republic, situated in the 
southeastern part of South America, is bounded to the east by the 
republics of Brazil and Uruguay and the Atlantic Ocean, to the west 
by Chile, and to the north by Bolivia and Paraguay. It extends over 
34 degrees of latitude, from latitude S. 22° to latitude S. 56°. Its 
total area is differently estimated at 2,885,620 and 2,950,120 square 
kilometers. Its land boundaries on the west have a total length of 
4,800 kilometers; those on the north, 1,600; its river boundaries on 
the east, 1,200 kilometers. Its coasts at the mouth of the Rio de la 
Plata and on the Atlantic Ocean are 2,600 kilometers in length, or a 
total length of boundaries of 10,200 kilometers. 

AREA AND POPULATION. 

Census of 1895. — According to the census taken on May 10, 1895, 
the total population of the Republic amounted to 3,954,911 inhabit- 
ants, distributed as follows: Males, 2,088,919; females, 1,865,992; 
Argentines, 2,950,384; foreigners, 1,004,527. 

Total population, including Indians and Argentines abroad, 
4,094,911. 

Estimate of population, 1901. — According to official data of the 
Department of the Interior the estimated population on December 31, 
1901, was 5,026,913 inhabitants, distributed as follows : a 



Province. 


Inhabit- 1 
ants. 


Province. 


Inhabit- 
ants. 




846, 701 

1,176,864 

560,459 

349,862 

282,731 

429,908 

92,711 

183,399 

148,021 I 

96,667 

78,994 

100,672 


Tucuman 


251,527 


Buenos Aires 


Salta 


134,025 


Santa Fe 




54, 756 


Entre Rios 




139, 616 


Corrientes - 


Total 

Population not included in the 


Cordoba 


4, 926, 913 








50,000 






50, (MM) 


San Juan 






5,026,913 


Catamarca 











«La Prensa, January 1, 1903. 



8 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Provinces and territories. — 1. East or litoral — comprising the Fed- 
eral capital, provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Cor- 
rientes. 

2. Centre — Provinces of Cordoba, San Luis, Santiago. 

8. West or Andine — Mendoza, San Juan, Rioja, Catamarca. 

•1. North — Tucuman, Salta, Jujuy. 

5. Territories — Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquen, 
Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, los Andes : 

Population at various periods. — The population at various periods 
has been the following, in the different districts into which the country 
is divided : 





Area. 


Dec. 31, 
1900. 


May 10, 
1895. 


1869. 


Inhabit- 
ants per 
square 
kilome- 
ter, 1900. 


East 


Square kil- 
ometers. 
596,186 
337.975 
446,359 
233,385 
1,271,715 


3,118,319 
691,087 
414,032 
435,776 
134,935 


2,513,847 
594,175 
360,050 
383,470 
103,369 


847,518 
396,700 
254,440 
238,265 
153 


5.21 


Centre 


2.10 


West 


.92 


North 


1.86 




.10 






Total 


2,885,620 


4,795,149 
100,000 


3,954,911 

160,000 


1,737,076 
140,414 


1.66 


Not included in census 












2,885,620 


4,894,149 


4,114,911 


1,877,490 


1.66 







Urban and rural population 1869. — The urban and rural population 
in 1869 and the area in square kilometers was as follows: 



Provinces and Terri- 
tories. 



Buenos Aires (capital) . 
Buenos Aires (provin- 

cia) 

Santa Fe 

Entre Rios 

Corrientes 

Cordoba ... 

San Luis 

Santiago del Estero .... 

Mendoza 

San Juan 

Rioja -. 

Catamarca 

Tucuman 

Salta 



Area. 


Popula- 
tion. 


186 


187,346 


305,121 


307,761 


131,906 


89,117 


74,571 


134,271 


84,402 


129,023 


161,036 


210,508 


73,923 


53,294 


103,016 


132,898 


146,378 


65,413 


87,345 


60,319 


89, 498 


48,746 


123,138 


79,962 


23,124 


108,953 


161,099 


88,933 



Provinces and Terri- 
tories. 

Jujuy 

Los Andes. 

Misiones. 

Formosa 

Chaco 

Pampa 

Neuquen 

Rio Negro. 

Chubut 

Santa Cruz. 

Tierra del Fuego 

Foreigners in Argentina 

Total 



Area. 



49,162 

64,500 

29,229 

107,258 

136,635 

145,907 

109,703 

196,695 

242,039 

282, 750 

21,499 



,950,120 



Popula- 
tion. 



40,379 



93,291 



47,276 



1,877,490 



POPULATION. 



Area and population in 1895. — The following' table shows the area 
in square kilometers, total population, and sex in the different prov- 
inces and territories in 1895, and the estimated population on Decem- 
ber 31, 1900: 



Province or Territory. 



Area. 



Males. 



Females. 



Total, May, 
1895. 



Estimated, 

Dec. 31, 

1900. 



Federal capital . . 

Buenos Aires 

Santa Fe 

Entre Rios 

Corrientes 

Cordoba. ... 

San Luis 

Santiago - 

Mendoza 

San Juan 

Rioja 

Catamarca 

Tucuman 

Salta. .. - 

Jujuy 

Misiones 

Formosa 

Chaco .-- - 

La Pampa. - 

Neuquen 

Rio Negro 

Chubut 

Santa Cruz.. 

Tierra del Fuego 
Los Andes (1901) 



Square kil- 
ometers. 
186 

805,521 

131,906 
74,571 
84,402 

161,036 
73,923 

103,016 

146,378 
87,345 
89,498 

123,138 
23,124 

161,099 



107,258 
136,635 
"145,907 
109,703 
196,695 
242,039 
282,750 
21,499 



356, 702 

518,334 

224,625 

151,997 

115,170 

174,869 

39,037 

76,260 

58,937 

40,186 

32,706 

42,019 

112,922 

58,799 

26,257 

18,649 

2,886 

5,829 

15,896 

8,112 

5,409 

2,196 

748 

374 



307,152 

402,824 

172,563 

140,022 

124,448 

176,354 

42,413 

85,242 

57,199 

44,065 

36,796 

48,142 

102,820 

59,216 

23,456 

14,514 

1,943 

4,593 

10,018 

6,405 

3,832 

1,552 

310 

103 

521 



663,854 

921,168 

397, 188 

292,019 

239,618 

351,223 

81,450 

161,502 

116,136 

84,251 

69,502 

90,161 

215, 742 

118,015 

49,713 

33,163 

4,829 

10,422 

25,914 

14,517 

9,241 

3,748 

1,058 

477 

1,149 



821,291 

1,140,067 

536,236 

343,684 

277,041 

419,072 

91,403 

180,612 

141,431 

94,991 

77,783 

99,827 

249,433 

131,938 

64,405 

32,521 

5,589 

12,197 

46,662 

16,095 

13,859 

4,409 

1,444 

1,010 

1,149 



Urban and rural population in 1895 and 1901. 



Provinces and Terri- 
tories. 



Buenos Aires (capital) . . 
Buenos Aires (provincia) 

Santa Fe - 

Entre Rios. 

Corrientes . 

Cordoba 

San Luis 

Santiago del Estero 

Mendoza 

San Juan 

Rioja 

Catamarca 

Tucuman 

Salta 

Jujuy 



1895. 



663,854 

921,168 

397,188 

292,019 

239,618 

351, 223 

81,450 

161,502 

116,136 

84,251 

69,502 

90,161 

215,742 

118,015 

49,713 



1901. 



846,701 
1,176,864 
560,459 
349,862 
282,731 
429,908 

92,711 
183,399 
148,021 

96,667 

78,994 
100,672 
251,527 
134,025 

54,756 



Provinces and Terri- 
tories. 



Los Andes 

Misiones . 

Formosa 

Chaco 

Pampa . . 

Neuquen 

Rio Negro . . . 

Chubut 

Santa Cruz 

Tierra del Fuego. 

Indians 

No censados. 

Foreigners in Argentina 



Total 4,094,911 



1895. 



33,163 

4,829 

10,422 

25,914 

14,517 

9,241 

3,748 

1,058 

477 

30,000 

60,000 

50,000 



1901. 



1,166 
34,714 
5,725 
12,572 
47,490 
16,354 
14,459 
4,506 
1,563 
1,037 
20,000 
30,000 
50,000 



5,026,913 



Comparing its population with that of certain countries in Europe, 
the proportion is as follows: 



Countries. 


Area. 


Population. 


Argentina .. . 


So. Mm. 
2,950,120 


5,026,913 








France 


529,500 
775,900 

29,500 

33,500 
540,500 

41,400 
617,900 
296,300 

86,000 


38,595,000 


Norway and Sweden .. 


7,476,000 


Belgium 


6,687,000 


Holland 


5,179,000 


Germany 


56,367,000 


Switzerland 


3,315,000 


Austria-Hunerarv 


45,357,000 


Italy :...: 


32,449,000 


Ireland 


4,456,000 








Total 


2,950,500 


199,881,000 







10 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Nationality of inhabitants. — The nationality of the inhabitants 
according to the census of 1805 was: 



Nationalities. 



Males. 


Females. 


1,452,952 


1,497,432 


14,512 


10,213 


4,832 


2,529 


12,795 


7,799 


979 


402 


27,353 


21,297 


8,258 


6,304 


462 


367 


10,978 


6,165 


8,685 


4,118 


130,105 


68,580 


56,207 


37,891 


14,155 


7,633 


316,272 


176,364 


9,323 


5,466 


19,075 


11,750 


1,946 


1,682 



Total. 



Argentines ...:..- 

Brazilians 

Bolivians 

Chileans 

North Americans 

Uruguayans 

Paraguayans 

Other Americans. 

Germans 

Austrians 

Spaniards 

French 

English 

Italians 

Swiss. 

Other Europeans . 
Other races 



,950,384 

24,725 

7,361 

20,594 

1,381 

48,650 

14,562 

859 

17,142 

12,803 

198,685 

94,098 

21,788 

492,636 

14,789 

30,825 

3,628 



Foreign population in 1899. — The number of foreigners in the coun- 
try on December 31, 1899, was 1,199,808, an increase of 20 per cent 
on the 1895 returns. (All children born in the country of foreign 
parents are Argentines). 

Foreign population in 1900. — According to official data of February 
28, 1903, there were 1,001,899 foreigners in Argentina in the year 1900, 
of whom 882,767 were Europeans. Of these, 493,000 were Italians, 
19,8,790 Spaniards, 94,000 French, 21,800 English, 17,100 Germans, 
12,800 Austrians, 14,800 Swiss, 30,567 various. The foreign popula- 
tion is composed of 92 percent Latin race and 8 per cent others. In 
Buenos Aires, on December, 1900, there were 320,000 Europeans out 
of a total of 800,000 inhabitants, or about 40 per cent. Of these 
320,000 Europeans the various nationalities were: 



Italians 181,700 

Spaniards ,_...., 80,300 

French 33, 200 

English 6,800 



Germans 5, 300 

Austrians 3, 000 

Swiss 2,800 

Various 6,900 



Of the remaining Europeans, 562,000 were distributed throughout 
the country as follows : 



Province of Buenos Aires 296, 000 

Province of Santa Fe 159, 000 

Province of Entre Rios 50,700 



Province of Cordoba 34, 500 

The remaining 10 provinces and 
national territories 48, 800 



Population of the leading cities according to latest returns. 

Buenos Aires « 821, 293 

Parana 24,261 

Rosario 112,461 

Cordoba 47,609 

Santa Fe 24,755 

La Plata 35 , 410 

« The Municipal Bulletin of Buenos Aires gives the population of the capital, 
March 31, 1902, as 853, 454. 



BOUND AEIES. 11 

Inhabited houses. — The number of inhabited houses in the Repub- 
lic in 1895 was 530,034, as against 202,105 in 1809. According to the 
1809 census there were 002 inhabitants to every 100 houses, and 738 in 
1895, while in the Federal Capital there were 1,211. Comparisons of 
other countries per 100 houses: France, 490; New South Wales, 502; 
Scotland, 505; Victoria, 508; England, 538; Belgium, 520; United 
States, 545; Ireland, 500; Itaty, 035; Switzerland, 730; Germany, 803; 
Prussia, 870. Of the 530,034 houses, 042 per 1,000 belonged to Argen- 
tines and 358 per 1,000 to foreigners. In the Federal Capital and prov- 
inces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and National Territories 
the majority of the houses belong to foreigners. 

BOUNDARIES. 

Settlement of boundaries. — The boundaries of the Republic have 
been the subject of dispute for many years past, although most of them 
have within the last few years been settled amicably either by treaty 
or by arbitration of some friendly power. 

Boundary ivith Paraguay. — The boundary between the Argentine 
Republic and Paraguay was originally defined by the" treaty of limits 
between these Republics of February 3, 1870. By it Paraguay yielded 
to the Argentine Republic her interest in the Misiones territory on 
the left bank of the Parana, her interest in El Chaco from the river 
Pilcomayo down to the Bermejo, and the island of Stayo (or Cerrito) 
at the confluence of the rivers Paraguay and Parana. On the other 
hand, Paraguay was left in possession of that part of El Chaco lying 
between Bahia Negra on the north and the Rio Verde on the south. 
The title to the intervening part, lying between the Rio Verde on the 
north and the Pilcomayo on the south and containing the Villa Occi- 
dental, was left in abeyance until it should be finally settled by arbi- 
tration, the President of the United States being chosen as arbitrator. 
On November 13, 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes made his 
award, by which the Republic of Paraguay was given the territory on 
the western bank of the river Paraguay between the Rio Verde and 
the main branch of the Pilcomayo, including Villa Occidental. In 
recognition of the award by the President the Paraguayan Congress 
changed the name of Villa Occidental to that of Villa Hayes. 

Boundary with Bolivia. — The boundary between the Argentine 
Republic and Bolivia has been settled by a treaty concluded on May 
10, 1889, as follows: 

" In the territory of Atacama the boundary shall follow the range 
of the same name to the head of the Devils Creek (quebrada del 
Diablo) to the northeast along the eastern slope of the same Cor- 
dillera to the beginning of the ridge (serrania) of Zapalegin. From 
this point it shall follow as far as the ridge of Esmoraca along the 
highest peaks until it reaches the head of the western branch of Quiaca 
Creek, whence it shall descend by the middle of it to its mouth in the 



12 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Rio de Yanapalpa. From this point it shall run due west and east to 
the summit of the Cerro del Porongal. From this point it shall run 
to the western end of the Rio Porongal, following the middle of the 
stream to its confluence with the Bermejo opposite the town of that 
name. From this point the divisional line shall follow the waters of 
this same river Bermejo to its confluence with the Rio Grande de 
Tarija, otherwise the forks of San Antonio. From these forks it shall 
follow up the waters of the Rio Tarija until it comes to the mouth of 
the Rio I tan, whence it shall follow the course of the latter stream as 
far as the twenty-second parallel, from which point it shall continue 
to the Rio Pilcomayo." 

The work of marking off this boundary has not yet been completed. 
It has been provided in this treaty that all questions which could not 
be settled by the delimitation commission to be appointed should be 
submitted to arbitration. 

Boundary with Uruguay. — The territory between the Parana and 
the Uruguay rivers, known generally as the Misiones, was claimed 
both by Argentina and Brazil. It was admitted (1) that the divisional 
line between the two countries began, at the north, at the river Parana, 
opposite the mouth of the Iguacu, and followed the course of the 
latter river for some distance eastward; (2) that farther to the north 
it followed the course of the Uruguay, and (3) that between these 
rivers it was formed by two connecting or practically connecting 
streams. On this last question the two countries disagreed. Brazil 
maintained that the two connecting streams were the San Antonio 
and the Pepiry-Guazu, while the Argentine Republic contended they 
were two streams more to the east, called the San Antonio- Guazu and 
the Pepiry or Pequiry-Guazu. By a treaty concluded at Buenos Aires 
September 7, 1889, the Argentine Republic and Brazil agreed to sub- 
mit their respective claims to the arbitration of the President of the 
United States. President Cleveland made his award in favor of 
Brazil on February 5, 1895. 

Boundary with Chile. — On the 17th of April, 1896, an agreement 
was signed at Santiago between the Argentine Minister to Chile and 
the Chilean Minister of Foreign Relations providing for the settlement 
of the boundary between the two countries. The section of boundary 
between parallel 25° 52' 45" S. and the Straits of Magellan being dis- 
puted, was to be submitted to the decision of His Britannic Majesty's 
Government. King Edward's award was as follows : 

Award of His Majesty Edward VII, King of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, Emperor of India, in the boundary question between the 
Argentine Republic and Chile. 

"Article 1. The boundary in the region of the San Francisco Pass 
shall be formed by the line water parting extending from the pillar 
already erected on the pass to the summit of mountain Tres Cruces. 

"Art. 2. The basin of Lake Lacar is awarded to Argentina. 



Boundary as settled by 
arbitration 1902 



SCALE OF MILES 



50 TOO 



TERRI Tofey 
OF 




Block supplied through the courtesy of the American Geographical Society. 
NEW BOUNDARY BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND CHILE. 



BOUNDARIES. 13 

"Art. 3. From Perez Rosales Pass, near the north of Lake Nahuel- 
huapi, to the vicinity of Lake Biedma the boundary shall pass by 
Mount Tronador; thence to river Palena by the line water parting 
determined by certain obligatory points which we fixed upon rivers 
Manso, Puelo, Funtaleufu, and Palena or Carreleufu, awarding to 
Argentina the upper basins of these rivers above the points which 
we fixed, including valleys Yillegas, Nuevo, Cholila, Colonia 16 de 
Octubre, Frio, Huemules, Corcovado, and awarding to Chile the lower 
basins below those points. From the fixed point on the river Palena 
the boundary shall follow the river Encuentro to peak Virjen; thence 
to the line which we fixed, crossing Lake General Paz; thence by 
the line water parting determined by the point which we fixed upon 
river Pico ; from whence the boundary shall ascend to the principal 
water parting of the South American continent at Loma Baguales, 
and follow that water parting to the summit known as La Galera. 
From this point the boundary shall follow certain tributaries of the 
river Simpson or Southern Aisen, which we fixed, and attain peak 
Apywan, from whence it follows the water parting determined by the 
point which we fixed on the promontory from the northern shore of 
Lake Buenos Aires. 

"The upper basin of the river Pico thus is awarded to Argentina, and 
the lower basin to Chile. 

' ' The whole basin of the river Cisnes or Frias is awarded to Chile ; 
also the whole basin of the Aisen, with exception of the tract at 
headwaters of the Southern Branch, including the settlement Kos- 
lowsky, which is awarded to Argentina. 

"The further boundary is determined by lines which we fixed across 
lakes Buenos Aires, Pueyrredon or Cochrane, and San Martin, thus 
assigning the western portions of the basins of these lakes to Chile 
and the eastern portions to Argentina, the dividing ranges carrying 
mounts San Lorenzo and Fitz-Roy. From Mount Fitz-Roy to Mount 
Stokes the frontier is already determined. 

' 'Art. 4. From the vicinity of Mount Stokes to the fifty-second parallel 
south latitude the boundary shall first follow the continental water 
parting defined by Sierra Baguales, diverging from the latter south- 
wards across the river Vizcachas to Mount Cazador, at the south- 
eastern extremity of which range crosses the river Guillermo and 
rejoins the continental water parting to the east of Mount Solitario, 
following to the fifty-second parallel, from which point the frontier is 
already defined. 

"Art. 5. A more detailed definition of the frontier will be found in 
the report submitted to us by our tribunal and upon the maps fur- 
nished by the experts of the republics Argentina and Chile, upon 
which the boundary which we have decided upon has been delineated 
by the members of our tribunal and approved by us. 



14 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

" Given in triplicate under our hand and seal at our Court of Saint 
James this twentieth day of November, 1902, in the second year of 
our reign. 

"Edward VII." 

Boundary with Brazil. — In accordance with the terms of the award 
of February 5, 1895, and of the treaty of October 6, 1898, the demar- 
cation of the boundary between the Argentine Republic and the 
United States of Brazil is nearly completed. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The general idea that Argentina consists mainly of a boundless 
level plain, for which the early settlers retained the old Quichua term 
pampa, is probably due to the first impression produced of the Plate 
estuary by the uniform aspect of the surrounding lands. But a closer 
study of the actual relations shows that this view is subject to consid- 
erable modification. It is true that a great part of the country was 
formerly flooded by the Pampean Sea, and consequently still presents 
a nearly horizontal surface, with a slight, in some places a scarcely per- 
ceptible, incline toward the Atlantic. 

Orography. — The great inland basin, however, was not only con- 
tracted, especially in the northwest, by lofty ranges belonging to the 
Andean system, but was also broken by high mountain masses, which 
rose at several points above the surrounding waters. Moreover, the 
primeval uniformity of the marine bed was probably in early Tertiary 
times disturbed by movements of upheaval arrested at different levels, 
while the Pampean Sea itself was limited southward by the Patagonian 
Plateau, which has certainly been dry land since Tertiary times. 

These general features of a former, though still comparatively 
recent, geological age are necessarily reflected in the present con- 
formation of the land. Hence, although the pampas may be regarded 
as its most conspicuous feature, they are found to be greatly diversi- 
fied by Andean highlands in the northwest between the Pilcomayo 
and Bermejo basins, and farther south in the province of Mendoza 
and Patagonia, as well as by the isolated Sierra de Cordoba in the 
center and the Tandil and Ventana heights between the Plate and 
Colorado basins. 

Geological formation. — Further variety is imparted to the whole 
region by the different elevations now presented by the pampas them- 
selves, which between the Cordoba hills and the Rio Salado form a 
gently inclined terrace falling from 1,000 to about 200 or 250 meters 
above the sea, and lower down constitute a nearly level plain gradu- 
ally falling from 85 to 40 meters, and extending round the Plate estu- 
ary all the way to the Atlantic. Although largely due to the former 
upheaval of the bed of the inland sea, these elevations also represent 
a large amount of detritus, either accumulated in the form of talus at 



METEOROLOGY. 15 

the foot of the hills on the higher grounds or else carried down and 
slowly deposited as alluvial matter on the lower grounds by the run- 
ning waters from the surrounding Brazilian and Andean uplands. 
Such in broad outline would appear to be the geological framework 
of the Argentine lands, where are accordingly to be considered the 
western (Argentine and Patagonian) Cordilleras, the isolated central 
and southern heights, the steppe-like pampas, and the Patagonian 
table-land. a 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

The characteristic elements of the configuration of the Argentine 
Republic are: the plains, the isolated mountains or pampa chains 
(sierras pampeanas), and the Cordilleras. The greater part of the 
country is a vast alluvial plain or pampa rising gradually from the 
southeast to the northwest. The pampa chains comprise the range 
parallel to the western cordilleras and are characterized by their 
gentle eastern and sharp western slopes, their summits rarely reach- 
ing the snow line. The essential element of these two mountains is 
crystalline schist, particularly gneiss. The dip of the stratified rock 
usually follows that of the principal chain running from north to 
south. The trachytic branches of these mountains have produced in 
a number of places veins of gold, silver, copper, and lead. ' The cor- 
dilleras are, from a geological point of view, between the twenty- 
seventh and the thirty-third degree of south latitude, a central gra- 
nitic ridge inclosed in beds of gneiss and schists. Over the whole of 
the plain of the Argentine Republic between the Atlantic Ocean and 
the eastern slope of the cordilleras is spread, with hardly any inter- 
ruption, an argillaceous deposit reaching a depth of 15 and 20 meters 
and usually called the pampean formation. There are in this exten- 
sive plain a number of depressions in which are vast salt marshes; 
the largest covers an area of 5,000 square kilometers and is situated 
between the sierras of Cordoba and of La Rioja. These salt marshes 
may either come from former salt lakes, which in the alluvial period 
covered the lower parts of the pampas, or be the result of the solution 
of the saline deposits in their sedimentary formation of the pampa 
chains. 

METEOROLOGY. 

Climatology. — The whole Republic, excepting a narrow strip to the 
north, belongs to the temperate zone. Extending from north to south 
over 34° of latitude, the climatic conditions offer great differences, 
especially between the extreme northern and southern sections of the 
country, and the proximity or remoteness to the cordilleras and the 
Atlantic. The country may be divided into three regions — the littoral 
(provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes, For- 
mosa, Chaco, and Misiones); the Mediterranean or center, including 

« Central and South America: A. H. Keane, 1901, pp. 332-333. 



16 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



the seacoast south of the province of Buenos Aires, and the Andean. 
In the first the average yearly temperature is about 19° Celsius. This 
average, which is about 17° Celsius at Buenos Aires, rises about half 
a degree for each degree of latitude going from south to north. The 
average temperature of summer is about 25° C. ; that of autumn 
(March, April, May) 18°; that of winter (June, July, August) 12°, and 
that of spring 17°. The average of the warmest month (January) is 
26°; that of the coldest (July) 11°. The maximum and minimum are 
about+42° and —5°. Snow is very rare in the littoral provinces, years 
sometimes passing without any. 

Average region temperature. — The following table gives the aver- 
age temperature for the three regions (Celsius) : 





Summer. 


Autumn. 


Winter. 


Spring. 


Annual. 


Littoral: 

Northern 


-0.5 
-0.3 

-0.4 
-0.4 

-0.5 
-0.1 


-0.2 
-0.1 

-0.2 
-0.1 

-0.3 
-0.1 


-0.2 
-0.1 

-0.2 
-0.1 

-0.2 
-0.1 


-0.5 
-0.2 

-0.4 
-0.4 

-0.5 
-0.1 


-0.4 


Southern 

Mediterranean: 

Northern 

Southern 

Andean: 

Northern 

Southern 


-0.2 

-0.3 
-0.3 

-0.4 
-0.1 



. Average season temperature. — The following table shows the aver- 
age temperature in distinctive parts of the country for the four seasons 
and the year: 

[Summer comprising December, January, and February; autumn comprising March, April, 

and May.] 



January- 


April. 


July. 


October. 


26.67 


21.90 


19.06 


22.55 


24.57 


19.32 


15.44 


22.98 


25.02 


19.09 


14.16 


19.42 


23.95 


18.40 


12.48 


19.59 


25.88 


17.43 


9.29 


18.92 


22.87 


16.29 


10.33 


16.45 


24.71 


15.01 


10.09 


18.13 


23.89 


16.33 


12.02 


16.29 


21.45 


13.05 


7.41 


12.51 


23.73 


16.87 


10.66 


15.32 


8.94 


6.12 


2.59 


4.84 


20.66 


10.90 


5.66 


13.81 



Year. 



Asuncion (Paraguay) 
Esperanza ( Jujuy ) _ _ . 

Goya 

Tucuman 

San Juan 

Cordoba . 

SanLuis 

Rosario 

ChosMalal 

Buenos Aires 

Staten Island 

Rawson (Chubut) 



22.83 
21.35 
19.39 
18.32 
17.97 
16.83 
16.54 
16.56 
13.69 
17.03 
5.61 
12.61 



The daily average difference of temperature in the above points is : 



January. 


April. 


July. 


October. 


9.3 


10.0 


9.3 


12.2 


7.6 


7.4 


7.3 


7.9 


12.7 


10.6 


8.1 


12.0 


7.4 


6.3 


4.4 


6.8 


10.3 


9.6 


12.8 


12.8 


12.2 


11.7 


12.2 


11.6 


8.4 


8.6 


10.0 


8.9 


11.5 


12.3 


10.4 


11.3 


3.1 


6.2 


10.1 


10.3 


9.8 


10.0 


11.5 


10.8 


11.1 


12.2 


7.6 


10.2 


3.9 


0.8 


0.8 


2.8 



Year. 



Asuncion 

Goya 

Rosario 

Buenos Aires 

Tucuman 

Cordoba 

San Luis 

Rawson 

Esperanza ... 

San Juan 

Chos Malal... 
Staten Island 



9.6 

7.7 
11.2 

6.2 
11.5 
11.9 

9.0 
11.0 

8.9 
10.9 
10.3 

2.2 



METEOROLOGY. 



17 



Maximum and minimum temperatures. — The average maximum 
and minimum temperatures in various parts has been: 



Asuncion 

Formosa 

Salta 

Tucuman 

Corrientes 

Goya 

Santa Maria ( Misiones 
Santiago del Estero... 

Catamarca 

La Rioja 

Parana 

Rosario . 

Cordoba 

San Luis 

San Juan 

Mendoza 

Chos Malal 

Buenos Aires 

Bahia Blanca 







Absolute. 


Years. 


Average. 














Maximum. 


Minimum. 


1892-1896 


22.71 


41.4 


0.8 


1879-1892 


21.87 


40.0 


- 0.5 


1882-1893 


17.47 


35. 


- 4.3 


1855-1896 


19. 56 


40.6 


- 3.2 


1873-1896 


21. 57 


40.2 


3.2 


1876-1896 


19.81 


39.4 


- 0.5 


1892-1894 


19.03 


42.0 


- 2.1 


1880-1890 


21.29 


43. 2 


- 2.5 


1881-1888 


20.81 


43.1 


- 0.4 


1875-1892 


19.62 


42.6 


0.0 


1875-1896 


18.82 


38.2 


- 1.2 


1891-1896 


17.14 


40.6 


- 7.8 


1873-1896 


17.02 


41.8 


- 8.9 


1874-1877 


16.54 


39.4 


- 4.6 


1873-1896 


18.69 


44.0 


- 1.8 


1863-1896 


16. 80 


41.5 


- 8.4 


1892-1896 


14.12 


39.1 


-10.4 


1856-1896 


16.55 


39.5 


- 2.0 


1860-1883 


15.26 


41.1 


- 5.0 



Winds. — The effect of the different winds on the tenrperature is as 
follows : 

The north winds are hot, and the increase in the heat is, as a rule, 
proportional to the duration of the wind from this direction, while the 
South winds are cool, refreshing the air and relieving the suffocation 
produced during the successive days of north v/ind. In the Andine 
region the dry and hot winds are called zondas, and generally blow 
from north to northwest and at times with such intensity that res- 
piration is difficult. These winds rise about midday and last till sun- 
set, but at times they continue two or three days without interruption, 
being strongest in spring in the months of September and October. 
The changes of temperature after a severe zonda and the south wind 
which follows it are frequently as high as 25°. In the littoral and 
mediterranean the heat produced by the north wind generally ter- 
minates with a thunderstorm or pampero. The pamperos in the 
littoral are more frequent in winter and spring. The change of tem- 
perature caused by the two winds is frequently from 15° to 20°. The 
extreme heat of the sun's rays from 1874 to 1 900 in Cordoba has been 
79° and in Rosario 73°. 

Barometric pressures. — The average yearly barometric pressures in 
various places are: Esperanza, height 570 meters 713.3 millimeters; 
Asuncion, height 105 meters 753 millimeters; Mendoza, height 799 
meters 696.3 millimeters; Cordoba, height 437 meters 724.2 millime- 
ters; Rosario, height 29 meters 760 millimeters; Buenos Aires, height 
22 meters 760.5 millimeters. 

Humidity. — The average annual percentage of relative humidity is: 

Per cent. 

Asuncion 71 

Cordoba - 64 

Rosario 78 

Buenos Aires 78 

573A— 03 2 



18 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



RAINFALL. 

Distribution of rainfall. — The yearly distribution of the rainfall to 
the north of latitude 40°, both regarding quantity as well as fre- 
quency, can be divided into two seasons — the rainy season during the 
six months from October to March, and the dry from April to Septem- 
ber. In the littoral the difference in the quantity of rain which nor- 
mally falls in these two seasons is less marked in the south section 
than in the north — that is, in Buenos Aires the relation of rain in the 
wet to the dry seasons is 56 : 44 and in Corrientes 65 : 35. In the medi- 
terranean region the rains of Cordoba, for example, are in relation to 
86 : 14, and in Salta 96 : 4. To the south of 40° the distribution is very 
regular during the whole year, as much rain falling in the winter as 
in the summer. The cause of this great inequality between the rain- 
fall of summer and winter is due to the areas of high and low atmos- 
pheric pressure and to the direction of the winds, which, after trav- 
eling over a large extension of the ocean, arrive on the land charged 
with vapor, which is precipitated in the form of rain, and is most 
abundant when the winds blow toward regions with low temperatures. 
The center of the area of low pressure extends from the north to lati- 
tude 32°, embracing the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, and 
La Rioja, and toward this center the moist winds of the Atlantic blow. 
The hills of San Luis, Cordoba, and the range of Aconquija intercept 
the vapors, causing the condensation of them on their east sides, so 
that when the winds reach the Andine region the greater portion of 
the vapor has been withdrawn and but a small quantity is left for 
that zone during the summer months. 

Yearly rainfall. — The yearly rainfall in various parts of the coun- 
try is as follows, in millimeters : 





Years. 


Average 
for year. 


Per month. 




Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Asuncion 


1892-1896 
1876-1896 
1876-1896 
1875-1896 
1875-1896 
1895-1896 
1889-1894 
. 1875-1896 
1861-1896 
1884-1896 
1892-1896 
1889-1896 
1893-1896 
1888-1896 
1888-1896 
1860-1896 
1888-1892 
1880-1888 
1873-1895 
1873-1896 
1873-1890 
1873-1896 
1874-1877 
1881-1896 
1875-1892 
1875-1896 
1875-1896 


1,342.0 

1,191.5 
980.2 

1,068.9 
854. 3 

1,166.8 
846.0 
920. 5 
900.8 
738.5 
711.1 
731.7 
737.4 
812.9 
702.0 
467.6 
782.4 
288.4 
551.4 
935.3 
496.7 
695.0 
547.4 
302.2 
273.6 
48.8 
148.7 


497.3 

457.7 
394.0 
402.9 
303.2 
262.0 
294.8 
501.1 
349.0 
202.5 
191.0 
306.7 
212.5 
321.6 
258.6 
272.0 
354.0 
143.0 
408.0 
328.0 
250.8 
315.9 
157.9 
145.4 
131.0 
55.0 
97.0 


8.6 


Corrientes _ 


0.0 


Goya 

Concordia . 

Parana 


0.0 
0.7 
0.0 


Uruguay - - 


18.0 


Carcara'na 

Rosario 


0.0 
0.0 




0.0 




0.0 


Lobos - - - _ 


0.0 


Dolores - 


0.0 


Saladillo = 

Azul 


0.0 
0.0 




0.0 




0.0 


Rio Colorado - 


0.0 




0.0 




0.0 


Tucuman 


0.0 
0.0 




0.0 




0.0 




0.0 




0.0 




0.0 




0.0 







METEOROLOGY. 



19 



The following table shows the quantity of rain that fell in the cities 
of Buenos Aires and Cordoba for the years 1892 to 189G in the differ- 
ent seasons of the year, in millimeters : 



Buenos Aires. 



Year. 


Summer. 


Autumn. 


Winter. ! Spring. 


Total. 


1892 - 


220 
165 
78 
183 
322 


238 
102 
180 
324 
118 


91 
150 

248 
272 
157 


150 
179 
393 
566 
237 


699 


1893 


596 


1894 


798 


1895 -- 


1,345 

834 


1896 - 







Cordoba. 



1892 - 


348.6 

277.8 
376.8 
261.7 

288.8 


165.8 
214.9 
205. 3 
99.7 
175.0 


51.9 
6.5 
50.2 
17.2 
14.9 


318.2 
197.8 
133.7 
79.5 
198.3 


884.5 


1893 . - - - 


697.0 


1894 


766.0 


1895 


453.1 


1896 


677.0 







Comparative rainfall. — Comparing the years in which the rainfall 
in Buenos Aires has been superior or inferior to the normal quantity 
with the same years for Cordoba, it is seen that in a period of twenty- 
four years of observations in both cities that in seventeen years an 
increase of rain above the average in that city was accompanied by a 
decrease in Buenos Aires, or vice versa, and in the remaining seven 
years the rises or falls above the average are the same for both. From 
the above it can be taken as a general law, or at all events in accord- 
ance with the observations made up to date — the proportion of 71 : 7 — 
that in the years in which the rains are in excess of the normal in the 
fluvial region and along the coast the provinces of the interior suffer 
from want of rain, and in the years of heavy rains in the interior there 
is drought along the coast. The great economic importance in the 
respective productions of these regions, which are directly connected 
with the distributions of the rains, is too evident to require comment. 
This law was fully borne out during the winter of 1900, when heavy 
floods occurred in the province of Buenos Aires, and severe droughts 
in some of the upper provinces. 

Rainfall in Buenos Aires, 1900. — The rainfall in the city of Buenos 
Aires for 1900, compared with the previous year was : In the twelve 
months, October 1, 1899, to September 30, 1900, 1,768 millimeters of rain 
fell in one hundred and seven days; for the twelve months January 
to December, 1899, rain fell on one hundred and one days to the 
amount of 891.9 millimeters. From March 25 to April 1, 1900, 437.4 
millimeters of rain fell. 



20 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Yearly average rainfall in various cities of the ivorld. 

Millimeters. 

Paris 559 

Berlin 610 

London 635 

Rome 787 

New York 1.092 

Rio Janeiro M" 

Bergen (Norway) 3 , 261 

Vera Cruz (Mexico) 4,648 

Intensity of rains.— With respect to the intensity of the rains in the 
various sections of the country the differences are very pronounced, 
especially in the character of those which fall along the Atlantic coast 
and the interior. As a general rule, the showers in the regions with 
the greatest yearly fall are not so intense, but of longer duration. In 
the Mediterranean regions and the Andine the falls are short but heavy, 
especially in spring and summer, accompanied by thunder and light- 
ning and frequently with hail. For example, in the city of Salta, the 
23d of December, 1889, a fall of 42 millimeters occurred in thirty-nine 
minutes. In Cordoba, on the afternoon of November 2, 1890, 23 milli- 
meters fell in fourteen minutes, and on December 18 of the same year 
27.3 millimeters fell in twelve minutes, this being at the rate of 99 and 
136 millimeters per hour. 

The heaviest rainfall known in the country up to 1896 was that which 
fell over Rosario on March 26, 1880, between 5 and 9 a.m., when 254 
millimeters and 80 millimeters fell in less than thirty minutes. 

The knowledge of the frequency of the rainfall in the different sea- 
sons of the year is of the utmost importance to farmers. In the lit- 
toral region and in the south to 40° of latitude there is, as a general 
rule, less contrast in the number of days of rainfall between summer 
and winter or from one year to another, while in the interior the fre- 
quency and quantity offer a mutual relation. 

Rainfall in various parts of the country.— The following shows the 
number of days in the year in which the rain has fallen in various 
parts of the country : 

Asuncion °°- 4 

Corrientes 48. 2 

Concordia ^5. 7 

Parana : 50 - 3 

77 4- 

Rosario ■ ■ • * 

Buenos Aires - - ^9. 2 

Salado 64 - 6 

Tandil 82 - 2 

Bahia Blanca 53 - 5 

Salta M.l 

Tucuman 65, 4 

Santiago del Estero 41. 2 

Catamarca 33, 1 



METEOROLOGY. 21 

La Rioja 38 

Cordoba 70. 3 

San Juan 15. 5 

Mendoza 42. 1 

San Luis 58. 8 

Chubut 66. 8 

Staten Island 251 . 5 

Geographical distribution of storms. — The heavier the thunderstorm 
the more severe the rainfall. In the geographical distribution of 
storms the extremes are between the littoral region and the extreme 
south of the continent. In eight years only eight claps of thunder 
were heard at Staten Island. Following the coast line toward the 
north, the electrical discharges increase until they reach the estuary 
of the River Plate, where it appears they attain their maximum, 51 
being the yearly average. In Bahia Blanca the number is 10, in 
Rawson 9. In the fluvial region there is a decrease compared with 
Buenos Aires, for in Hernandarias, province of Entre Rios, and in 
Asuncion, the number varies from 24 to 33. In the region of the pampa 
these storms are frequent from October to March. The wet season in 
Cordoba has an average of 46. In the Andine region these storms 
are of less frequency than in the Mediterranean. In Mendoza for a 
period of forty years the average has been 27. In Chos Malal, the 
capital of Neuquen, thunderstorms are of rare occurrence. To the 
north of Mendoza or San Juan they are also less frequent than in those 
provinces. From latitude 40° N. the relation of the yearly distribution 
between the number of rain storms and thunderstorms is close and 
the division of the year in the wet and dry seasons is equalty appli- 
cable to the periods of electrical discharges. In Buenos Aires 64 per 
cent of the total number of these storms take place in the months of 
October to March; in Cordoba 85 per cent, and in Mendoza 92. 

Hail. — Hail generally accompanies thunderstorms, but it is excep- 
tional if the fall lasts more than a few minutes, and the width of the 
fall is generally small, sometimes not being more than 2 kilometers. 
Along the Atlantic coast hail is rare, as in the registers of Buenos 
Aires, since 1861, only 30 falls have been recorded, and in Bahia Blanca 
only nine times in twenty-four years. The farther from the coast the 
more frequent the falls. In twenty-four years in Cordoba the total 
was 81, of which 70 occurred between the months of October and 
March. In Mendoza during forty-seven years 110 falls were recorded. 

Wind velocity. — The windiest part of the country is Staten Island 
with a daily velocity of 640 kilometers; the other extreme is found in 
Tucuman, where the daily velocity is only 54 kilometers per day. In 
Catamarca there are stations where 50 per cent of the records are calm. 
The winds of the Mediterranean region are well indicated by the reg- 
isters of Cordoba, which give a mean velocity of 259 kilometers. The 
spring is the season of the year in which there is most wind, but this 
windy period is felt more in the Pampa and in the north section of the 



22 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

fluvial region than in Buenos Aires, where it is prolonged until the 
months of summer. The calmest season in the north section of the 
Littoral is before that in the south, as in Asuncion the calms are Feb- 
ruary to May; Gorrientes, February to April; Rosario, April to May; 
Cordoba and Buenos Aires, May and June. The greatest velocities 
registered are: Staten Island, July 3, 1895, 109.7 kilometers per hour. 
In Cordoba on February 10, 1883, for ten minutes the force of the 
wind was superior to 95 kilometers. The strongest windstorm during 
the past twenty-five years was the cyclone which destroyed Arroyo 
Seco, a station 31 kilometers to the southeast of Rosario, and from 
the results of the destruction effected it is calculated that for some 
seconds the force was equal to 125 pounds per square foot. The fre- 
quency of strong wind in the estuary of the River Plate is on the 
average of 20 to 25 per year, but of these only three or four exceed 60 
kilometers per hour. The months of May, June, and July are most 
free from pamperos, while in February, August, and the last three 
months of the year they are most frequent. 

In January and February of 1900 a heat wave swept over the 
country and a number of sudden deaths occurred, especially in the 
city of Buenos Aires. 

Walter G. Davis, 
Director National Meteorological Office {1902). 

HYDROGRAPHY. 

Lacustrine basins. — Apart from a few closed lacustrine basins in 
the pampas and southwest Patagonia, the whole of Argentina drains 
mainly in a southeasterly direction to the Atlantic. In Argentina 
proper nearly all the running waters find their way either through the 
Parana or the Uruguay to the Plate estuary, or through the Colorado 
and the Negro directly to the coast. 

River system. — But in Patagonia, where the continent contracts to 
relatively narrow limits and increases in aridity southward, no large 
fluvial systems are developed, and the comparatively slight discharge 
is effected through the Chubut, the Santa Cruz, the Gallegos, and a 
few other independent coast streams. 

Colorado basin. — Even in the Colorado basin many of the affluents 
are intermittent, or else run out in saline marshes or lagoons without 
reaching the main channel at all. 

Argento-Patagonian rivers. — In a word, the collective volume of all 
the other Argento-Patagonian rivers is almost a negligible quantity 
compared with that of the mighty Parana-Uruguayan system. 

The Uruguay River. — Not more than about one -half of this basin 
is comprised within the Argentine State, where the Uruguay is 
entirely a frontier river, while some of the western affluents flow in 
their upper courses through Bolivian territory. The Parana itself 
does not belong altogether to Argentina until it is joined at the Tres 



HYDROGRAPHY. 23 

Bocas near Corrientes by its great tributary, the Paraguay, from the 
north. Below the confluence the discharge is greater than at the head 
of the Plate estuary, the contributions received from the feeble pam- 
pas affluents during its lower course being insufficient to compensate 
for the loss of evaporation. Nevertheless these affluents have the 
effect of greatly widening the fluvial bed, which expands to a breadth 
of 64: kilometers during the floods in the vast Parana-Uruguay delta 
above Buenos Aires. Formerly this deltaic region formed part of 
the marine gulf, which penetrated nearly 482 kilometers farther inland 
than at present. The tides still ascend both the Parana and the 
Uruguay for a distance of nearly 160 kilometers, but the fluvial silt- 
ings have gradually filled in the broad marine channel all the way 
from the present head of the estuary to Diamante, where the lower 
course of the Parana bends from south to east. 

The Parana. — A short distance above the mouth of the main chan- 
nel the monotonj^ of the surrounding treeless flats is relieved by the 
exuberant vegetation of Delta Island, where whole forests of peach 
trees are in full bloom in the month of August, and where the seiba also 
(Erythrina cristagalli) unfolds its gorgeous blossom. These islands 
of the delta are formed of extremely fertile alluvial deposits, which are 
often accumulated high above the periodical floodings. Many are 
swept bodily away by the current and re-formed lower down, so that 
the navigable channels are constantly shifting. But the main branch, 
known as the Parana de las Palmas, is accessible to large vessels 
even in August, when the water is lowest. Besides this branch, the 
delta is intersected by several other large arms, and the Parana- 
has altogether as many as fourteen mouths, all subject to periodical 
inundations. a 

The Biver Plate and its tributaries^ — With the exception of the 
Amazon, there are few rivers in the world that are greater than the 
Rio de la Plata system. The Amazon has a drainage of 5,000,000 
kilometers, 2 the La Plata 3,103,000 kilometers, 2 more than two and 
a half times the entire Pacific slope of the Andes; the Mississippi 
3,108,000 kilometers, 2 being, therefore, practically equal in drainage 
area. The mean discharge of the Amazon is estimated at 95,000 
miles 3 per second (3,350,000 cubic feet), the mean discharge of the 
La Plata is 27,000 miles 3 per second (953,500 cubic feet), the mean 
discharge of the Mississippi at New Orleans is 675,000 cubic feet 
per second (19,115 miles 3 ). The maximum flow of the Amazon is 
150,000 miles 3 per second (5,297,000 cubic feet); that of La Plata 
2,040,000 cubic feet per second (57,764 miles 3 ); the Mississippi may 
be estimated at 2,000,000 cubic feet (156,630 miles 3 ); but it is by the 
mean annual discharge that we can best compare the La Plata and 

« Central and South America: A. H. Keane, 1901, pp. 344-347. 
& The application of the figures 2 and 3 above kilometers, miles, and feet signify 
square and cubic measurement, respectively. 



24 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

the Mississippi. The La Plata, including its two main tributaries, 
the Parana and Uruguay, and their secondary drainage is about 1,200 
kilometers s per annum, based, as to the Parana, on three years cal- 
culation — 1881, 1882, 1883. That of the Mississippi in the same years 
was 019 kilometers, 3 showing the secondary drainage of the La Plata 
to be nearly double that of the Mississippi. 

Annual discharge of the Parana. — The mean annual discharge of 
the Parana, the principal tributary of the La Plata, in the three 
3 r ears mentioned, was 958 kilometers 3 per annum, or 46 per cent 
greater than that of the Mississippi in the same years. There is 
another very interesting comparison, almost an extraordinary coin- 
cidence, between the Mississippi and the Parana, and that is in the 
recent geological history of the two rivers there has been found to 
have existed a much larger river in both cases than the present 
rivers. As to the Mississippi, this subject was discussed in a pro- 
fessional paper by Mr. E. L. Corthell, civil engineer, before the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1896, in 
a paper entitled "Some notes, physical and commercial, upon the 
delta of the Mississippi." In that paper he showed by diagrams 
and references that there was an ancient great lake, many times 
larger than the present great lakes, covering the entire territory of 
what are called the Prairie States of the United States, and a large 
area in Canada, and that at that time the drainage of all that immense 
territory was toward the Mexican Gulf, and that afterwards, by a 
great cyclic change in the position of the Northern Hemisphere, much 
of the drainage was drawn toward the North and the Hudson Bay. 
The rocky escarpment formed by a ridge of the Ozark Mountains below 
St. Louis was cut away, as the St. Lawrence is now cutting its escarp- 
ment at Niagara Falls; the land was uncovered, and these rich Prairie 
States became the present rich cultivated land of that great area. 

Geological conditions. — In the Parana are found similar geological 
conditions. Less than a hundred thousand years ago there existed a 
great lake north of the present drainage limit of the Parana, but then 
connected with it, and the waters flowed south. By the gradual 
deposit of material brought down by the rivers from the slopes of the 
Andes a dam was carried across the river and a great lake was formed, 
called " Lake Mojos," and the drainage was turned to the north, form- 
ing what is at present the Madeira River, the principal affluent of the 
Amazon. 

Ancient pampean lake. — The area of this great lake was about 
298,000 kilometers, 2 exceeding that of the great lake of America, 
which is 242,370 kilometers. 2 The most important result coincident 
with the developments that were taking place to form this great lake 
and shut its waters off from the La Plata was the great seismic action 
by which the Andes were lifted higher, and the entire slope to the 
seaboard lifted with them, but not until the deposits from the sedi- 



HYDROGRAPHY. 25 

mentary materials of the Upper Parana brought down from the region 
of the Andes, before Lake Mojos was formed, had covered the vast 
submerged area of the Lower Parana and La Plata with pampean 
mud. There existed during that epoch a great pampean sea con- 
nected with the Atlantic Ocean between the Republic of Uruguay 
and the Tandil Sierra, which was probably 2,253 kilometers in length, 
and of an average width of about (393 kilometers, and its area was 
about 1,554,000 kilometers. 2 Then came the uplifting of these great 
pampean areas, which forms what is now called the Plains of the 
Pampa, one of the richest agricultural regions in the world and of 
immense depth of soil. Thus, by cyclic changes in the Northern 
Hemisphere, and by fluvial and sedimentary action and seismic 
changes in the Southern Hemisphere, have been formed the great 
interior agricultural regions of the United States and Argentina, cer- 
tainly an interesting coincidence in recent geologic history. 

Lakes. — In Argentine, besides numerous smaller lakes, the follow- 
ing are the most important: Nahuel Huapi, Mani, Colhui, San Martin, 
Buenos Aires, and Biedma. 

Smaller lakes. — Ibera and Maloya, in Corrientes; Porongos, Mar 
Chiquita, and Ainarga, in Cordoba; Viboras and Cristal, in Santa Fe; 
Los Patos, in San Juan; Huanacache, between San Juan and Mendoza; 
Casabinbo, in Jujuy; Chanar, Gomez, Mar Chiquita del Norte, Chas- 
comus, 25 de Maj^o, and Mar Chiquita del Sur, in the province of 
Buenos Aires. 

In order further to compare the Parana River with others, it may 
be stated that its annual flow is double that of the Ganges, three 
times that of the St. Lawrence, four times that of the Danube and 
five times that of the Nile. There are records of 1,585 kilometers 3 in 
one year. 

There are differing conditions of importance between the Mississippi 
and the Parana bearing upon the causes of the greater discharge of 
the Parana. While they both flow south, one flows from colder to 
warmer and the other from warmer to colder regions; and it is in the 
warmer regions in both cases that the rainfall is the greater. On the 
Mississippi, in the northern regions, where we find the gratest drain- 
age area, the rainfall is about 35 inches per annum; in the southern, 
where the area is less the rainfall is 60 inches (1,524 millimeters) per 
annum. With the Parana there is a rainfall of about 60 inches (1,524 
millimeters) in the northern part where the drainage area is greater, 
and about 40 inches (1,016 millimeters) in the southern part, where 
the drainage area is less. 

Length of the Parana. — The length of the Parana River is about 
4,700 kilometers; its navigable length, between Cuyaba in the north 
and the mouth of the Parana in the delta of the La Plata, is 2,935 
kilometers. The Uruguay River, from San Javier to the delta of the 
La Plata has a navigable length of 969 kilometers. The Parana is 



26 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

made up of tlie two important rivers which unite at the city of 
CorrienteSj the Paraguay and the Alto Parana. The length of the 
latter above Corrientes, to the falls of the Iguazu, is 587 kilometers 
and it is navigable nearly to that point. The Uruguay is an entirely 
different river, in every respect, from the Parana. 

The Uruguay rises near the Atlantic seaboard in Brazil in the 
Sierra del Mar, then runs west to the highlands of the territory of 
Misiones. These highlands prevent it from uniting with the Alto 
Parana River at that point, which is only about 100 kilometers dis- 
tant. Along 906 kilometers of its course from San Javier to Con- 
cordia, the bed of the river is filled with rocky ridges, which at low 
water prevent any navigation, but during the floods which are quite 
sudden, but not long continued, the river is everywhere navigable. 
The river rises in floods at Concordia about 14 meters and compared 
with the Parana it is a clear stream, carrying very little sediment in 
suspension. 

Source of the Parana. — The Parana is an entirely different river. Its 
source being in the tropical and rainy region of Brazil, on the flanks of 
the Andes, its floods are much longer continued. At the confluence of 
the Paraguay and the Alto Parana at Corrientes, the rise of the floods 
is about 19 meters; at Rosario, 362 kilometers above Buenos Aires, it 
is from 6 to 7 meters or 7.25 meters in extreme floods. When these 
occur, the river is about 40.23 kilometers wide, covering the entire 
country to the highlands of the province of Entre Rios with a depth 
of 2 to 3 meters. The physical characteristics of the bed of the river 
are consequently entirely different from those of the Uruguay. The 
bed of the latter is stable, that of the former very unstable. The sedi- 
mentary matters carried in suspension, however, are very much less 
than those of the Mississippi, probably only one-tenth of the amount 
carried in the Mississippi in times of flood. For this reason the 
changes in the bed and banks are less radical. The most noticeable 
change is in the movement of the islands and bars downstream. For 
example, the island of Espinillo, opposite the city of Rosario, lying 
in the middle of the river, and about 4 kilometers long has moved 
downstream about 4 kilometers in the last fifty years, and by this 
movement the advancing bar of the islands has approached the river 
bank facing Rosario and closed up the navigation channel. 

Surface slope. — The surface slope of the river at Rosario., when it is 
5 meters above zero, is about 29 millimeters per kilometer, and at 4 
meters it is 24.4 millimeters per kilometer. 

Maximum velocity. — The maximum velocity of both rivers in great 
floods often reaches 2 meters per second, although usually it is much 
less. 

River-bed improvements. — Both rivers are susceptible of improve- 
ment by dredging, the one to Asuncion, which is 1,355 kilometers 
above the mouth, and the second to Concordia, which is 370 kilometers 



HYDROGRAPHY. 27 

above its month. In the Parana there is nothing to be removed but 
sand throughout its entire length. In the Uruguay there are several 
places where it is necessary to remove rock and gravel, but generally 
the channel can be deepened by hydraulic or suction dredging. 

Lata governing depth of waters. — The National Government is 
under obligation, hy the law passed by Congress for building the 
port of Rosario, to make and maintain a depth of G.40 meters at 
low water in the Parana River from the head of the delta to Rosario, 
and in the delta of the La Plata to Buenos Aires a depth of 5.80 
meters at low water, which is about 6.40 meters at mean high tide. 
It has been proposed to make and maintain a channel of the fol- 
lowing dimensions: From the mouth of the two rivers at the island 
of Martin Garcia, at the head of the La Plata estuary, to Rosario, 
a distance of 310 kilometers, a depth of 6.40 meters and a width 
of 100 meters; Rosario to Santa Fe, 470 kilometers above Martin 
Garcia, 5.79 meters, 100 meters wide; Santa Fe to Asuncion, 1,355 
kilometers above the delta, 3.048 meters deep and 100 meters wide. 
Santa Fe, or its seaport, Colastine, is the head of ocean navigation. 
Above that point it is river navigation by steamboats. The Alto 
Parana, above Corrientes to Posadas, is obstructed by half a dozen 
rapids over voeky ridges, which it would be very expensive to remove. 
Generally at low river there is a depth of about 1.38 meters. 

Proposed channel. — On the Uruguay River it is proposed to make a 
channel 5.79 meters deep and 100 meters wide, from Martin Garcia 
to Fray Bentos, 137 kilometers; thence from Fray Bentos to Concep- 
tion del Urugua}^ 4. 88 meters deep, 100 meters wide, 224 kilometers 
above Martin Garcia, and thence 2.74 meters deep, in sand and gravel, 
and 2.44 meters over the rocks, 100 meters wide to Concordia, which 
is 370 kilometers above Martin Garcia. 

Loiv-water plane. — The low- water plane, or zero, in both rivers is 
that of extraordinary low water, so that generally the low water does 
not reach this plane within from half a meter to 1 meter, conse- 
quently there can generally be depended upon from 0.61 to 0.91 meter 
more water than given above. Between Rosario and Buenos Aires 
there are now no bars over which there is not 6.40 meters of water 
at 0, although two of them need to be dredged and buoyed in order 
to make a straighter channel. This the Government is prepared 
to do. As to the port of Rosario, a a contract is now being made 
under the law of Congress to construct a modern seaport at this 
point, with all the latest and best facilities for handling cargo. 
The commerce of Rosario is at present 1,500,000 tons per annum. 
It is a very important exporting point for cereals, and when the 
port is completed according to plans it is expected to be an impor- 
tant importing port as well. There are ports below Rosario such 
as Villa Constitution, San Nicolas, and San Pedro; and above Rosario 

« This contract has been made and the works are being proceeded with. 



28 AKGENTINE KEPUBLIC. 

Santa. Fe, Colastine, Parana., and Diamante. On the Uruguay River, 
Concordia, at the head of steamboat navigation, is an important 
importing and exporting place for that section of the country. Its 
registered tonnage is about 500,000 tons and the actual weight tonnage 
about 100,000. 

The country between the Parana and Uruguay rivers is practically 
isolated from the rest of the country, and its situation is very similar 
to the country lying between the Euphrates and the Tigris, and for 
that reason it has been called the Mesopotamia Argentina. 

There are at present in that area three railroad systems — the Argen- 
tine Northeastern, which runs from Corrientes, on the Parana, to 
Monte Caseros on the Uruguay, and from there to Santo Tome, on the 
same river; the Argentine Eastern from Monte Caseros to Concordia, 
and the Entre Rios Railroad, the main line of which extends between 
Parana and Concepcion del Uruguay, with branches to Victoria, 
Gualeguay, Gualeguaychu, and Villaguay. A connecting line is to be 
extended to Concordia, forming a link between the Argentine Eastern 
and the Entre Rios systems. 

Union of three river systems. — It has been proposed to unite these 
three systems and to extend the Argentine Northeastern from 
Santo Tome to Posadas, on the Alto Parana, passing through the 
colonies which the Government is endeavoring to establish in that 
territory. Posadas is its capital. The Central Paraguayan Rail- 
road, which runs in a southeasterly direction from Asuncion, it is 
proposed to extend to Villa Encarnacion, a small town on the opposite 
side of the river from Posadas; to change the gauge, which is 1.676 
meters, to the normal gauge of the other three railroads, which is 1.435 
meters; make a transfer by car noat at Posadas; extend the Entre 
Rios railroads to a port of deep water either on the Parana or Uruguay, 
and do a "through " business between Asuncion and this new seaport, 
which will be only a few hours distant from Buenos Aires. 

Ideal system of transportation. — With the Parana River improved, 
as proposed, to Asuncion, and the Uruguay improved to Concordia; 
with the railway systems united and extended to a good seaport, this 
great interior district of the country will have an ideal system of 
transportation and the shipper may take his choice, to ship by railroad 
or by water, thus establishing a very useful and reasonable competi- 
tion between water and railway, to the great advantage of the people. 

'River Plate estuary. — In reference to the Rio de la Plata itself, it is 
an immense shoal estuary. It is the depositing ground of the great 
Parana River, and going back to a not very remote period, extended 
above Santa Fe, as is shown by the comparison of old maps, of which 
92 have been collected, copied, and placed on record in the library of 
the ministry of public works. These maps date from the year 1529 to 
1885. Even in this comparatively short period remarkable changes are 
shown in the delta of the Parana, which is now a true delta, almost 



HYDKOGKAPHY. 29 

exactly in the form of the Greek letter A . It is 64. 37 kilometers across 
its face ; it slowly extends itself in the head of the estuary, and through 
the submerged part of the delta nearly a dozen outlets of the Parana 
River find their way. It is very much like the deltas of the Danube 
and Ganges. 

Superficial extension of the River Plate. — The superficial extension 
of the Rio de la Plata exceeds 20,000 square kilometers; it is about 
300 kilometers long, and varies in width from 300 kilometers at the 
ocean, between Capes San Antonio and Santa Maria, to 1,800 kilo- 
meters at the extreme point of the head of the estuary at Punta Gorda. 

Physical conditions. — To understand the physical conditions at the 
head of this estuary, it is necessary to divide the Rio de la Plata into 
superior and inferior, or upper and lower. The Rio de la Plata 
Superior lies above a line extending between La Plata and Colonia; 
the inferior, below that line to the sea. Over a distance of about 40 
to 50 kilometers between Martin Garcia and the anchorage of Buenos 
Aires, there is a normal depth through the best channels of from 4.87 
to 6.10 meters. 

Dredging the bar. — The National Government has recently com- 
pleted the dredging over the San Pedro Bar lying in this region, 
increasing the depth of 5.64 to 6.40 meters. In the Canal de las 
Limetas, or Nuevo Canal, by the natural forces and by the constant 
movement of steamers, there has been obtained a depth of about 5.94 
meters, or 6.55 meters at mean high tide. Opposite Farallon, a rocky 
point on the Uruguay shore and opposite Buenos Aires, there is along 
the course of navigation about 5.94 meters at low water, or 6.55 meters 
at mean high water. The Government has buoyed with luminous 
buoys the entire route from Buenos Aires to the mouths of the Parana 
River — the Bravo and the Guazu — and it has established a floating 
semaphore below Martin Garcia for the benefit of navigation, record- 
ing constantly by signals, by day and by night, the depth of water in 
the channel. It is now proposed to connect this semaphore by a 
telephone cable with the telegraph cable of Martin Garcia, so that tele- 
graphic communication may be established between the ships lying 
at anchor (waiting for the tide), or passing near the semaphore, with 
the offices of the agents at Buenos Aires or Montevideo. 

River Plate Delta. — A careful study of the different conditions in the 
delta of the La Plata shows that the only method available in such a 
vast expanse of water is by dredging and buoying the best channels. 
The history of the last few years, during which there have been buoys 
placed for navigation, shows that the currents, aided by the passage of 
steamers along the buoyed channel, have deepened the Canal de las 
Limetas (Nuevo Canal) from 4.57 to 5.94 meters and made a straight 
and easily navigated channel. In the lower Rio de la Plata, or Rio de 
la Plata Inferior, there are very serious conditions. A bar on which 
there is a least depth of 4.87 meters at low tide lies between the 
anchorage of Buenos Aires and Monti video. The material in this bar 



30 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

is very soft, and vessels plow their way through it on ordinary tides; 
but the great extent of the bar is the serious condition. Between the 
7.31 meters curves, straight through this bar, there is a distance of 
44.33 kilometers. To make a channel by dredging would require the 
removal of probably from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 cubic meters, and it 
is very doubtful if, on such a broad extension of water and in such 
soft material, a channel could be maintained; but it is hoped that the 
plan now proposed of anchoring five light-ships in the line of naviga- 
tion, and in the direction of the current, and which can be seen from 
each other, will have an effect upon this bar, aided by the continual 
movement of deep steamers through it. The examination of the Rio 
de la Plata Inferior has been intrusted by the Government to the 
ministry of marine, which is preparing to make very extensive surveys 
and examinations over the entire area. It has completed the prelimi- 
nary preparations for this survey by building five instrumental obser- 
vation towers, 20 meters high, between Punta Indio and La Magdalena. 

Width of estuary. — The estuary at this point is 74 kilometers wide, 
and these towers are necessary in order to cover the great Punta 
Indio bank comprised in this extensive area. 

These are the general physical conditions of the Rio de la Plata 
and its great tributaries. 

Plans to deepen channel. — The very important question of making 
a deeper channel of access to the port of Buenos Aires and enlarging 
the port, to give it not only greater area and more facilities, but greater 
depth in the enlarged part, is now before the Government for decision. 
There are alternative plans to meet the commercial necessities of the 
country. One is to deepen the present port of La Plata and endow it 
with more facilities, where vessels drawing 24 or 25 feet may come in 
and go out at any stage of the tide, or to build a deep-water port 
with a depth of not less than 30 feet on the seaboard outside of the 
difficult section of the Rio de la Plata. A concession has been 
granted and the projects submitted to the National Government for 
an artificial port in the great Bay of Samborombon, which is almost 
opposite to Montevideo, and another concession for a port at Mar 
Chiquita, near Mar del Plata, has also been granted. 

Elmer L. Corthell, 
Consulting Engineer to the Ministry of Public Works. 

Buenos Aires, April, 1902. 

The river Paraguay, the principal affluent of the river Parana, rises 
in Brazil in latitude south 13° longitude 55° 40' west. Its length is 
about 2,250 kilometers. It is navigable to Corumba in Brazil for 
vessels of 2 meters 28 centimeters draft, and to Cuyaba, 3,000 kilo- 
meters from Buenos Aires, for vessels of from 1 meter to 1 meter 50 
centimeters draft. 

The Pilcomayo is a tributary of the Paraguay, has a course of 2,575 
kilometers from its source in Bolivia, and joins the Paraguay near 



HYDROGRAPHY . 



31 



Asuncion. It is not open to navigation beyond 2,400 kilometers 
from its mouth. Little is known about it, as various expeditions 
have failed in their attempts to ascend it. 

The Bermejo, the next affluent of the Paraguay south of the Pilco- 
mayo, also rises in Bolivia. It is 2,100 kilometers in length arid falls 
into the Paraguay at Timbo. It is practically closed to navigation, 
owing to the numerous hidden dangers from snags. 

The Bio Negro, or Black River, is formed by two confluent streams, 
the Neuquen and Limay. The former rises in the Andes, the latter 
in the Lake Nahuel Huapi, after the junction, and flows 800 kilo- 
meters farther. 

Comparative distances. — Distances in nautical miles from Buenos Aires to various 

places on the south coast. 

Nautical 
miles. 

Buenos Aires to Bahia Blanca 534 

Buenos Aires to Patagones 648 

Buenos Aires to Puerto Madryn 838 

Buenos Aires to Ca bo Raso 986 

Buenos Aires to Camarones 1, 034 

Buenos Aires to Puerto Deseado 1, 253 

Buenos Aires to Santa Cruz 1, 481 

Buenos Aires to Puerto Gallegos 1, 635 

Buenos Aires to San Sebastian ... 1, 777 

Buenos Aires to Port Cook 1, 995 



Comparative altitudes and longitudes of cities. — Height of the principal cities 
above the sea level, their latitudes and longitudes, and distance from Buenos 
Aires. 



Names. 


Height 

above 

sea level. 


Lati- 
tude. 


Longi- 
tude 
west of 
Green- 
wich. 


Distance 
from 

Buenos 
Aires. 


Buenos Aires 


Meters. 

20 

18 

38 

27 

7 

. 178 

19 

16 

39 

115 

38 

52 

46 

41 

74 

37 

77 

64 

439 

434 

766 

186 

751 

637 

503 

508 

435 

1,170 

310 

1,233 


o / 

34 36 
34 54 
34 39 
33 19 

36 19 

37 17 

38 42 

31 40 

32 56 

31 44 

32 28 

33 59 
33 08 

31 24 

32 04 

30 44 
27 27 
29 09 

31 25 

33 08 
33 18 

27 48 

32 53 
31 30 
29 20 

28 25 
26 50 
24 45 

23 02 

24 21 


58 21 
57 55 

59 25 

60 12 

57 41 
69 07 
62 17 
60 42 
60 33 
60 31 

58 14 
58 27 
58 28 

58 04 
60 38 

59 37 

58 50 

59 15 
64 11 
64 18 

66 19 

64 15 
68 48 
68 40 

67 01 

65 45 
65 11 
65 23 

64 19 

65 21 


Kilos. 


La Plata 


56.5 


Mercedes (San Luis). .. 


809 


San Nicolas 


238. 9 


Dolores 


202.9 


Tandil 


329.9 


Bahia Blanca. . . . 


679. 6 


Santa Fe 


481.2 


Rosario 


304 


Parana 


483 


Uruguay 


271 


Gualeguay 


473 


Gualeguaychu 


433 


Concordia 


419 


Diamante 


445 


La Paz . 


908.4 


Corrientes 


1,047 


Goya 


821 


Cordoba .. 


697 


Rio Cuarto 


687 


San Luis 


787.7 


Santiago del Estero 


1,008 


Mendoza 


1,048.2 


San Juan 


1,204 


La Rioja 


1,147 


Catamarca 


1,204.7 


Tucuman 


1,157 


Salta 


1,491 


Oran 




Jujuy 


1,509 







32 AEGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

FLORA AND FAUNA. 

Distinct formations. — The Argentine flora is characterized by nine 
distinct formations, which are, going from north to south, the Ant- 
arctic woods formation, the Patagonian, that of the pampas, of the 
chanar, the subtropical formation, that of the puna, of the Chaco, 
the Paraguayan, and the Mesopotamian. 

Antarctic ivoods formation. — The first formation extends north to 
about 39° of south latitude. In this part of the Republic, swept by 
violent winds and with an extremely damp climate, a strong arbor- 
escent vegetation, principally of beech trees, is found in the more 
sheltered depressions. This is the distinctive flora of this region. 

The Patagonian flora is hardly known. The Patagonian plateau 
between the Rio Colorado and the Chubut presents the characteristic 
of a plain higher than the pampas, and the vegetation is that of dry 
countries, only in some of the valleys are regular prairies found and 
a vegetation similar to that of the pampas. The Patagonian forma- 
tion is a mixture of herbaceous plants, of shrubs and of trees. All 
the ligneous vegetation is characterized by the feeble development of 
its leaves and its knarled and thorny appearance. Cactus {tuna) is 
found in great quantity on this plateau and is characteristic of it. In 
the alluvial soil wheat and the vine thrive wonderfully. 

The Pampa formation is practically the antithesis of the preceding, 
being absolutely without ligneous plants, grasses greatly predomi- 
nating. Trees grow rapidly in this region and a variety has been 
planted in it. 

The chanar {gourliozna decorticans) has given its name to the 
formation extending over the provinces of Cordoba, Santiago, Cata- 
marca, La Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, and San Luis. This formation 
resembles the Patagonian by its aridness and by the preponderance 
of ligneous plants. Nearly all the shrubs or trees of the chanar 
formation are small and stunted, the branches and leaves covered 
with thorns. 

The Subtropical region owes its richness to the Cordilleras, which 
arrest the moisture-lad ened clouds coming from the Atlantic and 
give to this region the abundance of water which characterizes it. 
The subtropical woods extend to about 5,600 meters of altitude and 
contain a large variety of species. 

The alpine prairies reach to about 17,500 meters, above which the 
spare vegetation of the high cordilleras is found; characterized by 
enormous acteas and a spare herbaceous growth; this is the Puna 
formation. To the east of the cordilleras, the climate becomes drier 
than on the slope and the vegetation rapidly changes, and the Chaco 
formation is reached. In it the trees of the subtropical formation 
decrease in size and the proportion of brush wood increases. The 
most characteristic plant of this formation is the duraznUlo and the 
polo santo. 



NATIVE RACES. 33 

The Paraguayan formation extends north of the province of Cor- 
rientes and over the territory of the Misiones. It has not yet been 
well studied. The woods over it are similar to those of the subtrop- 
ical region ; the valuable yerba mate (ilex Paraguay ensis) is found 
in this region. 

The Mesopotamia/a formation dominates in the provinces of Corri- 
entes and Entre Rios. It differs in general from that of the pampa 
by the j)resence of a large number of trees and shrubs. In the prai- 
ries the principal element is the paspalum notatum and some other 
herbs indicative of the formation. 

Five hinds of monkeys are found in the province of Corrientes and 
Misiones territory. 

Carnivora. — Among the carnivora mention should be made of the 
jaguar [fells onca) found on the Parana and the Uruguay; the puma 
or cuguar (felis concolor) in the center, southern, and western parts 
of the Republic, and the wild-cat (felis Gfoffroyi). Different varieties 
of the families of canis, mustelina, pedimana, etc., are also found in 
various parts of the country. 

Ruminants. — Among ruminants should be mentioned the guanaco 
(Auchenia lama), found in the mountains near the Cordilleras and in 
all Patagonia, and the vicuna in the table-lands of the Cordilleras. 

Birds. — Among the birds the species are much more numerous than 
among the mammifers. They are especially numerous in the north, 
where the tropical fauna are found. 

Larger fauna. — Among the larger fauna is the American ostrich or 
nandu (rhea Americana), found in the pampas. In the river Parana 
and in the great swamps of the province of Corrientes a saurian 
called yacare is found, and the iguana (Podinema Teguoxin) is com- 
mon to a large part of the country. 

Peptiles. — But a small number of snakes (Ophidii) is known to 
exist. Among them are, however, found the rattlesnake and the viper 
(Bothrops altematus). 

NATIVE RACES.. 
By Dr. J. Hampden Porter. 

Three-fourths of the territory occupied by Argentine indigines was 
an undulating or broken plain, over which nomadic peoples might 
wander without encountering serious obstacles to their movements. 
Outlying Andean spurs, or separate mountain ranges, according to 
different geological theories, fringe otherwise unobstructed expanses 
that could be entered through numerous gaps, and ran in an approxi- 
mately parallel line with the main chain, which only encroached upon 
this general champaign region along its northwestern border. A 
small group of mountains lay inland from San Matias Gulf, having no 
appreciable influence on human distribution within Argentina, while 

573A— 03 3 



3-4 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

those reliefs farther south were confined to the disputed areas of 
Patagonia and Fuegia, in connection with whose natives they have 
been described. Such physiographic features sensibly modified that 
control over states of life and mind which highlands exercised in 
some other South American countries. Furthermore, since diversi- 
ties among mankind are approximately proportional to the extent of 
surface available for expansion, a geodetic configuration exhibiting 
spaciousness and continuity on that great scale displayed here would 
certainly tend toward this end. Topographical features like these 
accentuated those disaggregative tendencies universally inhering in 
undeveloped man, undoubtedly facilitating dispersions under the 
pressure of external violence or internal destitution and disagree- 
ment. Aboriginal groups parted in all directions, to come into 
peaceful or hostile contact with similarly disrupted aggregations of 
other Argentine Indians. Not only was intermixture thus promoted, 
but greater or lesser migrations had also taken place by way of the 
Brazilian campos and Chaco pastures ever since primordial immigrants 
crossed Popayan and Guiana going southward. The circumstances 
specified issued in a complete hybridization of native populations. 
There are no typical representatives of those proto-Europeans or 
proto- Mongols from whom American tribes descended. Varieties and 
sub varieties agglomerated into an inextricable ethnic entanglement — 
bodies of men with inherited secondary traits from different ances- 
tries, and more or less modified by adjustment to successive habitats. 
Difficulty in distinguishing tribes or families impairs ethnological 
accuracy, but does not affect a recognition of those influences exerted 
by physiographic phenomena upon men like these aborigines. Unlike 
their foreign successors, who have every resource of civilization at 
command, indigenous peoples belonging to this region stood nearly 
defenseless before nature, and were scarcely able to modify its direct 
action. Except for certain prehistoric pueblos, public works, and 
fortified positions, none of which can be assigned to known construct- 
ors, Argentine Indians have almost disappeared without leaving any 
record. They were usually nomadic or seminomadic savages, 
debarred from progress by mental constitution and the character of 
their environment. Apart from northwestern uplands, or those 
forested alluvial areas skirting that frontier and including part of the 
Parana-Uruguay catchment basin, water here fails disastrously. 
Lacustrine supplies are diminishing, rivers and smaller streams 
shrinking. By far the greater portion of territory in question had 
once been an ancient sea bottom, approximate^ level until its margins 
faded into irregularly upheaved mostly arid terraces, lying on the 
west or south, and to a small extent relieved by mountains whose 
slopes hold springs forming insignificant affluents to Avater-courses. 
Fierce antarctic, equinoctial, and northern storms sweep these barren 
expanses, but uniform conditions of heat and dryness generally pre- 



NATIVE RACES. 35 

vail, while droughts "sometimes last for years." Such physical dis- 
advantages undoubtedly closed most of the country against occupation 
by primitive tribes, and their low social condition in more habitable 
spaces precludes much discrimination between them on a basis of 
cultural peculiarities. This obstacle to classification, however, as 
well as phenomena which prevented occupation, require further 
consideration. 

It was shown while discussing Brazilian aborigines" that, so far as 
technique and faculty are concerned, three out of the four families 
assumed by Ehrenreich and Von den Steinen to comprehend all 
natives of that countiy occupied a like grade, and their differences were 
confined to mechanical details. Along the range from pure savagery 
toward barbarism they exhibited divergencies of design and execu- 
tion in manipulating materials, without displaying either superiority 
or inferiority as regards skill, invention, or aesthetic feeling. What 
would have been possible for them to know and do if progress had 
held its normal course, is altogether problematical. Culture-history 
needs to transcend ethnographic minutiaB before giving definite 
answers to questions of this kind. By themselves, and balanced by 
an obvious incapacity in other directions, special instances of adroit- 
ness are insufficient evidences of general faculty. Throughout Argen- 
tina artistic development, industries, social organization, never 
reached those ulterior forms wherein emotion or thought find an ade- 
quate expression. Permanent concentration is implied by sophic 
evolution; yet the Indians here formed no large and permanent 
aggregates. Surface formation, climate, vegetable growths, fauna, 
and geographical relations, tended toward disaggregation. This was 
the case at all times, and it is therefore remarkable that Denniker 6 
should have assigned Spanish invasion as the efficient cause for 
ruinous failure. That shock only broke to pieces already unstable 
and gradually decaying masses, who had already done what they 
could. In every area dominated by foreign conquerors, an infusion 
of alien blood, and overthrow of old institutions or established modes 
of life, together with disease, dispersion, oppression, contributed 
greatly toward destructive issues. Keane c remarks of Argentine 
populations, that they consist of many tribes, but only a few ethnic 
groups. The difficulty is to identify these latter amidst practically 
universal blurring of those "theoretic types" entering into every 
large division among mankind. 

Obscuration operated by perpetual fusion and change of place has 
here gone far toward obliterating distinctive physical traits; at all 
events, ethnological classifications which variously represent Puel-ches 

« United States of Brazil. (Bureau of American Republics.) Washington, 
1901. Chap. III. 

&The Races of Men. London, 1900. 

c Encycloypaedia Britannica, Xllth Ed. American Indians. 



36 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

to be Patagon and Guayacuru mongrels, or, contrariwise, erect them 
into a special racial aggregate directly traceable to the pleistocene 
Mongoloid slock of this continent, may be accepted with some hesita- 
tion. Regarding indigenous inhabitants distributed through this 
country collectively, it appears that they have been to a great extent 
specialized so as to form part of what is called the American type. 
Some physical traits are extremely persistent — probably a greater 
number than our knowledge now enables one to take into account. 
Common observation also gives an assurance that there are such 
realities as racial temperament and special mental structure. Indeed, 
ethnology is changing its point of departure from an exclusive study 
of bodily peculiarities which become less discernible with time and 
intercourse, to criteria derived from moral and intellectual action. 
With regard to the former style of data, cranial contours such as wit- 
ness to an Asiatic descent appear in Argentina, shading off into a more 
general mesaticephalism that nowhere becomes longheadedness, as 
this latter conformation shows itself in Minas Geraes fossils, or is still 
present among modern representatives of proto-Europeans belonging 
to Guiana and Brazil. a 

If indigenous groups are considered with reference to their regional 
distribution, some of them — the Chiriguanos, Maxos, Abipons, 
Matasanes, Chiquitos — lie partly outside this Republic, while others 
live as widely scattered members of one stock separated by subdi- 
visions of different origins. In addition to producing confusion and 
intermixture, conditions here present acted upon native inhabitants 
as direct preventives. These men themselves exhibited an inborn 
deficiency which condemned them to savagery and blighted develop- 
ment at its root. Processes in some degree common to mankind at large 
were likewise seriously interfered with both by outward circumstances 
(especially obstructive influences exerted by climate). The amount 
of rain in any country is a factor ultimately controlling human prog- 
ress; while its range, or those variations of precipitation between 
which advance is possible or impossible, approach closely. Tempera- 
ture with rain have dominated human distributions and presided 
over all associations among men decisively. Here, they balked evolu- 
tion in its initial stage. Secular cosmic changes have not promoted 
prosperity or well-being. The climate has become drier and hotter, 
while sudden and violent oscillations of temperature which would act 
deleteriously however well prepared a population might be, in case of 
peoples almost without artificial protection, necessarily impair public 
health and ultimately affect inherited constitution. There is a popu- 
lar opinion that savages should be robust men in virtue of their sav- 
agery; nothing, however, can match the falsity of such an idea, 
except a prevalent superstition according to which this degraded state 

«The United States of Brazil (Bureau of American Republics), Washington, 
1901, Chap. III. 



rn 
tr 



NATIVE EACES. 37 

(speaking generally) is prolific in moral virtues and magnanimous 
sentiments. 

Rainfall has diminished until vast areas that were once fertile have 
been converted into arid wastes where no growth is possible without 
irrigation works which were wholly beyond the powers of their original 
inhabitants to construct. As surface water sank or evaporated, the soil, 
commonly impregnated with saline constituents, slowly lost that incre- 
ment of humus necessary for spontaneous production and natural 
food supply. Consequently upon this change, grasses became less 
nutritious than formerly; valueless thorny shrubs replaced edible 
plants, and thinly scattered, nearly shapeless, trees succeeded luxuri- 
ant forests. Obviously, such alterations acted upon birds or beasts, 
as shrinking streams did upon aquatic species, and were disastrous 
to men incapable of any contrivances for mitigating their effects. 
With an increased severity in the struggle for life, whatever vigor or 
faculty might have promoted development under more propitious 
circumstances had to be expended in warding off starvation. This 
description is not rigorously exact, since every portion of Argentine 
Territory was not similarly barren, but it expresses a condition that 
rarely received efficient relief from natural surroundings. 

The progressive deterioration above-mentioned is also witnessed to 
by archaeological facts. River valleys, now uninhabitable by consider- 
able numbers, once afforded sites capable of supporting permanent 
settlements, and at some dateless period unknown tribes so far over- 
came initial difficulties as to inaugurate an inchoate pueblo sj^stem 
east of the Andes. A country with physical features like this, and 
such a seaboard, could never have attained an autochthonous civiliza- 
tion; but there are vestiges indicating that these sedentary peoples 
advanced from ruder to more evolved states. Their respective 
careers were cut short prematurely, and nothing remains of those inef- 
fectual efforts toward social development but refuse heaps, crumbling 
works, a few manufactured articles, substructions of buildings, with 
illegible attempts at inscription, and traces indicating trade routes. 
Estimating the obstacles placed in their way by geographical condi- 
tions," these towns without a history evidently occupied positions 
where local environments only partially aided expansion. They stood 
in fluvial basins more or less impoverished beforehand, and desert 
spaces effectually separated them from corresponding sites with which 
it was essential to establish close relations. 

Furthermore, formidable enemies, against whose incursions their 
uined fortifications show they had need to protect themselves, con- 

ibuted toward an isolation which forbade growth. These incipient 
centers might contain the germs that were evolved elsewhere under 
more favorable auspices, but deterrent causes, both special and gen- 



1 



"Geographie de la Republique Argentine. Buenos Aires, 1890. Wiener, La 
Republique Argentine. Paris, 1899. 



38 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

oral, acted preventively upon consolidated communities. Such com- 
paratively insulated aggregates could only realize limited results 
through utilizing the resources of their several vicinities, and making 
a few imperfect connections with outside populations. No doubt 
there was an interchange of commodities and cultural elements 
between proximate settlements; yet contributions so gained proved 
insufficient. The materials out of which societies tending to overpass 
primitive forms are constructed were wanting. Traffic routes do not 
necessarily imply any complete grasp of those advantages which com- 
mercial intercourse brings about, and the main road traceable in this 
region — one Moreno calls "pre-Inca," and likens to Peruvian cause- 
ways — is not comparable with these latter, either as a mechanical con- 
struction or in its design of affording the means to an end. Dispersed 
villages, barred on one side by practically impassable mountains, con- 
fronted with an ocean on the other, that so far as they were concerned 
merely shut them in — lying also between hostiles on the north and 
southern deserts — these pueblos could scarcely have been affected by 
highways to such an extent as has been imagined. Those towns expe- 
rienced a common ruin during prehistoric times; but, otherwise than 
as destructive agencies may be found in physiographic factors hereto- 
fore designated, there is nothing to show how they perished. Some 
communities were probably destroyed by violence; it is likely that 
many simply broke up, and their inhabitants degenerated after dis- 
placement had occurred; while the remainder, having reached an 
untransgressible stage, struggled for existence through more or less 
protracted periods, and then passed away as social organizations by 
what might be called natural dissolution. 

Those antiques discovered in the vicinity of settlements range over 
several eras, embracing objects which are strongly contrasted both as 
to material, style of working, and design. Certain difficulties respect- 
ing succession — the real order in which they should be placed — arise 
from an irregular stratification of those "quasi kitchen middens" and 
"pseudo paraderos" containing these remains. Evidence resting 
upon relative position was thereby confused, while some uncertainty 
also exists concerning origins, as it seems doubtful whether various 
specimens are indigenous or of foreign extraction. Without question 
an immigration once set northwest from the inland sea of Argentina, 
and it is reasonably sure that a considerable reflux occurred later. 
Ornaments not attributable to native sources may have arrived in 
this way, and it has been erroneously suggested that gold, silver, 
or copper objects might thus be assigned to Chinese artificers whose 
works found their way here by means of direct trade or intertribal 
barter. At all events, ethnological conclusions from these remains 
are dubious. It is generally assumed that proto-Europeans arrived 
in America while still practicing old Stone age arts, whereas subse- 
quent Mongoloid incomers had reached a Neolithic culture. Never- 






NATIVE RACES. 39 

theless, flint-splitting to rock-polishing methods overlapped, and 
typical specimens of both coexist in stocks whose unity is unques- 
tioned, so that genealogies can not be inferred from such data. The 
relics themselves consist of rude, almost unspecialized stone articles, 
shaped by fracture along cleavage-planes, but otherwise displaying 
few traces of manufacture. From these primitive forms rises a 
broken series of artistic productions stretching upward to sculptured 
urns, elegantly molded and decorated pottery, together with those 
metallic objects previously spoken of as being probably imported. 
They throw little or no light upon Argentine anthropology, however, 
and may be passed over in describing indigenes of this territory. 

Of the two alien strains whence Argentine Indians descend, that 
one derived from Europe is here less important numerically than 
round-headed and more or less Mongol- featured communities whose 
ancestral traits have not been much modified by amalgamation; while 
betwixt men with characteristic physical peculiarities — Kolmann's 
"Dauer-Typus " — unmistakably uniting them to one or other parent 
race, numerous groups interpose which set at naught all attempts at 
classification according to structure. Regarding the former dolicho- 
cephaloas class, its representative tribes live chiefly in Guiana or 
Brazil, but extend into those regions whose populations are now to be 
considered more particularly. Surviving specimens of Pleistocene 
immigrants from European sources may be found among long-skulled 
prognathous Aimores or Botocudos, Mesopotamian Kayapos between 
the Araguaya and Xingu rivers, various small nomadic bands in 
Goyaz, with Akuas on the Upper Tocantins, besides a melange of 
insignificant, utterly savage fragments belonging to Gessan bands, 
who stretch south to the Rio de la Plata. This progeny of America's 
oldest settlers undoubtedly preserved an ethnical identity by isola- 
tion. a They were removed from that swirl, clash, and combination 
going on around them; from participation in movements having such 
complex interactions that local position or personal appearance among 
ordinary Argentine indigenes throw only a faint and uncertain light 
upon their past. As facts stand, the connection between present 
Indians and those precursors discovered by Ameghino, Roth, or Bur- 
meister in quaternary formations can be roughly indicated, and that 
is all; while social events have so transpired as to make descent prac- 
tically undiscoverable b when the genealogy of any special community 
comes in question. Race type is constantly altered, effaced, or its 
special elements may be actually reversed through intermixture/ 
Such contingencies explain the chaotic state of ethnological opinion 
with respect to aggregates, which can not be arranged with that plaus- 

a Crania Ethnica. Paris, 1879. 

^Keane. Ethnology, Cambridge, 1896. 

c Ripley. Racial Geography of Europe, 1899. 



•10 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

ible regularity which linguistic evidence or secondary anatomical 
criteria have been supposed to warrant. 

Moreover, the course thej^ have now suggests an explanation for a 
widely spread superstition of former times, namely, that certain peo- 
ples iay under a curse. Their decadence is certainly not attributable 
to race, unless this term be understood as expressing a correspond- 
ence between human characteristics and the entire sum of surrounding 
influences. It happened that conditions, in other instances benign, 
here became obstructive. Those wide plains, whose impressions may 
foster and have elsewhere facilitated concerted action, occasioned 
dismemberment, with consequent degeneration. The few and simple 
adjustments to altered circumstances of life which have thus far 
measurably preserved North American Indians from what befell 
southern tribes when associatad with strangers, could not be effected. 
Argentine aborigines only assimilated the vices of civilization, and 
these acted morbifically in proportion to their coincidence with dis- 
turbances of mental and physiological equilibrium. Attempts that 
were made toward reclaiming or civilizing societies already disintegrat- 
ing seemed only to hasten their decay. Broken Guaranian tribes, Chiri- 
huanas, Metacos, and Abipons from Chaco; Ranquales or Guilliches 
belonging to the Pampean group, alike succumbed without reaction. 
When plain-dwellers were subsidized by government they abandoned 
predatory habits, but, like Pequenches who had formerly been 
renowned in war, all those qualities which distinguished them as 
warriors then disappeared. Endurance, vigor, hardihood, enterprise, 
perseverence, independence, became extinct immediately that the 
incitements afforded by plunder and bloodshed were removed. Upon 
being supplied with horses, no Indian thereafter used his own legs. 
For the rest, animals not needed to carry them were eaten. Thus 
their herds could not increase, and no movement toward pastoral life 
was inaugurated. Many arts in which these natives had attained 
considerable proficiency declined under changed conditions of exist- 
ence. Woven and dyed stuffs, household utensils, carved bone or 
stone implements, even weapons ceased to be manufactured with the 
same skill. 

While inhabiting arid tracts, Pampean Indians were forced to eke 
out those supplies procured through hunting by some sort of agricul- 
ture, usually involving irrigation; but after settlement on fertile 
lands allotted them under General Rosas' treaty these colonists 
planted just so much of a crop as was absolutely necessary, and left 
it to grow or wither, according to circumstances. a Observers describe 
their villages as being filthy, unhealthy, and poverty stricken. The 
men occasionally hired themselves for a time to owners of ranches, or 
engaged with sugar makers during cane pressing, yet seldom failed 

"Zeballos, Description Amena de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires. 1881. 



NATIVE RACES. 41 

to stop working whenever wages had so accumulated that the} r could 
enjoy an extravagant debauch. Morality was at its lowest ebb 
among these reclaimed natives whose emasculated warriors did little 
but idle in their own dwellings and hang about Spanish towns and 
military or trading stations. Between disease and general depravity, 
men whose organic unfitnesses disclosed themselves in every state of 
life must have perished rapidly. Reference is explicitly made to 
that implasticity which prevented improvement or self-sustaining 
effort, because decay and death were rife among groups whose extir- 
pation can not be directly attributed to foreign intercourse. Similar 
misfortunes overtook remote tribes on the Cordoba plateau, who, 
united with Chirihuanas Indians, formed that Coya aggregate com- 
posed of Quechuan, Guaranian, and Toba strains inextricably inter- 
mixed. Names like those of the above mentioned Highlanders are of 
very uncertain application so far as descent is concerned. In Cor- 
rientes, Tucuman, Santiago del Estero, and San Luis such tribal 
titles as Comachigones, Michilengues, Giyones, Calingastas have no 
ethnical meaning whatever, as the people bearing them have crossed 
with fellow-countiymen and aliens until their identity has been lost. 
Furthermore, this is a region where tribes, languages, arts, and 
religions passed into oblivion together. 

It is a matter of conjecture how far any recorded settlement or 
occupation corresponds with original distributions. 

Tribes which must be spoken of as belonging to this country are 
also found in eastern Paraguay or Gran Chaco. Brachycephalous 
Patagonians descend from ancestors who roamed over northern 
plains. An adherence to boundary lines in describing aborigines 
would make a subject sufficiently confused already, altogether chaotic. 

Geographically, for example, Chaco is merely a continuation of 
the Chiquitos plains, while its inhabitants extend themselves into 
Bolivia, Paraguaj 7 , and Brazil. Chiquitos, or little people, is an 
appellation that has no ethnological meaning, being a modern nick- 
name given certain aborigines by Spaniards on account of the small 
doorwa} 7 s in their huts. De Quatrefages/* however, erects them into 
a quasi-geographical family; though, similarly with Chiriquanos, Abi- 
pons, and Mataranes, the}^ are as much Paraguayan as Argentine. 
Furthermore, Reclus strikes out the once-famous Abipons from any 
such supposititious Chiquito relationship and refers them to a Toba 
source, while linguistically they belong to what is called the Gaya- 
curan group, now disorganized, and whose surviving members 
(Motocos, Caduves, Mbayas, Payaguas, and Talhuets) are verging 
upon dissolution. 

Amidst that universal crumbling and falling away of masses which 
has been going on here since these Indians were first observed, it is 






a A. de Quatrefages: Histoire Generale des Races Humaines. Paris, 1889. 



42 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

doubtful whether anything really marking off one division from another 
as actually or intrinsically different human beings can be distinguished. 
Sociologically all were savage, and the monotonous aspects of sav- 
agery do not present features that identify aggregates or separate 
them from others similarly placed. Minor anatomical distinctions 
have no psychical correlatives. Those records which treat of Argen- 
tine natives in their everyday life most fully, were chiefly written 
by missionary priests — admirable and often heroic men, but palpably 
blind to much of what went on before their eyes and on their own 
showing incapable of discriminating between what was possible or 
impossible. Abipons, however, are described by a chronicler of 
another stamp, and far more rational than most old writers, either 
laymen or ecclesiastics. a 

In their decline Abipons came under the destructive sway exercised 
by conquering Mocobis, and subsequently degenerated into a small 
remnant of Spanish- speaking mongrels; but when Father Dobritzhofer 
lived with them they were the most formidable and indefatigable 
fighting men in Argentina. Regular forces sent by successive vicero3 r s 
fared no better at their hands than did De Solis' troops while attacking 
Charruas, on the Rio Plata estuary. Moreover, this defense was last- 
ing, and in Gran Chaco that province remained secure from conquest. 
Besides maintaining a frontier equally inviolable with that which Chal- 
chaquis guarded between Chile and Cordoba, these Indians harried 
all other tribes within reach. During the whole colonial period the} 7 
also raided foreign towns and stations long after Spain's dominion was 
at an end. Abipons discomfited the well-equipped expeditions of 
Crevaux, Failberg, Storm, Raldrich, and Fontana. 

From the Paraguay River to that point where Argentine highlands 
cease, a line drawn east and west would traverse very dissimilar 
regions and groups so unlike that Dr. Hamy compares their diversities 
with those existing in Malaysia.* Whether one can distinguish dif- 
ferentials so as to give them any anthropological value, however, is 
another question, and one which, judging from results, has not been 
determined. Official documents, travelers' reports, or missionary 
accounts represent natives of Guaranian stock as being more tract- 
able, more receptive and retentive of elevated impressions than 
neighboring peoples; the Abipons, for instance, who must needs have 
possessed traits varying from these in order to become preeminent 
as warriors among communities principally composed of fierce and 
turbulent savages. Generalties, however, do not go far toward setting 
these diversely constituted men before us in their proper persons. 

As was said, even Father Dobritzhofer's powers of observation were 
warped or impaired by want of training and manifold delusions. 

« Boletin Institute Geografico Argentine*. Buenos Aires, Oct., 1891. 
&Les Races Malaiques et Americaines. L 'Ethnologic Paris, 1876. 



NATIVE RACES. 43 

With hini savage apathy becomes studied reserve and stupid indiffer- 
ence self-restraint. If prisoners not destined for torture were neither 
insulted nor abused, this was due to the magnanimity and highminded- 
ness naturally found in primitive social states. So, also, where 
warriors (while sober) refrained from mutual objurgations, or attempts 
at manslaughter, their dignified and courteous forbearance was an 
outcome of well-disposed characters. ' ' They lived like wild beasts," a 
they carried "rapine and murder" from Corrientes far into the 
southern plains, and northward to Bolivia; but preserved withal "a 
decorum scarcely credible" — being in an especial manner chaste, 
temperate, trustworthy, and considerate. These statements repre- 
sent some inconsistencies in the padre's famous "Account;" but he 
lived for many years among Abipons, Guaycurus, Tobas, Mbayas, 
or Morcovis; saw a great deal of their intimate life, and never mis- 
represented anything, as many another priest and soldier has done. 
He describes these Indians as "much like Europeans" in physiog- 
nomy. Their skins "never showed any blackness; " with women who 
protected themselves from sunlight, or young children, the com- 
plexion was exceptionally fair — much more so than Puelches and 
Patagonians. Most of them had aquiline noses, compressed nostrils, 
e} 7 es without obliquity, and good teeth; were tall, "well-formed," 
straight-haired, black-eyed, beardless men, of what Ehrenreich terms 
a "Caucasic type," but which most ethnologists would probably con- 
sider to be characteristically American. Our authority says nothing 
about cranial conformation; yet this group evidently showed a state 
of fusion between original continental stocks which was more com- 
plete than most peoples belonging to that region exhibited. Tobas, 
for example, with "large, round heads," b broad, flat faces, deeply 
arched upper jaws, prominent cheek bones, and skins of any tint 
between deep copper and clay color. Among Mongoloid communities 
like the above were scattered bands of Tapuy or Botocudo affinities, 
through whom a proto-European facies was carried south to the Rio 
Plata; and, besides, "an endless intermingling " c of variants derived 
from both, primeval stocks. 

Here, indeed, within a relatively small area, three distinguishable 
ethnic groups existed — Asiatic, European, and American. Central 
and northern Argentina not only was an asylum for Avanderers from 
Peru to Paraguay, but that most impervious tract before the present 
territorial arrangements existed, namely, Chaco, Dobritzhofer says, 
became "the Palestine and Elysium" of multitudinous tribal 
wrecks — broken bands to whom smallpox, war, and other destroying 
agents had left scarcely anything except their names. All of them, 

« An Account of the Abipones. London, 1822, passim. 

&Meliton Gonzalez; El Gran Chaco Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1896. 

c Keane; Man, Past and Present. Cambridge, 1899, p. 367. 



44 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

both "horse Indians," as the Malbalaes, Mataras, Palomos, Orejones, 
Aquilotes, Ojotades, etc., and unmounted, supposititiously converted 
natives, like Homoampas, Yilelas, Chunipes, Yooks, Ocoles, Parzaines, 
were hastening toward extinction; these Christianized natives even 
more rapidly than those unreclaimed savages who yet "cruelly wasted 
the province" (i. e., Argentina) "with massacre and pillage. " a 

Indigeneous culture was similarly developed throughout, all being 
on the same plane, and, though different in details, equally wanting 
so far as faculty and, promise of improvement were concerned. In 
one locality there might be finer headdresses or capes of feathers, 
more elaborate tattoos, scarifications, ear borings, skin paintings, yet 
nowhere did the absorbing vanity of primitive men prompt any effort 
which displayed true esthetic feeling. What Dobritzhof er states con- 
cerning Abipon arts is applicable to those prevailing among these 
tribes at large. Their dwellings were brush, grass, and leaf huts, or 
simply mat awnings. They only made rude, unglazed pottery, baked 
in the open air. No knowledge of metals existed, though weapons 
and utensils of such materials were captured or bartered for. Posses- 
sion and use, however, did not lead to metallurgy among themselves. 
Wood, vegetable fibers, leather, bone, shell, and stone furnished the 
stuff for fabrications of all kinds. Straight bows with barbed and 
feathered arrows, doubly pointed lances, with war clubs, made up 
their warlike implements, excepting what was called the bola perdida, 
or, in other words, a missile "slung shot," used in the same way that 
three-balled contrivances of this kind are employed by Patagonians, 
etc. Abipons also caparisoned their horses, habitually using saddles 
with stirrups, thereby excelling some other mounted tribes — Lenguas, 
for instance — whose horse furniture was of the most primitive descrip- 
tion, frequently not even including a bridle. Warriors occasionally 
put on armor, but this tapir-hide or "tiger "-skin defense was prob- 
ably worn more for display than self -protection, since that kind of 
panoply never met with any general favor. 

Few Indians were wholly without clothing, although Charruas and 
their allies on the east coast showed an indifference to decency in this 
respect which more than one churchman looked upon as a sign of 
that utter depravity which prevented them from receiving Christian 
doctrine. The Abipons dressed themselves carefulty, their men wear- 
ing kilts and on occasion capes also, while women adopted long robes 
or wrapped themselves in large square sheets. These habiliments 
were made of caraquata hemp, often vividly dyed, and, as this was 
rather an airy costume during cool, wet weather, they supplemented 
it by a fur cloak. Evidently fashions like tattooing, scarifica- 
tion, etc. , had not much significance among aborigines who readily 
gave them up when their incompatibirhty with true religion was 

« Dobritzhof er, Vol. II, p. 1. 



NATIVE RACES. 45 

pointed out, Other offenses, either disciplinary or doctrinal, were 
harder to overcome. It seems that catechumen persisted in drinking 
chica from the skulls of enemies until furiously intoxicated, and, 
moreover, could not be prevented from making' raids. Some improve- 
ment took place, however, for we are told that finally they did not 
massacre everybody when towns were taken "unless highly inebri- 
ated," and likewise forebore to torture prisoners "except such as 
were of the number of those condemned to be burnt. "« It need 
scarcely occasion surprise that here or elsewhere missionaries found 
it difficult to recreate human beings, and admitted that "the results 
did not equal their wishes." 6 Old women preferred sorcerers to 
priests, while most men could see no reason for abandoning tute- 
lary spirits. Only girls desired baptism, and then, Dobritzhofer 
ingenuously confesses, the first thing they asked for was a white dress. 

Efforts to Christianize any Argentine Indians ended disappoint- 
ingly. Under religious and political influences a band of Mocobis 
first submitted to "colonization" near Santa, and in this "seminary 
of Christian piety * * * their native customs were exterminated. 
Whatever savored of barbarism or superstition was abolished," and 
forthwith those warlike savages "accounted it a pleasure to handle 
the plow or ax, and employ themselves in tilling fields or building 
houses. * * * Almost all received baptism * * * and by 
the innocence of their lives gave solid proofs of piety toward God 
and the saints." Other tribes followed this good example, so that 
before long those earliest missions — San Jeronimo, Concepcion, Rosa- 
rio, San Fernando — went into active operation. Very soon, however, 
novelty ceased to please, and restraint became intolerable. "Con- 
verts," remarks Father Martin, "seemed to be like wild beasts in 
a cage." "Let one example serve for all the rest," adds this worthy 
annalist. Concepcion lost its inmates — "in a moment they were 
gone, leaving behind them only three of the most daring, who had 
agreed to slay both fathers and plunder our chapel. " c So far as the 
fate of Argentina's native races went, it availed little to reconstitute 
old establishments or found new ones. Those tendencies involving 
ultimate destruction continued to operate. 

Inhabitants of plains west of the Plata, Uruguay, and Parana 
rivers lost their identity sooner than highlanders or denizens of forest 

I tracts. Subdivisions did not separate so readily, and masses were 
less exposed to external violence. Since prehistoric ages these tribes 
have done nothing, and left no mementos which could throw light 
upon their past or save them from being forgotten/' 



« Dobritzhofer, Vol. II, pp. 411-412. 

&Ibid., Vol. Ill, p. 75. 

^Account of the Abipons. Vol. Ill, pp. 116, 220-221. 

^Daireaux. Vida y Costuinbres en El Plata. Buenos Aires. 1888. 



4(> ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

This territory has no history previous to Spanish invasion, and the 
effects of that event, so far as natives were concerned, were altogether 
disastrous. When De Solis sailed into the Mar Dulce (La Plata 
Estuary) he met Charruas, bearing stone weapons, who defeated him, 
and, with other Pampa Indians to aid, afterwards temporarily expelled 
Cabot and Mendoza. Obviously a position on the sea afforded some 
certainty with respect to food, and there was, therefore, a greater 
solidarity about these littoral groups than nomads of the interior pos- 
sessed. They did not break up so easily; but, as an offset to that, coast 
natives were not, like the former, forced to cultivate. Living as they 
did, almost exclusively upon spontaneously produced supplies, with- 
out being actually driven to exertions of faculty, culture stood still 
at its lowest grade. There was no approach to proficiency in primitive 
arts, no tillage with its ties and initiatory impulses, and the crudest 
social organization. Such masses held together, but made no progress, 
and were probably decadent when the "Conquerors" came. As their 
habitat yielded only a limited amount of aliment, many deleterious 
conditions undoubtedly acted upon them, and the cycle of life allotted 
to such peoples was quickly run. 

By all accounts Charruas were naked cannibals ; also denounced as 
serpent worshipers in missionary "Relations," and they most likely 
offered those human sacrifices usually incorporated in the rituals of 
this cult. Stone, bone, or wood supplied materials for manufacture ; 
their huts or shelters can hardly be called dwelling places; while a 
suggestion sometimes made to the effect that anthropophagy was only 
practiced ceremonially lacks probability, since society had not evolved 
sufficiently for institutions of this character to assume definite or 
permanent form. 

Caiquas, Moxos, and Xarayes — the last of whom Alvarez found 
adoring a living serpent — occupied an apparently identical position 
with aborigines just mentioned, although our information concerning 
them is scanty and unreliable. Several mixed bands, however — 
Michelengues, Giyones, Calingastes — now impossible to recognize with 
certainty, may have once practiced similar rites; but, if so, these peo- 
ples abandoned ophiolatry when they adopted sedentary habits. Char- 
ruas are classified as degraded members of a group that is assumed to 
be dominant in Argentina — so-called Puel-che, or men of the east; 
also gratuitously included among Tupi-Guaranians. Various sections 
of this former division were united by De Quartrefages into a family 
among whose members he includes certain PatagonS'Who present a 
cranial contour identical with that of Pampa Indians. All true Puel- 
che have rounded, quasi-Mongoloid skulls, although not one of them 
has an unmixed descent. Similarly with Ranqual-che or Mapo-che in 
the Rio Plata basin, whom some ethnologists call Guaranians. They 
have been inextricably entangled amidst different stocks settled on 



NATIVE RACES. 47 

that river system, or living in the Salado Valley. Intermingled blood, 
strange places, novel organic environments, induced alterations such 
as are pointed out by Mantegazzo; r< that is to say, modified cranial 
contours, with changes of color, face, skeleton, and structure of body. 
There has been a going and coming of traits held to possess classi- 
ficatory value everywhere on this continent, and not only in Argen- 
tina or the countries around it. ' ' Taking complexion as an illustration, 
in America all shades, within certain limits, seem to be intermingled, 
irrespectively of latitude, temperature, or relief of the land." 6 Strik- 
ing contrasts occur even within families — Caribans, for example, are 
"black or red," and as for Hutchinson's assertion that Chaco tribes 
"have brown skins," they exhibit many tints/ Farther south, Char- 
ruas are nearly black, while Abipons may be called " white Indians," 
like Guarayos, or Yuracres in Peru and Bolivia. Father Martin 
asserts that their skins have no deeper color than those of Spaniards 
or Portuguese. To repeat Keane's qualification — "within certain 
limits " — faculties of mind and those elements which form mental 
character, vary considerably. Using the same materials for construc- 
tion, some communities here stopped short with manufactures, merely 
subserving life's simplest needs — which always remained unspecial- 
ized, never showed a trace of any inborn feeling for beautj^, and were 
not sufficiently evolved to answer those requirements their makers 
experienced daily necessities for meeting. 

This state of things went on for ages, and is assignable to an 
absence of faculty; but facts indicate that there was no general uni- 
formity of incapacity. Argentina contains people who, in important 
traits, exhibited marked inequalities. We learn from the only wit- 
nesses whose evidence is on record how remarkably these indigenes 
were contrasted in character and staying power. Tobas, Charruas, 
and Abipons stood steadfastly to their own standards. Higher, or at 
all events, rarer qualities, showed themselves during native wars for 
independence — calm courage, resourcefulness, constancy of purpose, 
and an indomitable pride. Some aboriginal tribes after defeat gave 
up at once, others yielded and constantly broke out into half-hearted 
revolts; a few never submitted — they died while the struggle went on. 
These men could not have been identical either in body or mind. 
Their contrasts depended upon constitutional differences which, when 
evolved, are recognized as forming valid grounds for separating 
masses of human beings from each other. On the contrary, some 
common resemblances attend all rudimentary societies among man- 
kind. It follows that ordinary generalizations upon inchoate aggre- 
gates are certain to be wrong. When Wilcocke decides that every 

« Archiv. per l'Antropologia e la etnologia. 1881. Vol. V, pp. 45-46. 
^Keane, Ethnology. Cambridge, 1896, p. 172. 
c Buenos Aires. Lond., 1865, p. 280. 



48 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Indian in this territory is " stupid, cruel, inconstant, treacherous, 
excessively voracious, and a cannibal. " That these tribes en bloc are 
"addicted to drunkenness and void of all manner of foresight or 
precaution. * * * Indolent beyond expression * * * and as 
cowardly as they are impotent. a This statement mixes things up 
absurdly and does not correspond with evidence. It might add some- 
thing to an understanding of native races generally if his charges 
should be interpreted in scientific terms. Taking these denuncia- 
tions in succession, stupidity, as imputed to a savage, means nothing 
if this in aptness is measured by what civilized men do or think. 

Judging innate power among primitive aggregates according to 
degrees in accomplishment, a Charrua is stultified when compared 
with his Chiquito or Abipon countryman ; but to go beyond range of 
their faculties, however, for evidences of ability, and try them as 
Wilcocke has done by tests which can not be applicable, negatives 
any conclusions arrived at through such a process. Savagery implies 
apathy; its existence anywhere involves an assumption that men so 
situated must possess limited attainments, and little power to con- 
centrate their minds on things which do not, so to speak, intrude 
into consciousness and arrest attention. Impressions of this kind are 
comparatively rare under those mental conditions postulated, and 
will also be fleeting on account of their vagueness. The individual 
is nearly without rational curiosity, and has no means for discrimi- 
nating between things or ideas of things as real and unreal, possible 
or impossible. With like positiveness savagery means an extreme 
limitation of sympathy, an almost complete absence of those altruistic 
feelings which originate from the complex and intricate relations 
established in evolved social states. That solitary struggle for exist- 
ence going on among undeveloped mankind, makes self dominant. 
Morally and emotionally they are children, and have a child's inca- 
pacity to feel distresses not their own, or put themselves in another's 
place. Savage cruelty is largely thoughtlessness, ignorance, and 
selfishness ; it is not comparable with the same vice when displayed by 
beings who belong to a different sphere. Primitive man's mental 
horizon shuts him closely in; he is essentially a creature of the pass- 
ing hour; functionally and structurally his front brain precludes 
deliberate conduct. He may conceal feeling as he hides himself on 
a war trail or game path ; that is all. The associations connected with 
acts can not be recognized, deliberation is physiologically impossible, 
and under excitement reactions to stimuli naturally become explo- 
sive. In what way then should a savage possess foresight, prefer 
future benefit to the gratification of present desire, consider what 
consequences intemperance entails, or hold his hand in anger? 
Apparently, Wilcocke impeaches Argentine Indians because they are 



« History and Description of Buenos Aires. Lond. , 1820 



NATIVE RACES. 49 

not Europeans, and so much as is true of his arraignment applies to 
people similarly situated everywhere. The whole mental conditions 
above referred to must be taken into consideration when studying 
those disabilities which prevented aborigines from advancing or even 
sustaining themselves. Their stagnation in savagery was the psychi- 
cal side of coordinate material conditions; some of them requiring 
more particular mention, while others have thus far been set aside. 
Topographical features here for the most part brought about move- 
ment; but only in few parts did a degree of coalescence essential to 
progress result from contact thus effected. There was also too much 
sameness in surroundings to cause any marked advance through 
differentiations brought about by adaptative processes. Fusion 
necessarily affected physiological states — strength, fertility, vigor, 
recuperative power, endurance — yet no strain of blood which bene- 
fited these tribes was found. 

Another result of those factors at work here was that native arts 
wore a uniform character and that Argentina had no culture center. 
Abipons might make better horse trappings, Lenguas manufacture 
finer featiier work, Guilliehes prepare brighter dyes, Chiquitos build 
more commodious dwellings; exceptional skill shows itself in special 
directions, but almost everything done bore the stamp of a common 
backwardness and failure. So also with the social system; they did 
not take a step toward changing primitive relations between men and 
women, or apportioning labor to either sex in such wise that improve- 
ment could be possible. No man toiled regularly; he was always 
fighting, hunting, fishing, or on guard; constantly withdrawn from 
occupations upon which the integrity or progress of any society 
depends. There is an obvious implication, so far as inherent capac- 
ity goes, between wild, untutored tribes and those among whom 
attempts had been made at developing them artificially. The former 
stopped short. in a primitive evolutionary grade; their partially edu- 
cated countrymen acquired some knowledge, but possessed no power 
to assimilate it. Contact with a higher culture was paralyzing. Their 
pride and confidence were extinguished by an overwhelming sense of 
inferiority, and with trust in themselves also departed any capability 
for self-help. Mbayas or Guaycurus in old Spanish missions were 
kept together for many generations without any radical change. Cap- 
tain Page, a visiting stations on the Paraguay River in 1859, found their 
inmates fairly prosperous, and provided with ordinary appliances of 
life; that is to say, they had houses, furniture, clothes, tools, owned 
cattle, and raised crops. But having learned in time to make use of 
what had been forced upon them, these natives went no further. 
Prolonged intercourse did not foster qualities which bind communi- 
ties into self -protecting, progressive wholes. With both means and 

« La Plata. N. Y., 1859. 

573a— 03 4 



50 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

opportunity for developing the simplest, most natural function that 
aggregates can exercise, namely, self -protection, these Mission Indians 
became tributary to miserably armed, entirely undisciplined savages, 
whom they could have repelled easily, and allowed themselves to be 
plundered at will. 

Considering this congeries of similarly constituted tribes as masses, 
environed by specific conditions to which adjustment was requisite, 
surrounding circumstances evoked so much response as would pre- 
serve life and no more. Considerable stress has been laid upon visual 
impressions upon Pampa scenery in its effects upon cast of mind. 
Argentina indigenes, however, felt the strain imposed by daily need 
so deeply that fancy did not stray beyond their vast dim horizons in 
quest of fair ideals such as the desert and ocean have suggested under 
happier auspices. Climate acted on them directly. Drought brought 
famine; icy southern storms or simoon-like winds from the north 
caused suffering and produced disease. In accordance with prin- 
ciples of human nature, some explanation for untoward or disastrous 
incidents had to be given, and this was necessarily framed from 
registered impressions of everyday life. Existence afforded no 
experiences which could develop concepts of divine or beneficent 
intelligences. Heavenly powers, adumbrated through benignant 
nature, were infinitely out of reach by men so situated. Therefore, 
while the universal animism belonging to primitive peoples found 
expression in fetish worship, magic, witchcraft, and sorcery, they also 
projected a host of capricious malevolent beings into space, whose 
mischievous activity brought about all disasters. Ophiolatiy, the 
cult of ancestral spirits and certain astronomical myths, coexisted 
with these superstitions, but fetishism or shamanistic observances 
chiefly represented that part of belief which was operative. In this 
direction also natives inhabiting Argentina halted after taking a first 
step toward religious advance. 

Besides what has been said respecting the general relations sub- 
sisting betwixt these peoples and their surroundings, there was here a 
special biological condition of paramount importance in its implica- 
tion with initial unfitness. The food-producing resources of their 
environment could not be made adequate by any effort that natives 
were competent to exert. They failed to become stronger or more adap- 
tative, for many reasons, but mainly because debarred by alimentary 
disadvantages. Continued existence hinges upon supplies of animal 
and vegetable matter. To be well fed, however, implies much more 
than the quantity requisite for prolonging life. No savage is ever prop- 
erly nourished, and therefore inevitable physiological disturbances 
(whether perceived or not) set up a long train of morbid consequences. 
Innutrition and malnutrition prevailed in an exceptional degree 
throughout the greater part of this country, with results whose malign 



NATIVE EACES. 51 

character derived an enhanced importance from coexisting factors 
inimical to health. The Argentine fauna was a poor one. No herds 
of large animals that could have yielded a constant and valuable meat 
contribution made this land their home. At some period the Huanaco 
ma}^ have lived upon these plains in considerable numbers; but it was 
a mountain species never domesticated here, and no inference can be 
drawn from its well ascertained extension into the lowlands of Peru or 
Chile. There were three kinds of deer, several armadillos, with bizca- 
chas, Darwin's Rheahares, capivaras, tatus, otters, monkeys, and 
coatis; moreover, these did not comprise every means of support 
afforded b}^ animal foods, although they were those most generally used. 
All interior waters supplied fish, with testaceous or crustaceous forms, 
besides harboring immense numbers of migratory or native birds, as 
forested districts did likewise. Still, Argentine river systems bore no 
adequate proportion to its area, woodlands occupied a relatively small 
space, those species enumerated were very unequally distributed, and 
even as concerns quantity alone, the amount of meat available failed to 
satisfy normal requirements. A proof of this deficiency is given in 
the fact that tribes living where game was most abundant habitually 
ate jaguars, pumas, and Canis azarse, together with many creatures unfit 
for human consumption. Furthermore, nutriments thus far specified 
do not represent high values, either as tissue-making or force-giving 
substances, consequently, to the same extent that a due performance 
of functions is essential, these under-fed indigenes unquestionably fell 
short. 

Records which relate to the present territory of Argentina during 
epochs when its tribes were mostly unaffected by foreign influences 
are to a great extent barren in such facts as would throw light upon 
prevailing modes of life. Tribes on the coast or Rio Plata estuary, 
who mainly subsisted upon sea products, evidently maintained them- 
selves under different circumstances from those which governed 
forest Indians, bands wandering over unproductive wastes, where 
larger aggregates had to break up in order to live at all. Such men 
necessarily performed unequal amounts of work, expended diverse 
equivalents of energy, lost unlike quantities of tissue constituents. 
Each needed different quantities of aliment, and none obtained what 
was requisite. Flesh for repair was everywhere insufficient, and 
these aborigines commonly devoured grubs, worms, vermin, ser- 
pents — anything possessing animal life. This class of foods, while 
nowhere plentiful enough, often proved wholly inadequate through 
irregular distribution ; so that privation must have been a common 
experience, and entailed the long train of disqualifying or positively 
pathological results which attend ill feeding. 

We have no complete list of edible plants growing wild here; but 
the leaves, gums, tubers, roots, seeds, fruits, or stems commonly 






52 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

eaten are well known to have been physiologically insufficient. Most 
communities cultivated to some extent, being forced in most localities 
to practice a rude, unsatisfactory tillage. General climatic condi- 
tions were such, however, that crops frequently failed, and when 
this happened it simply depended upon where people so impoverished 
might be whether thej^ starved or not. Usually famine-stricken 
aggregates became dismembered, and reunion seldom or never 
occurred. Recomposition of the fragments left by broken up socie- 
ties sometimes took place under favorable auspices, but these gener- 
ally showed actively degenerative tendencies. 

When it is said that these Indians raised potatoes and maize, 
besides having manioc as an article of diet, the statement does not 
contravene what has been advanced respecting a dearth of vegetable 
products. Those staples alone might have gone far toward establish- 
ing an adequate basis for some higher social organization than ever 
took place, and that they did not do so argues the action of preventive 
agencies which must be taken into consideration. This country is 
one of those where the potato grows spontaneously. Its range within 
Argentina, however, has not been defined, and there is no reason for 
assigning it an extensive habitat. Furthermore, during their undevel- 
oped state, that nutritive importance which artificially produced varie- 
ties of Solonacea possess are to a great degree absent. In the hands 
of people who can not improve them, wild potatoes would never form 
a starting point to social progress. a Maize, likewise, was possibly 
autochthonous within' La Plata, but more probably originated in the 
culmiferous Euchkena grasses of Mexico. When South American 
provinces received this grain it speedily became indispensable. Con- 
centrations of population throughout Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina 
depended upon indian corn, and wherever maize was not planted 
isolated bands of destitute savages roamed from place to place picking 
up such sustenance as they found. Circumstances prevented any 
well-defined state of life. Only a few were fishermen or hunters, prop- 
erly speaking; the majority existed as nondescript seminomads. 
Only river valleys and woodland tracts covering but a small part of 
this territory produced any varied flora; while as nothing more than 
an inconsiderable strip of the northern border was tropical, many of 
those plants belonging to equatorial latitudes which most effectually 
served nonagricultural tribes in Brazil, Venezuela, and the Guianas 
were wanting. Nomads inhabiting Argentina made meal from the 

« The statement that Solanum tuberosum — our so-called Irish potato — grew 
wild in South America misrepresents facts. Tuberous roots of Solonacea were 
indigenous to its provinces; Eg. S. commersonii, S. immiti (a Peruvian species). 
and S. Maglia. These are not identical with the former, however, and by far less 
nutritious; moreover, De Candolle (Origin of cultivated plants) remarks that it is 
not known whether crosses will produce a form capable of propagating itself by 
the seed. 



NATIVE RACES. 53 

farinaceous rhizomes of Discorea eayennensis or Lieania and Sisym- 
briune seeds; they ate eleonie and cardoon leaves, peanuts, Pitanga 
fruit, passion flowers, Thlaspi cress, Maranta starch, and tomatoes, 
where there was sufficient elevation for them to flourish. They had 
peppers, tobacco, and mate, beside widespread species of Cereus, 
Opuntia, and Agave. No doubt, also, a long list of uncultivated 
growths came into use, which it is impossible to discover at the present 
time. Most likely those populations utilized nearly all available 
means of support, but these were insufficient to put them on the way 
toward improvement/' 

Agriculture was rather an accessory to life than a definite means of 
living; yet systematic progression invariably begins with exchanging 
natural modes of subsistence for artificial ones. Mankind stands still 
until there is more food on hand than those who produce it consume. 
Finally, no great development has ever rested upon tillage alone. 
Domesticated animals play a part in social organization equally 
important with that taken by cultivated plants, and until European 
horses became plentiful no reclaimed species of large quadruped 
either aided man's labor or contributed to his support. When those 
issues attending general innutrition are more particularly pointed out 
it will complete this sketch of the most important factors bearing 
upon Argentina anthropology, and most directly as well as strenuously 
affecting the fate of its native races. 

Beside maize (neither of first quality nor in sufficient abundance), 
Indians eked out an allowance of meat usually so scanty that they 
were driven to foul-feeding, with farinaceous, oleaginous, or legumi- 
nous seeds, supplemented by roots, tubers, or fruits, which did not pro- 
vide for physiological needs; partly because of deficiencies in chemical 
composition and partly because they were ill prepared — that is, eaten 
under conditions which interfered with digestion so effectually as to 
waste much of their carbonaceous and nitrogenous constituents. Thus 
far innutrition and its accompanying disabilities may be regarded in 
the light of certainties ; but we do not know all they ate, and if such 
knowledge existed, there was still a complex of obvious causes that 
baffled force generating, tissue making action in those aliments used. 
On the other hand, compensatory factors so far balanced disadvan- 
tageous agencies as to retard retrogradation until the shock of foreign 
invasion overset an imperfect moving equilibrium. As a home for 
progressive human beings, Argentina is in great measure the creation 
of a great race, who have prospered because equipped with resources 
their predecessors could not wield. These latter barely succeeded in 
keeping themselves alive, while the feebleness engendered by priva- 
tion underlay incompetency of every kind. Slow failure and rapid 
breakdown are ascribable to other conditions also — to hybridization, 

« Payne. History of the New World. Oxford, 1892. Vol. 1, pp. 280-281. 



54 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

strife, disease, self-abandonment, oppression, intemperance; to race 
trails both psychical and of bodily origin. While snch statements 
made concerning nutrition generalize what should be more fully said 
respecting folk foods, if space permitted, there are no means by which 
this class of facts can here be applied specially. It is impossible to 
show "how far each alimentary principle of aliment is associated with 
life and health; " a what are the complete biological relations of 
nutritive substances, b or why the same compounds act differently 
under diverse circumstances. c 

That can scarcely be done in case of civilized nations, and with 
savages such an attempt would be hopeless. On the other hand, it 
does not admit of doubt that corn and meat did something for Iro- 
quoian tribes which was left undone in case of Algonkians, though 
they possessed both; further, that an excess of mandioca starch 
potently affected natives of the eastern tropics and subtropics in 
South America. We can not explain dietetic effects in detail, but 
long before a starvation point is reached inanition always goes with 
positive and tangible results, bodily weakness, idiopathic disorders 
and an increased susceptibility to many diseases, infertility, prema- 
ture decrepitude, and mental stagnation. All these consequences of 
privation were illustrated here. During every period on record the 
indigenous population has been standing still or decreasing. Human 
organs are influenced in savagery by like causes with those which 
disorder them under civilized conditions, and a man who sets sanitary 
laws at naught will suffer for certain whatever be his social grade. 
It is preposterous to say that deprivation and hardship promote vigor 
or sustain health. The psychical paralysis induced by destitution 
would have hampered mind no matter what its endowments might 
have been. Malnutrition thus contributed to check advance, and 
powerfully aided in bringing about physical and mental unfitness. 
No people had far to fall, yet the significant tendencj 7 of native com- 
munities to neglect their own arts so soon as any possibility for liv- 
ing without them presented itself, is a subject frequently mentioned 
by personal observers. It made no difference to these Indians that 
they lived worse than before; the languor of debility and their gen- 
eral incapacity caused an abandonment of all effort which could be 
set aside. Among other instances this is shown by certain unde- 
cipherable inscriptions mentioned by Liberandi, etc. Nadaillac^ 
attaches considerable importance to those combinations of animals, 
geometrical figures, and dotted lines, supposing them to be mixtures 
embodying phonetic, ideographic, and pictorial scripts. 

Montesinos, however, with Ameghino, rejects this opinion on the 

« Savory, William S. Experiments on Food. The Lancet, Lond., 1863, vol. 1. 

6 Wohler. Principes de chimie biologiqne. Paris, 1871. 

c Williams, W. M. Pop. Sci. Mon. N. Y., 1883, Vol. XXXII. 

d Prehistoric America, Lond., 1885. 



NATIVE EAOES. 55 

ground that no antique South American petroglyphs contain either 
numeral, hieroglyphieal, or phonetic elements. Be this as it may, 
and whatever their origin was, such remains attest a state of mind 
where the desire to perpetuate impressions, feelings, and thoughts 
once existed. Much trouble was taken in realizing that impulse, 
which has never been operative during later ages. Whoever those 
gravers might have been, they lived here and were men of higher 
grade than the stolid, unthinking savages succeeding them, and 
whether foreign or domestic in its source their art with that mental 
attitude which prompted it became obsolete under those conditions 
specified. To what degree the pressure of their environment had 
reduced Argentine aborigines at an early period, can be appreciated 
when it is remembered that for over two hundred years they fought 
Spanish soldiers from Jujuy de Salta to the plains of Buenos Aires 
without making an improvement in arms, military organization, or 
tactics. It was not courage or fortitude the tribesmen lacked, but 
comprehension; they could not learn any lesson, no matter how 
impressively it may have been taught. 

A summary of conclusions respecting Argentina and its inhabitants 
is as follows : 

This countiy as a whole in all ways tended to repress progress upon 
the part of primitive men. Its physiography, climate, soil, and vege- 
table or animal supplies kept peoples but slightly removed from the 
direct control of natural selection; that is to say, in an inchoate 
developmental phase, so that whatever strength, energy, or faculty 
thej 7 possessed was used up hy an everyday struggle for life, and 
could not accumulate. Physical features operated against differen- 
tiation, bodily or mental, but favored an incessant flux of populations 
during which there occurred an endless fusion among inferior strains, 
accompanied by general conflict, displacement, and disaggregation. 

Ethnologically Argentine tribes represent an American type or 
preserve in varying degrees the race traits of proto-European and 
proto-Mongol ancestors, these ethnic groups shading into each other 
through gradations which defy classification, except in so far as long 
skulls affiliated them with the former and short heads indicated their 
descent from an Asiatic stock. 

Physiologically those organal systems upon whose functions fitness 
of frame, plasticity, and fecundity depend remain unevolved; mus- 
cular strength, fertility, unsusceptibility to malign agencies, recuper- 
ative power, nervous energy were wanting. With these deficiencies 
went a tendency to death from causes which do not usually prove fatal. 

Psychologically natives of this land were but "children of a larger 
growth," with all those characteristic traits attaching to immaturity, 
and so circumstanced that their incompleteness was made permanent. 



CHAPTER II. 

GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL, ORGANIZATION— LAW OF 
CITIZENSHIP, RIGHTS OF FOREIGNERS, GUARANTEES— CIVIL 
AND COMMERCIAL LAWS, RELIGION. 

CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 

Rule of Spanish Government. — For nearly three hundred years after 
the discovery of the River Plate in 1516, the Spanish Government ruled 
over that portion of South America known as the viceroyalty of the 
River Plate. 

Declaration of independence. — In 1810 it declared its independence 
and became the Argentine Republic, adopting, in 1853, a constitution 
similar to that of the United States of America. 

Present constitution. — The present constitution of the Argentine 
Republic dates from September 25, 1860. The form of government is 
the federal republican representative form. Each of the 14 provinces 
composing it has its own constitution, based upon the principle of 
representative government, as in the United States. 

The national constitution of the Argentine Republic is based upon 
the broadest principles of liberty and justice, and affords the most 
ample guaranties for the enjoyment of full civil rights by and for the 
protection of the material interests of all the inhabitants. In one of 
its first articles its principal objects are declared to be "to create 
national unity, to consolidate justice and internal peace, to provide 
for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and to assure 
the benefits of liberty to us, to our descendants, and to cdl the people 
of the tvorld who may reside in Argentine territory." In this instru- 
ment provision is made for a separate but correlative existence of the 
powers forming the federal and provincial governments, the consti- 
tutions of the various provinces being based upon the same repub- 
lican representative federal system in accordance with the principles, 
declarations, and guaranties of the national constitution. Thus, all 
the public acts and judicial proceedings of one province have the full 
force of law and authority in the others. 

Legislative branch. — The legislative branch of the Government is a 
Congress composed of two chambers — the Senate consisting of 2 mem- 
bers from each province and 2 from the capital, elected by the pro- 
vincial legislatures for a term of nine years, and the Chamber of 
Deputies, elected by direct vote of the people, 1 for every 33,000 
inhabitants or fraction over 16,500, for a term of four years. To the 
56 



GOVERNMENT. 57 

Chamber of Deputies exclusively belongs the initiation of all laws to 
raise money as well as those relating to the conscription of troops. 
It has also the exclusive right to impeach before the Senate the Presi- 
dent, Vice-President, Cabinet ministers, and Federal judges. The 
Congress is convened every } T ear and its sessions last from May 1 to 
September 30. The Vice-President fills the office of Chairman of the 
Senate, but otherwise has no political power. The President of the 
Republic can prolong the sessions of Congress and call extra ones. 

Executive branch. — The Executive power of the nation is exercised 
by a President of the Argentine Nation elected by Presidential electors 
from each Province in number twice as large as that of the Senators 
and Deputies constituting their respective representations in Congress, 
and chosen by direct vote of the people. The President and Vice- 
President are voted for hy separate ballots. The system is nearly 
exactly the same as that followed by the United States. 

Both the President and Vice-President must have been born in the 
Argentine Republic or be sons of native citizens, belong to the Ax30S- 
tolic Roman Catholic Church, be at least 30 years of age, and have an 
annual income of $2,000. The President's term of office is for six 
years, and neither he nor the Vice-President can be reelected until 
after the interval of a full term has elapsed. 

The President has charge of the general administration of the coun- 
try. He formulates all the roles that are necessary for the operation 
of the laws, in the formation of which he participates. All laws are 
sanctioned and promulgated by the President, who is invested with 
the veto power, which can be overruled only by a two-thirds vote. 

The President can commute sentences and pardon those undergoing 
them. He exercises the patronato in the presentations of bishops, 
concedes the passage or retains all receipts and bulls from the Holy 
See, appoints and removes his ministers, and, with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and 
those of inferior courts, diplomatic agents, governors of territories, 
and officers of the army and navj 7 above the rank of colonel. All 
other officers and officials, the President appoints and promotes Avith- 
out the consent of the Senate. 

The Cabinet is composed of eight ministers : Minister of the Interior, 
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship, Minister of Finance, Minister 
of Justice and Public Instruction, Minister of War, Minister of the 
Navy, Minister of Public Works, and Minister of Agriculture. 

The Minister of the Interior supervises the following departments, 
bureaus, etc. : Post and telegraph department, department of public 
works, department of agriculture, bureau of national lands and colo- 
nies, maritime prefecture and subprefectures, territorial governments, 
etc. 

The Minister of Foreign Affairs has under his control the legations 
and consulates in foreign countries. 



58 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The Minister of Finance supervises the national treasury, the 
national credit, the bureau of accounts, the mint, the bureau of 
statistics, the bureau of public revenue, the custom-houses, etc. 

The Minister of Justice and Public Instruction has the supervision 
of the universities in Buenos Aires and Cordoba, the normal schools, 
the national board of education, the Astronomical Observatory of Cor- 
doba, the National Library, the National Museum, the National 
Archives, etc. 

The Minister of War supervises the War Department, its different 
bureaus, the Military Academy, the national sanitary department, the 
military hospitals, etc. 

Duties of ministers. — The attributions anu duties of the various 
ministries are fixed by the law of October 11, 1895. A Presidential 
decree of January 19, 1899, reorganized the ministry of justice and 
public instruction. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 

Federal and provincial courts. — Justice is administered in the 
Argentine Republic by means of a series of Federal and provincial 
courts. The Federal or National courts only intervene in cases 
which, on account of their nature or of the status of the parties 
concerned, may be considered to be of a national character. These 
courts, for example, deal with all litigation relating to matters aris- 
ing out of the Constitution, the Federal laws, and treaties with foreign 
nations; to actions concerning ministers and foreign consuls; to 
all questions of maritime law; actions to which the Nation is one of 
the parties and all those which arise between two or more provinces, 
between one province and the inhabitants of another, between the 
inhabitants of different provinces, and between one province or its 
inhabitants and a foreign State or a foreign citizen. All other causes 
coming under the civil, commercial, and criminal codes are dealt with 
by the various provincial courts. The national judicial functions 
are exercised by a Supreme Court, located in the city of Buenos 
Aires, consisting of five judges; four courts of appeal, each with 
three judges, established in the cities of Buenos Aires, La Plata, 
Parana, and Cordoba; and judges of first instance resident in the 
capital and in each of the other provinces and territories of the 
Republic. In all cases concerning diplomatic representatives, and 
foreign consuls, and in those in which a province intervenes as one of 
the contending parties, the Supreme Court exercises exclusive juris- 
diction. Appeals from the judgments of the Federal courts are car- 
ried to the Federal court of appeal of the particular circuit in which 
the action was tried, and in some cases, which are specially pro- 
vided for in the Code of Procedure, the judgment of the Federal 
court of appeal may be finally reviewed \)y the national Supreme 
Court. The latter court also reviews all appeals made against the 



COUKTS OF JUSTICE. 59 

judgments of the higher courts of the provinces and capital, when 
they relate to questions which are governed by the Constitution or 
the Federal laws. 

Courts in the capital. — In the capital of the Republic there are, 
besides the Supreme Court and Federal court of appeal, three judges 
for matters which come under Federal jurisdiction, and various local 
courts for ordinary commercial, civil, or criminal causes. There are 
seven judges of first instance for civil matters, four for commercial 
cases, six criminal judges, and two magistrates with jurisdiction in 
criminal cases in addition to two courts of appeal, the one dealing 
with civil appeals and the other with commercial and criminal cases. 

The judicial power in the provinces is composed of a high court, 
generally called the Supreme Court, and several minor courts. In the 
province of Buenos Aires, for example, there is a Supreme Court and 
three courts of appeal in the city of La Plata; one court of appeal in 
San Nicolas, another in Mercedes, and a third in Dolores; three 
judges of first instance for civil and commercial matters and three 
criminal judges and one magistrate in La Plata; two judges for 
civil and commercial causes and two criminal judges in Mercedes; 
one civil and commercial judge and one criminal judge in San Nico- 
las, and the same in Dolores. 

The judicial powers in the territories. — In the ten national terri- 
tories justice is administered by judges nominated for four years, it 
being permitted to appeal from their decisions in the same manner as 
from those of the local Federal judges in the provinces. To the lesser 
rank of judges belong the justices of the peace, market judges, and 
other judges for special cases besides the "alcalde." 

Civil and commercial cases. — In the capital, provinces, and terri- 
tories, for all civil and commercial cases in which the amount in dis- 
pute does not exceed $500, there are justices of the peace specially 
appointed to adjudicate upon them. There is also a court or cham- 
ber with exclusive jurisdiction in all matters involving the legal 
rights of minors, lunatics, and other persons legally incapacitated 
to act in their own behalf. 

With few exceptions the proceedings in Argentine courts are 
written, as is the case in Spain, whose laws and form of procedure 
were in force in the Argentine at the time of the declaration of its inde- 
pendence. Although the Constitution provides for the jury system, 
it has not so far been established. The Government is represented 
in the national and provincial high courts by an Attorney-General and 
by other Government attorneys in the lower courts. a 

"The Argentine Yearbook (1902). 



00 ARGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 

LAW OF ARGENTINE CITIZENSHIP. 
Title I. — Of Argentines. 

Article 1. The following are Argentines: 

1. All persons born in the territory of the Republic, whatever the 
nationality of their parents, except the sons of foreign ministers and 
of members of the legations residing in the Republic; 

2. The sons of natural-born Argentines, who, having been born in 
a foreign country, choose the citizenship of their parents; 

3. Persons born in the legations or on board the war boats of the 
Republic ; 

4. Persons born in the Republic forming the United Provinces of 
the River Plate before the emancipation of these, and who have resided 
in the national territory, manifesting their desire to be such ; 

5. Those born in neutral seas under the Argentine flag. 

Title II. — Of naturalized citizens. 

Art. 2. The following are citizens by naturalization: 

1. Foreigners more than 18 years of age who reside two continuous 
years in the Republic and who declare their desire to be such before 
the Federal sectional judges; 

2. Foreigners who prove before the said judges that they have 
rendered one of the following services, whatever the length of time 
they have resided in the country : 

(1) Having honorably fulfilled offices of the nation or of the prov- 
inces within or without the Republic ; 

(2) Having served in the army or navy or assisted in a military 
engagement in defense of the nation ; 

(3) Having established a new industry in the country or introduced 
a new invention ; 

(4) Being contractor for or conductor of railways in any of the 
provinces ; 

(5) Forming part of the colonies now established, or which may be 
established in future, either* in the national or provincial territories, 
provided that such persons possess real property therein ; 

(6) Inhabiting or populating national territory on the frontier lines 
or outside of these ; 

(7) Having married an Argentine woman in any of the provinces; 

(8) Exercising in them the calling of professor or teacher in any 
branch of education or industry. 

Art. 3. The son of a naturalized citizen who was under age at the 
time of the naturalization of his father, and was born in a foreign 
country, can obtain a certificate of citizenship from the Federal judge 
if he enrolls himself in the national guard at the time directed bylaw. 

Art. 4. The son of an Argentine citizen naturalized in a foreign 



CITIZENSHIP. 61 

country, after the naturalization of his father, can obtain a certificate 
of citizenship if on coming to the Republic he enrolls himself in the 
national guard at the age prescribed by law. 

Title III. — Procedure and requirements to obtain a certificate of citizenship. 

Art. 5. The sons of natural-born Argentines born in a foreign 
country who elect the citizenship of their parents must prove that 
they are sons of an Argentine before the Federal judge. 

Art. 6. Foreigners who have fulfilled the conditions contained in 
the foregoing articles can obtain a certificate of naturalization, which 
will be granted to them by the Federal sectional j udge before whom 
they present a petition. 

Title IV. — Of the political rights of Argentines. 

Art. 7. Argentines who have attained 18 years of age enjoy 
political rights in conformity with the constitution and the laws of 
the Republic. 

Art. 8. Political rights can not be exercised in the Republic by per- 
sons who have been naturalized in other countries, by those wha 
have accepted offices or privileges of foreign governments without 
permission of Congress, by fraudulent bankrupts, nor by those under 
a sentence inflicting a penalty of dishonor or of death. 

Art. 9. Congress alone can grant rehabilitation to persons who 
have lost the rights of citizenship. 

Title V. — Transitory dispositions. 

Art. 12. The sons of natural-born Argentines and foreigners who 
exercise the rights of Argentine citizenship are considered as natural- 
born or naturalized citizens without being subject to any of the 
conditions established by this law, being only required to enroll them- 
selves in the national civil register. 

Art. 13. All dispositions contrary to the present law are revoked. 

ARTICLES OF THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION REGARDING DECLARA- 
TIONS, RIGHTS, AND GUARANTEES. 

Article 1. The Argentine nation adopts the Federal republican 
representative form of government, as established by the present 
constitution. 

Art. 10. The circulation in the interior of the Republic of national 
products and manufactures, and of goods and merchandise which 
have passed through the national custom houses, is free of all duties. 

Art. 11. All national or foreign products and manufactures and 
cattle of every description which pass from the territory of one prov- 
ince to another, and the vehicles, vessels, or animals by which they 
are carried, shall be free of transit duties; and no other duty shall be 
imposed on them in future, whatever their kind, on crossing the 
territory. 



62 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Art. 12. The vessels bound from one province to another shall not 
be obliged to enter, anchor, and pay transit duties ; and in no case 
shall preference be given by laws or regulations of commerce to one 
port over another. 

Art. 14. All inhabitants of the country shall enjoy the following 
rights, in conformity with the laws which regulate their exercise, to 
wit : To labor in and exercise any lawful industry ; to navigate and to 
trade; to petition the authorities; to enter, to remain in, to travel in, 
and to leave the Argentine territory; to freely publish their opinions 
by means of the press ; to use and dispose of their property ; to form 
companies with useful objects; to freely profess their religion; to 
teach, and to learn. 

Art. 16. The Argentine nation admits no prerogatives of blood nor 
of birth; there are no personal privileges nor titles of nobility in the 
country. All inhabitants are equal before the law, and are received 
in every vocation without any other consideration than that of their 
aptitude. Equality is the basis of the taxes and public burdens. 

Art. 17. Property is inviolable, and no inhabitant of the Argentine 
Republic can be deprived of it, except in virtue of judgment founded 
on the law. Expropriation for the public good must be authorized 
by law and previously indemnified. The taxes defined in article 4 
are only imposed by the National Congress. No personal service can 
be demanded except in virtue of the law, or of judgment founded on 
the law. Every author or inventor is sole proprietor of his work, 
invention, or discovery during the term provided by law. The con- 
fiscation of property is abolished forever from the Argentine penal 
code. No armed corps can make requisitions nor demand aid of any 
kind. 

Art. 18. No inhabitant of the Argentine Republic can be punished 
without previous sentence founded on laws passed before the com- 
mittal of the. offense, nor judged by special commissions, nor removed 
from the judges appointed by law before the initiation of the lawsuit. 
No person can be compelled to make declarations against himself; 
nor arrested, except in virtue of a written order from a competent 
authority. The defense of person and rights in a court of justice, 
correspondence, and private papers are inviolable. Private residences 
are inviolable, and a law shall determine in what cases and with what 
justification these may be searched and occupied. The penalty of 
death for political offenses and every species of torment and whip- 
ping are abolished forever. The national prisons shall be healthy 
and clean, for security and not for the punishment of criminals 
detained in them; and the judge who authorizes any measures which, 
as a pretext for precaution, conduce to the mortification of offenders 
to a greater extent than is provided for, shall be responsible for his 
action. 

Art. 19. The private actions of men which in no way offend the 



CIVIL LAWS. 63 

public order and morals, nor injure a third party, are reserved to 
God alone and exempt from the authority of the magistrates. No 
inhabitant of the Argentine Republic shall be obliged to do that 
which the law does not command, nor prevented from doing that 
which the law does not prohibit. 

Art. 20. Foreigners enjoy all the civil rights of citizens in the 
national territory; can exercise their industry, commerce, or profes- 
sion, possess real estate, buy and transfer it, navigate on the rivers 
and along the coasts, exercise their religion freely, make testaments 
and marry, in conformity with the laws. They are not obliged to 
become citizens nor to pay extraordinary taxes. They can be nation- 
alized after residing two continuous years in the country, but this 
term can be reduced in favor of any person who solicits the reduc- 
tion, alleging and proving that he has rendered services to the 
Republic. 

Art. 25. The Federal Government shall encourage European immi- 
gration ; and shall not restrict, limit, nor impose any tax on the entrance 
of foreigners into Argentine territory, brought with the object of cul- 
tivating the land, improving industries, and introducing and teach- 
ing sciences and arts. 

Art. 26. The navigation of rivers in the interior of the Republic is 
free to all flags, being subject only to the regulations dictated by the 
national authority. 

Art. 33. The declarations, rights, and guaranties enumerated by 
the constitution shall not be understood as the denial of other rights 
and guaranties not enumerated, but which are the natural outcome 
of the principle of the supremity of the people and the republican 
form of government. 

CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL LAWS. 

Civil laivs. — The laws of the Argentine Republic are binding upon 
all persons residing within its limits, whether citizens or foreigners, 
with or without legal domicile in the State (art. 1, Civil Code). 

The greater part of the laws of the country are in codified form. 
Under this heading may be included the National and Provincial 
Constitutions, civil, commercial, penal, and mineral laws, the National 
Code for the law proceedings of a civil or commercial nature, as well 
as criminal cases which come under the Federal jurisdiction, and the 
ordinary ones in the capital; all codes of the Provincial Tribunals, as 
well as those touching on rural and irrigation matters in certain prov- 
inces ; laws relating to the registry of the civil state of people in the 
provinces, sanctioned by the capital and national territories, and 
later adopted by almost all the provinces; laws of irrigation, coloni- 
zation and citizenship, education, public works, railroads, patents of 
invention and trade-marks, national elections, post-office and tele- 
graph, currency, pensions, forestry, etc., beside the annual laws of 
appropriations, patents, stamps, etc. 



(U argentine republic. 

Legal status. — The legal status of persons domiciled within the 
Republic, whether citizens or foreigners, is judged by the laws of the 
Givil Code, with special provisions for acts executed or property situ- 
ated abroad. The legal status of persons without the Republic is 
judged by the laws of their respective domiciles when referring to 
acts executed or property situated within the Republic. (Arts. 6 and 
7, Civil Code.) 

Deeds and contracts. — In regard to the formalities in procedure and 
to the validity of all deeds or contracts made abroad, the Argentine 
courts will apply the laws of the country wherein they were executed. 
Contracts of an immoral nature or having for their object the violation 
of the rights or laws of a foreign nation are ipso facto invalid in the 
Argentine Republic. 

Real estate. — The transfer or ownership of real estate is governed 
by the laws of the Civil Code which prescribe the legal status of the 
persons entitled to acquire landed property and the form of pro- 
cedure to be adopted in its conveyance. 

Succession. — Succession to the real or personal estate of a person 
deceased is governed entirely by the laws of the domicile which the 
deceased had at the time of his death, whether the heirs or successors 
be citizens of the State, or foreigners. (Art. 3283, Civil Code). 

Bills of exchange. — The laws relating to bills of exchange are prac- 
tically identical with those prevailing in England, subject, however, 
to the provision that the holder of a dishonored bill of exchange or 
promissory note is only entitled to sue either the drawer, the acceptor, 
or one of the indorsers. He may elect to proceed against any one of 
the parties, but he can not maintain an action against more than one 
party to the bill unless in case of insolvency, when he may substitute 
another. 

Mercantile books. — Argentine law prescribes the form in which it is 
necessary for legal purposes that all mercantile books should be kept. 
In addition to this requirement, the letter copying book, journal, and 
stock book have to be marked on each page with the "rubrica" or 
special mark of the Commercial Tribunal, which, being duly attested 
by the signatures of a commercial judge and the secretary-notary to 
the Tribunal of Commerce, render them legally valid for purposes of 
evidence before the courts. An insolvent trader whose books have 
not been inscribed with the " rubrica" can not obtain his discharge. 
Merchants are legally compelled to return balance sheets at least once 
in three years. 

Joint-stock companies. — No joint-stock company can be legally 
constituted in the Argentine Republic without first having its articles 
of association approved by the Government and duly published before 
commencing operations. In the event of a loss of 75 per cent of the 
nominal capital of the company, liquidation is compulsory, the direc- 
tors of the company being personally responsible for any further loss 



BANKRUPTCY. 65 

occasioned to the shareholders where no declaration of the actual 
position has been made. The term of existence of a joint-stock com- 
pany must be stated in the articles of association. 

Mortgages. — Mortgages can not be effected for a longer period than 
ten years. This is likewise the maximum term permitted by law for 
the duration of all contracts relating to real estate. a 

Bankruptcy. — The following is an abstract reproduction of a brief 
review of the new bankruptcy law promulgated at Buenos Aires, 
December 30, 1902, which review was published by Mr. F.~Schort in 
The Standard, of Buenos Aires, in January, 1903 : 

" One of the principal features of the new law is the abolition of the 
law of moratoria. 

"A registered trader who suspends payment must call a judicial 
meeting of creditors within three days of such suspension (6) 6 under 
pain of penalties (52). This includes those debtors who have already 
filed a petition for moratoria, upon whose cases the court has not yet 
decided. The petitions for moratoria that are already granted are to 
be respected (169). Any proceedings in bankruptcy pending at the 
time of passing this new law are specially provided for (167). 

"There are three solutions open to those directly interested in a 
trader who has suspended payment, viz, first, composition, allowing 
of deferred payment or any other method of relief whereby the debtor 
may still carry on business; second, assignment, by which the cred- 
itors take over all the assets and liabilities (34) giving the debtor his 
discharge (38); and, third, bankruptcy, as a final resource (43). 

"On a petition being filed with the proper legal formalities for a 
meeting of creditors, the court appoints a committee of inspection 
from the body of the creditors, together with a public certified 
accountant (68), to examine the books, report on the business, draw 
up a statement of affairs, etc., and all actions at law then pending are 
suspended (10). In the previous law this suspension of judicial 
actions was a corollary of a petition for moratoria. At the first meet- 
ing the committee of inspection must hand in a list of the creditors, 
with the classification given in the law (15), and all debts are then 
proved by a simple majority of votes of the unchallenged creditors 
present, subject to appeal and without prejudice to the legality of 
any of the debts or to any ulterior reclamation in respect of them (16). 
Creditors may be represented by proxy (the powers being given in 
writing) and a ' general ' power of attorney, for purposes of adminis- 
tration is considered a sufficent proxy (16), but creditors not present 
at this meeting have no right to challenge any debts proved at that 
meeting (18). 

«The Argentine Yearbook (1902). 

& The numbers between parentheses refer to the article in the law. 

573A— 03 5 



66 AKGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

"composition. 

"Once the debts are proved, the report of the committee of inspec- 
tion must first be read, and then the whole situation is open to dis- 
cussion between the creditors and the debtor, who must either be 
present personally or be represented by some one with full powers. 
At this discussion only unsecured creditors have the right of vote 
(20). Minutes must be taken of the proceedings, and composition 
with creditors is considered as accepted when favorably voted for by 
two-thirds of the creditors present representing 75 per cent of the 
proved debts, or vice versa (21). Objections to the composition 
arrangement may be sent in by creditors not present at the meeting, 
or by those who voted against it, within eight days, only on the 
grounds of certain fraudulent circumstances or insufficiency of 
powers by those voting (23), and the decision of the court is subject 
to appeal (24). If, after the lapse of the eight days the proposed 
composition is unopposed, or if opposed unsuccessfully, the court 
shall approve the arrangement, and, upon payment of costs, the case 
is then closed (25). The composition, once approved, is binding on 
all unsecured creditors (32), and any private arrangement between 
the debtor and any creditor is null and void (31); the creditors have 
the right of appointing a committee of supervision for the purpose of 
insuring that the arrangement is properly carried out, and the per- 
sons so appointed have certain legal powers (22), but their services 
must be rendered gratuitously, and they can only resign for properly 

substantiated reasons (67). 

"assignment. 

" If composition is not accepted, the creditors may take over all the 
assets and liabilities, subject to the approval of the court (34). The 
procedure in regard to such assignment of the estate is substantially 
the same as that for composition (37). The court, however, must 
either approve or disapprove of the assignment within five days from 
the date of the creditors' resolution, and such decision is subject to 
appeal (35). The effect of such assignment is to substitute the cred- 
itors for the debtor in all his actions, rights, and obligations in respect 
of his property up to the limit of the value of the property so assigned 
(36); and the debtor must receive his discharge (38). The creditors 
can continue the business of the debtor by forming a partnership in 
which each unsecured creditor shall be entitled to a share equivalent 
to the amount of his debt. Articles of association must be drawn up 
and a board elected by a majority of votes according to the capital 
held (40). But the judicial proceedings of the assignment are 'ipso 
facto' closed on the court having approved the arrangement (42). 

"bankruptcy. 

" Should neither of the two foregoing arrangements be accepted by 
the creditors, the debtor is then officially declared in bankruptcy, and 
the creditors present at the meeting appoint a liquidating receiver 



BANKRUPTCY. 67 

(sindico liquidator) (43), which appointment must then and there be 
officially confirmed by the court (44). The declaration of bankruptcy, 
therefore, is only a last resource when other methods of arrangement 
have fallen through. It requires no specified number of creditors to 
either veto it or to force it on the rest; it is simply the legal conse- 
quence of the nonacceptance bj^ the creditors of the two alternatives 
of composition or of assignment. 

"The official declaration of bankruptcy carries with it 'ipso facto,' 
first, retention from the bankrupt of his business correspondence; 
second, order to all persons in possession of goods or documents of the 
bankrupt to deliver them to the receiver; third, prohibition to make 
any paj^ment or to effect any delivery of goods to the bankrupt; 
fourth, taking possession of all the property of the bankrupt, and fifth, 
notice to the fiscal agent in the case (44) ; but it throws out the penal 
provisions of the previous law for the ' ipso facto ' order of arrest of 
a bankrupt not calling a meeting of creditors within three days after 
suspending payment, which, even under the present law, he should 
do (52,6). If 'suspension of payments' has not yet taken place the 
debtor can not be officially declared in bankruptcy (46), but on the 
suspension of payment he may then be officially declared bankrupt on 
the petition of any creditor any time within a year (47), or even at any 
time, if he had not called a meeting of creditors within the legal time, 
or if he had disappeared either by concealment or flight (52). The 
nonappearance of the debtor, in such cases, constitutes presumptive 
fraud, and the court shall order his arrest and he shall be liable to 
criminal prosecution (53). The initial proceedings in bankruptcy are 
similar to those already detailed. The liquidating receiver (sindico 
liquidador) must be appointed by a majority of the votes of the cred- 
itors representing the greater portion of the liabilities ; he is then and 
there placed in legal possession by the court 'without further for- 
mality,' and he will then proceed to liquidate the estate as determined 
by the creditors, or, in the absence of instructions, in such a manner 
as he may think best for the common interest. 

"liquidation in bankruptcy. 

"On a declaration of bankruptcy stock must be taken and the 
inventory or stock list be made in duplicate, one copy to be filed in 
court, the other to be for the use of the receiver. The inventory 
must include a note of all funds, bills, documents of value, trade 
stock, and all properties and effects (60) of the firm or of each of the 
partners of the firm, either in the principal establishment of the firm 
or in the domicile of each of the partners (61), or wherever any of the 
goods or chattels are to be found (60, 5). The bankrupt is entitled 
to retain possession of such clothing and furniture as may be indis- 
pensable for the use of himself and his family ((50, 7). In the case of 
a company the inventory will only be taken at the establishments or 
on the properties of the company (61). 



68 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

"The liquidating receiver must liquidate the goods and properties 
of the bankrupt by sale at public auction, but without the necessity 
for any interposition of the court (62-114). 

' ' Creditors purchasing goods from the estate are not allowed to 
have the value of their purchases placed as a set-off against any por- 
tion of the debt due them (116). All amounts received by the liqui- 
dating receiver for sales or debts due to the estate are to be lodged in 
the national bank — Banco de la Nacion^-(117. 64, 3), to the order of 
the court (117), and no funds are to be withdrawn except by order 
of the court (64). 

"ranking of creditors. 

"I. Creditors by right of title (92), which embraces: 

"1. Property in possession of the bankrupt, the title to which has 
not been transferred to him. 

" 2. Any commercial document held by the bankrupt subject to his 
order, but either held for a certain specified object, or the title of 
which has not been transferred to him. 

"3. A seller to whom the proceeds of the sale have not been paid 
(under given circumstances). 

"4. Children, heirs, legatees, minors or legally incapable persons, 
in respect of their property respectively under future inheritance or 
legacy, or under trusteeship. 

"5. A married woman, in respect of certain possessions absolutely 
her own property. 

"II. Creditors with general privilege (94), which embraces: 

"1. Expenses for the safe-keeping of the property, administration 
of the estate, and other charges for the common benefit. 

"2. Funeral expenses of a deceased bankrupt. 

"3. Expenses of the last illness of a deceased bankrupt. 

"4. Salaries and wages of the bankrupt's agents, employees and 
servants, and of any workman in his immediate employ, for the last 
six months previous to declaration of bankruptcy. 

" 5. Food and provisions supplied to the debtor and his family, and 
to his agents and his employees living in the same house with him, for 
the six months previous to declaration of bankruptcy. 

" 6. Municipal and fiscal debts for taxes. 

"III. Creditors with special privilege (95), which embraces: 

"1. Overdue rental, in respect of everything on the property rented, 
including the year's crops on cultivated grounds, and anj^ damage 
and repairs that are for account of the tenant. 

"2. The amount of a sale, the thing sold being still in possession 
of the seller. 

"3. A secured debt, the security for which is in possession of the 
creditor. 

"4. Cost of construction, improvement, or maintenance of a thing 



BANKRUPTCY. 69 

while in possession of the person for whose account those expenses 
were incurred. 

"5. Maritime liens. 

"6. Warehouse charges for wages and expenses incurred for the 
preservation of property still stored in the ' barracas' or warehouses. 

" 7. A representative, in respect of any property in his possession, 
for anything owing to him in that capacity. 

"8. A commission agent, in respect of property consigned to him, 
for freight, charges, commission, and interest. 

"9. A forwarder of effects, for the things forwarded. 

"10. Freight and transport charges on effects loaded. 

"11. All cases where the law allows the right of retention and 
others specially provided for in the code. 

"IV. Mortgagees. — Such creditors, whose debts are secured by 
mortgage. 

"V. Ordinary. — All other creditors are ' chirographical' or ordi- 
nary creditors. 

"distribution op assets. 

' ' Within eight days from date of sale of the last item of property left 
to be realized, the liquidating receiver must make up a statement of 
affairs showing the uncollectible debts due to the estate and those 
pending under judicial proceedings, together with a proposed scheme 
of distribution among the creditors (118). This must be filed with 
the court and placed on view for eight days for inspection by the 
creditors (119), after which time the court will hear any objections, 
which, if persisted in, must be decided by the court within three days 
(120). After then the court must order the distribution of the avail- 
able assets, in accordance with the list of debts proved at the first 
meeting of creditors and their order of preference (121). 

' ' Creditors by right of title shall receive the thing claimed in the 
same species as that in which it was delivered, or as that by which it 
was subrogated, upon payment of any sums owing in respect of the 
thing claimed (122). 

' ' Creditors with general privilege shall be paid out of the general 
assets of the estate (123). 

" Creditors with special privilege, and mortgagees, are only covered 
by and up to the limit of the proceeds of the things assigned co them. 
For any deficiency, they rank simply as unsecured ordinary creditors 
(124). But these creditors may at any time after their debt is once 
proved, demand payment of their debt, by giving proper security for 
creditors with better title (127). 

" Once all the privileged debts are satisfied, the liquidating receiver 
may, with the consent of the court, proceed to distribute the whole or 
part of any available assets pro rata among the unsecured ordinary 
creditors (117, 131, 133); and he may propose an interim dividend if 
there are funds available (118). 



70 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

" ADMINISTRATION. 

"At the time of filing his scheme of distribution, the receiver must 
also file an account showing the expenses of the liquidation (118); 
and, before any distribution of assets takes place, there shall be a 
meeting of creditors to decide upon the remuneration payable to the 
liquidating receiver and other employees of the estate, which decision 
shall be subject to appeal (134). A statement must be made up by 
the liquidating receiver every month, showing the exact state of the 
liquidation, the assets realized and the bank lodgments, and this state- 
ment shall always be open to inspection by the creditors (65). Any 
creditor may impeach the liquidating receiver, who may be removed 
or replaced by an absolute majority of votes of creditors present at a 
meeting called for that purpose, which represent 50 per cent of the 
liabilities (65, 66). 

" REMUNERATION. 

" The services of creditors on committee are to be gratuitous, and 
these creditors are not allowed to resign except for properly substan- 
tiated reasons (67). 

' ' The remuneration of the public accountant shall be fixed by the 
creditors by a majority of votes of those present at the close of the 
meeting at which the debts are to be proved, subject to appeal to 
the court, and in no case shall it exceed two per cent (2 per cent) of 
the assets (70). These, it is to be presumed, are the nominal assets, 
as shown on the statement of affairs filed by the committee of inspec- 
tion, since it is not possible to determine a percentage limit at that 
stage of the proceedings on realized assets. In cases of composition 
the public accountant's fees are for account of the debtor. In cases of 
assignment or liquidation in bankruptcy they are chargeable to the 
estate and are payable at the same time as the first dividend to the 
creditors (70). The services of a public accountant therefore cease 
with the close of the meeting of creditors at which the debts are to be 
proved, and the appointment of a liquidating receiver is then in the 
hands of the creditors and not of the court. 

" The remuneration of the liquidating receiver must be fixed by the 
creditors at a meeting to be held before the distribution of the assets; 
and the decision of that meeting is subject to appeal to the court (131). 

" LEGAL EFFECTS OF BANKRUPTCY. 

"A bankrupt trader is deprived of the administration of any part 
of his estate (71); and his liabilities all become payable immediately 
on the declaration of his bankruptcy, no matter what maybe the dates 
of their maturity (81). He also loses ipso facto his legal capacity as 
an agent for any trust or commission placed in his hands previously 
to his bankruptcy (72). All the acts of a bankrupt after filing a peti- 
tion for a meeting of creditors and his suspension of payment arc null 



Bankruptcy. 71 

and void, either absolutely or relatively, dependent on the nature of 
the transactions as comprised in two specified categories of eacli class 
(77, 78). On a declaration of bankruptcy, all actions at law against 
the bankrupt are suspended, and can only be opened up or continued 
as against the estate (80). 

1 ' CULPABILITY OF A BANKRUPT. 

" If the committee of inspection reports fraud or misdemeanor on the 
part of the bankrupt, it is punishable according to the provisions of 
the penal code (135, 136). 

"Bankruptcy is deemed to be fraudulent under any of the circum- 
stances (138) of suppression or not accounting for any losses, or por- 
tion of the assets; or of contracting false debts or making false sales; 
or of misappropriating funds or other effects held by the bankrupt for 
account of third parties ; or of purchasing goods in another person's 
name; or of the appropriation to his own use after declaration of 
bankruptcy of any of the assets of the estate; or of not keeping proper 
books, or concealing them, or their being mutilated or falsified. 

"Accomplices in a fraudulent bankruptcy, besides being liable to 
criminal prosecution, shall be condemned to lose any claim they may 
have on the estate, to refund the value of any propertj^ lost through 
their complicity, and also to pay by way of damages a sum equivalent 
to the amount of the attempted fraud (140). 

"CLOSING OF PROCEEDINGS. 

' ' The court may at any moment officially order the closure of the 
proceedings upon the report of the liquidating receiver that there are 
not sufficient funds to meet the expenses. The act implies a pre- 
sumption of fraud or misdemeanor as against the debtor, and the 
court must order the transfer of the case to the criminal court. The 
creditors then have a right of action against the person of the debtor 
(87). But such closure of proceedings may be revoked at any time if 
the liquidating receiver is put in funds (88). 

' ' If the assets of the estate are sufficient to pay all creditors in full, 
the court shall give an official discharge to the bankrupt (146). The 
petition for such discharge must be accompanied by original docu- 
ments vouching for the payment in full to the creditors, or for having 
carried out all the stipulations of the composition (147). 

"In cases of a 'casual' bankruptcy, should the creditors not give 
the discharge, the bankrupt may obtain it from the court after a lapse 
of three years from the date of the declaration of bankruptcy (148). 

"A bankrupt convicted of 'misdemeanor' can only obtain his dis- 
charge after having worked out the penalty to which he had been 
sentenced (149). 

"Discharge or restitution of commercial rights can not be granted 
to bankrupts convicted of imposture or fraud ; to persons convicted 



72 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



of theft, embezzlement, or abuse of trust; to defrauders with malice, 
or to trustees (guardians) or other administrators of trust funds who 
have failed to render account of their trust and pay over the balance 
of the trust funds, until five years after they shall have worked out 
the penalty to which they had been sentenced, and having during that 
time conducted themselves in an irreproachable manner (150). 

"The order of the court, either granting or refusing a discharge, is 
subject to appeal (154); but once the discharge is obtained it frees 
the bankrupt from all legal disabilities created by the declaration of 
bankruptcy and from all further liability in respect of any debts still 
owing by him to his creditors in bankruptcy (156)." 

RELIGION. 

The national church of Argentina is the Roman Catholic, but in 
accordance with article 14 of the constitution all the inhabitants enjoy 
the right of "professing freely their worship," and article 20 gives 
foreigners the right to "exercise freely their own faith." The State 
contributes to the support of the Roman Catholic religion, builds 
churches, pays the clergy, etc., but it controls all ecclesiastical 
appointments and forbids or permits the passage of all decrees of the 
Holy See. 

According to the census of 1895 there are in the Republic 1,019 
Catholic churches, or one for every 4,000 inhabitants. There were 
also 68 Protestant churches, 3 Masonic halls, 1 Spiritualists' Church, 
and 1 of the Orthodox Russian Church. The first of these Protestant 
churches was founded in 1829, and 25 of them are in the territory of 
Chubut, which was largely colonized from Wales. 

According to the last census the population is divided as follows 
according to religion : 



Religion. 


Natives. 


Foreigners. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


Catholics 


1,449,793 

2,911 

113 

135 


1,494,604 

2,686 

82 

60 


617,470 

14,679 

3,225 

592 


359,269 

6,479 

2,665 

153 


3,921,136 


Protestants - 


26,750 


Israelites ..- 


6,085 




940 






Total 


1,452,952 


1,497,432 


635,966 


368,561 


3,954,911 





From the above it appears that 991 out of every 1,000 are Catholics, 
7 Protestants, and 2 Hebrews, the Hebrews being entirely of Russian 
origin, sent there since 1891 by the Jewish Colonization Association. 



CHAPTER III. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS.— CAPITAL CITY, ITS RESOURCES, MEANS 
OF COMMUNICATION, PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS, PUBLIC INSTITU- 
TIONS. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 

Territorial division. — The territory of the Argentine Republic is 
divided into eight different sections, the first 4 comprising the Federal 
district and 14 provinces, subdivided into 361 provincial departments, 
and the other 4 sections, consisting of 10 Territories, subdivided into 
64 Territorial departments; therefore the political divisions of the 
Argentine Republic are as follows: 



Sections. 


Provinces. 


Territories. 


Departments. 


4 
4 


14 




361 


10 


fi4 






8 


14 


10 425 



THE CITY OF BUENOS AIRES. 

Foundation of Buenos Aires. — Buenos Aires, capital of the Repub- 
lic, was founded in 1535 and reconstructed in 1580. 

In 1744 it had over 10,000 inhabitants; in 1800 its population was 
40,000, and in 1850, 76,000.« 

Situation. — Buenos Aires lies between the 34° 36' 22" latitude south 
and the 58° 21' 33" longitude west of Greenwich, and rises 20 meters 
above the sea level, the magnetic needle showing a declination of 10° 
35' to the east, with a variation of 3". The plan of the city is that of 
squares (manzanas) intersected, as a general rule, at right angles. 

Origin of name. — The origin of the name of Buenos Aires, which 
means "Good air," is supposed to be taken from an exclamation of 
Don Sancho del Campo, on landing there. 

Area of city in 1869. — In 1869 the city extended over 3,936 hectares; 
in 1889 the planimetric area was 18,141 hectares, 42 acres and 59^ 
centares. 

Population in 1869. — In 1869 there were 177, 787 inhabitants; in 1895 
there were 663,854; on December 31, 1900, there were 821,293, and 
according to the Municipal Bulletin of Buenos Aires, the population 
March 31, 1902, was 853,451. 



Population in 1902.- 



-According to the returns of the Statistical 



«"L' Argentina," by A. De Gubernatis, p. 287. 



7:3 



74 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Department of the city of Buenos Aires, the population of the Federal 
Capital on December 31, 1902, numbered 870,237 inhabitants. 

Demographic returns for 1902. — The demographic returns for the 
month were: Births, 2,523; marriages, 541, and deaths, 1,274. In 
1809 there were 177,787 inhabitants; eighteen years later these had 
increased to 437,000, and between the census of 1895 and 1902 there 
was an increase of 200,914 inhabitants, an increase of nearly 20,000 
per year. From 1895 to 1899 the increase was at the rate of 33,000 a 
year. 

The total length of the city from north to south is 18 kilometers, and 
25 kilometers from east to west. Its total compass is 10^ kilometers, 
and therefore Buenos Aires is larger than Paris, Berlin, Bordeaux, 
Glasgow, Edinburgh,. Dublin, or Hamburg. 

Height of buildings. — In streets which are not 8 meters 00 centi- 
meters broad the maximum height of structures is limited to 12 meters 

12 centimeters, and in those over 8.00 meters they may reach a height 
of 14 meters; the rule for constructions being that they are not to be 
higher than 1^ of the breadth of the street in which they are located. 
In avenues having 30 meters buildings must be of a minimum height 
of 20 and a maximum of 24 meters. 

Squares. — There are 32 squares, beautifully ornamented with plants 
and trees, and public walks (paseos) with elaborate landscape gar- 
dening, covering an area of over 1,000,000 square meters. 

Number of houses. — In 1887 there were 30,604 houses, inhabited by 
404,000 persons, and the density of the population was at that time 

13 persons per house, which gives Buenos Aires the same density as 
New York City. The number of inhabitants per room in each house 
was 1. 07. In the 1,730 blocks in which the city was then divided there 
was an average of 17 houses per block. 

Aspect of city. — The city of Buenos Aires can not boast the antiq- 
uity of the great European capitals; but in regard to its movement, 
life, and advanced civilization, it may fairly claim to rank with the 
greatest. Standing tenth in the list of cities of the world and second 
only to Paris itself as a Latin center, Buenos Aires is a positive revela- 
tion to the traveler who sees it for the first time. The magnificent 
avenues and parks with which it abounds, the palatial buildings and 
residences, the luxurious clubs and theaters, the extensive and well- 
organized tramway service, the really wonderful newspapers (whose 
daily editions contain cable news from all parts of the world, including 
extracts from the English and continental journals of the same day), 
the high standard of education obtaining among the better classes, the 
style, dress, and manners of the people, the immense display of electric 
light, the incessant activity, the vast amount of shipping, and, indeed, 
every phase of life combine to give to Buenos Aires something of the 
movement of New York with the brightness and gayety of Paris. It 
is, moreover, a cosmopolitan city in the truest sense of the word. Xor 
is it an exaggeration to institute a comparison of the appearance of the 




NATIONAL OPERA HOUSE, BUENOS AIRES. 



BTTENOS AIRES. 75 

"Corso" or carriage drive, along the imposing Avenue General Alvear 
in the direction of Palermo Park, filled by fashionable folk in elabo- 
rate equipages, with the familiar sight of Central Park in the height 

of the season. 

Principal square.— The principal square of the city is known as the 
Plaza de Mayo (also as the Plaza Victoria), in which are located the Gov- 
ernment House, Congress, and the Cathedral. On the north side of this 
square is the Avenida deMayo, which as a boulevard is unsurpassed. 
This avenue has a width of road of about 12 meters, extending nearly 
2\ kilometers in length, lined on either side with trees and magnificent 
buildings, among the latter being those of the municipality and "La 
Prensa," the most elaborate newspaper offices in the world. 

Social institutions. — In regard to social institutions the Argentines 
are not behind the times. On the contrary, in a certain sense, they 
are more advanced than Europeans. The "Club del Progreso " is only 
second in luxury and comfort to the Buenos Aires "Jockey Club," 
which is supposed to be the richest club in the world. The building 
is marvelous; its interior fittings and furnishings of the most costly 
kind. Its spacious stairway of onyx is adorned on either side with 
valuable statues. The dining, billiard, reading, smoking, and recep- 
tion rooms are magnificent. The numerous art galleries, public libra- 
ries, museums, literary, musical, and scientific societies abundantly 
testify to the high standard of culture prevailing. In addition to 
fourteen theaters representing comedy, drama, and musical pieces in 
various languages, besides numerous other places of entertainment, 
there are three opera houses attracting crowded audiences to' hear 
grand opera represented by leading artists from all the operatic cen- 
ters of Europe. 

Water supply. — The supply of drinkable water is obtained from a 
tower built in the River Plate at a distance of 1,G25 meters from the 
coast. This tower penetrates to over 9 meters below the bed of the 
river and is connected hy means of an oval tunnel in the shape of a 
siphon with the pumping station, whence 72,400 cubic meters of water 
are pumped and filtered every day. These filters have a total output 
capacity of 45,000,000 liters, and from them the water passes to the 
water elevators for distribution in the city. These elevators are of 
70 nominal horsepower, and every one of its 8 pumps produces over 
2,000 liters per revolution, which gives a water supply of over 75,000 
kiloliters in twenty-four hours. The maximum consumption of water 
is during the summer and reaches nearly 30,000 kiloliters per day. 

Drainage. — The drainage of the city was commenced in 1874 and is 
now divided into two sections. The first comprises the main net of 
sewers and the second consists of a large iron and masonry conduit, 
25 kilometers in linear extension, which collects the waters of the 
sewer system and empties them into the river. There are 8 sewer 
pits in each block, beside the sewers in each building, which empty 
into the main s} 7 stem. The largest section of the collecting sewers is 



76 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

1.20 by 1.57 meters and the smallest 0.610 by 0.762 meter. Up to 
December, 1887, 187,000 linear meters of collecting sewers were in 
operation, the total sewer system, including ventilators and regula- 
tors, comprising about 235,000 linear meters. 

Public buildings. — The principal public buildings are the Govern- 
ment House, in the construction of which over $900,000 had been 
spent in 1888 and it is now completed; Superior School of Med- 
icine, in course of construction in 1888, cost $183,000; the Normal 
Professional School, in course of construction, cost $171,000; the 
Central Police Station ; the great reservoir ; the Palace of the Justice 
of the Peace; the faculty of law; the Hypothecary Bank and the Pro- 
vincial Bank, etc., and Congress has made appropriations for the 
Palace of Congress ($6,000,000); Palace for the Courts of Justice 
($500,000); Central Post and Telegraph offices ($500,000); Central 
Railway Station ($5,000,000); House of Correction ($800,000); Munic- 
ipal Palace; Municipal Theater (Colon); Museum of National Prod- 
ucts, etc. 

Schools. — For educational purposes there are 67 buildings of attract- 
ive architecture, occupying a total area of over 81,000,000 square 
meters, their aggregate cost amounting to over $9,000,000. Besides 
the national college there are 4 normal schools and 6 of law and 
engineering. 

Libraries. — There are 4 fine public libraries, called the "Nacional," 
"Rivadavia," "San Cristobal," and "de la Merced." 

Hospitals and asylums. — In 1887 there were 13 hospitals, a besides 2 
charitable institutions ; 7 asylums and houses of correction and 8 spe- 
cial institutions for the deaf, dumb, and blind and for orphans and 
foundlings. The following table gives the aggregate number of beds 
in the hospitals of the city of Buenos Aires and the annual expendi- 
ture incurred in 1887 for maintaining said hospitals : 



Hospitals. 



Number 
of beds. 


Annual 
expendi- 
ture. 


186 


$77,568 


230 


157.080 


160 


43.008 


320 


106, 72S 


68 


9,600 


50 


49.200 


90 


42,022 


220 


65,000 


115 


57,000 


60 


31,265 


40 


20,000 


67 


24.440 


176 


48,720 



Rivadavia . . 

Clinicas 

Military 

San Roque . 
Children's.. 
Quarantine. 

French 

Italian 

Spanish 

English 

German 

Chronic 

Mixed 



Total . 1,782 731,631 



Arsenal. — This includes 389,000 square meters, and consists of 8 
separate buildings in which 1,000 workmen are emphryed. 

Harbor works. — The harbor works extend over 5,000 linear meters. 

a There are now 25 hospitals. 



BUENOS AIKES. 77 

They include 4 docks of a uniform breadth of 160 meters and of 
different lengths, some of which are 1,000 by 725 meters broad with 
interior communication. There will be 2 dry docks, one 600 meters 
long and the other 100 meters long by G meters deep. 

Railroads. — The capital of the Republic is the starting point for 
several railway lines which run from it to different parts of the coun- 
try for over 3,000 kilometers. There are now 23 railway stations 
within the city limits. 

Police force. — This force is composed of nearly 3,000 men and over 
$2,000,000 are spent in maintaining it. 

Municipal divisions. — The municipal government of the city is 
divided into two important branches, the council and the executive. 
The city is divided into 14 parishes and the council of aldermen is 
composed of 32 members. 

Town councilors. — The former comprises town councilors ("Con- 
sejo deliberante") elected by the people, two for each parish of the 
city, and the latter by a maj 7 or ("Intendente") appointed by the 
Executive Power of the nation, subject to approval of the Senate. 
The first municipality was organized in the year 1860, by virtue of 
law No. 250, of September 30. This was previous to the definite polit- 
ical organization of the Republic, when the city of Buenos Aires was 
a provisional capital, during the civil wars that preceded the funda- 
mental constitution of the Argentine Nation. The above law was 
enacted by the Argentine Congress for the organization of munici- 
palities in the provisional capital and Federal territories for the time 
being (the 14 provinces were not then incorporated). In the year 1881 
a new law, No. 1129, was passed by Congress which provided for a 
more complete form of municipal government, but for reasons of polit- 
ical importance the Executive Power rejected the enforcement of the 
law giving the right of veto, as established by the Constitution ; and 
affairs remained in statu quo till the following year, when Congress 
discussed and voted law No. 1260, of November 10, 1882, by which the 
government of the capital was eventually established and organized. 

Deliberative council. — Under this law every inhabitant paying taxes 
has the right, under certain conditions therein established, to be 
elected to the deliberative council, whether he be a native of the 
country or a foreigner. These elections are decided by the ratepayers 
in each parish, provided they are inscribed in the public register as 
qualified voters. The parish councils consist of two members. 

All laws relating to the welfare of the inhabitants, or the taxes levied 
in respect of public service, such as lighting, paving, cleaning the 
streets, tramways, etc., are voted by the town council (deliberative 
department) and carried out by the executive. 

Committee of tioelve. — In the year 1901 advantage was taken of the 
resignation of several members of the town council which left the 
council with a smaller number than was legally required to form a 
quorum, and the President of the Republic declared the corporation 



78 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

dissolved and appointed a committee of 12 men of good standing to 
act as town council until a fresh election should take place. This 
provisional committee made every exertion to improve the condition 
of the municipal government of the city. 

Provincial municipalities. — In the provinces most of the munici- 
palities are based on similar lines subject to the various provisions of 
the provisional constitution. a 

Department of hygiene. — This department consists of a president and 
6 medical men and has charge of all matters pertaining to sanitation. 

Public charities. — The municipality spends about $420,000 per 
annum in public charities and there are bacteriological and chemical 
laboratories and vaccination bureaus. 6 

The city of Buenos Aires has 16 banks, 49 hotels, 12 restaurants, 
30 subpostal and 18 subtelegraph stations, and a zoological garden, 
16 theatres, many concert halls, 8 circuses, 34 public markets, 32 
Roman Catholic churches and 17 chapels, and 4 Protestant churches 
of the Anglican, Scottish, Lutheran, and Methodist denominations. 

The press. — The press is represented by 189 daity and periodical 
newspapers, of which 154 are edited in Spanish, 14 in Italian, 2 in 
French, 6 in English, and 8 in German. 

Manufactures. — The city has 811 establishments devoted to the 
manufacture of furniture of all kinds, and the importations of furni- 
ture have, in consequence, almost ceased. Within the limits of the 
city of Buenos Aires alone there are 986 establishments for the work- 
ing of metals; 1,210 for preparing hides; 1,178 for timber; 748 for 
cereals; 1,657 spinning establishments; 280 establishments for the 
manufacture of articles of glass and wax; 51 for the manufacture of 
chemical products; 26 for manufacturing grocery products; 168 distil- 
leries; 268 cigar and cigarette manufactories, and 1,044 other kinds of 
manufactories, making in all a total of 7,619 industrial establishments. 

Lighting. — Public and private lighting is effected by electricity, 
gas, and oil. 5,500,000 kilowatts electric force, 32,000,000 cubic 
meters gas, and 800,000 liters (176,000 gallons) of kerosene have been 
used for this purpose during the year. 

The area of the town being so extensive, the public means of loco- 
motion are on a large scale. 

Conveyances (public and private) . 

Private carriages . _ _ 2, 165 

Livery-stable coaches 622 

Coaches to hire in the streets. - - 2, 184 

All other kinds and two-wheelers ■_ 5, 000 

Bicycles .- 7.173 

17.144 
(Automobiles not taken into account. ) 

«The Argentine Year Book 1902, page 168. 

& " Estudio Topografico de Buenos Aires." A. B. Martinez. 1889. 



BUENOS AIRES. 



7y 



Street-car service, 1903. — The city lias now eleven different street- 
car lines, and there are 216 kilometers of electric .tramway and 351) 
kilometers of horse tramway. The following table gives the number 
of passengers carried from 1898 to 1901, and shows the increase in 
traffic: 

Passengers. 

1898 . 106, 000, 000 

1899 - 116, 000, 000 

1900 - - - 122, 000, 000 

1901 _ . . . : 125, 500, 000 

These lines are all owned and run by private companies. There 
are no municipal tramways. Omnibuses are not used/' 

Street-car returns, June, 1902. — The returns of the ten tramway 
companies in the city of Buenos Aires for June, 1902, were as follows: 





Kilo- 
meters 
of line. 


Round 
trips. 


Passen- 
gers car- 
ried. 


Kilo- 
meters 
run. 


Receipts 
(national 
money). 




359 

112 


244,850 
68,831 


7,587,176 
2,496,983 


2,793,340 
793,869 


$768,482 




270,285 






The passenger returns since June, 1901, were: 



1901 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



Horse. 



7,723,705 
7,411,836 
7,163,364 
7,521,414 
8,110,309 
8,127,882 
8,672,580 



Electric. 



2,590,437 
2,496,790 
2,388,064 
2,483,260 
2,544,711 
2,541,004 
2,707,391 



1902 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 



Horse. 



8,168,622 
7,413,293 
8,458,816 
8,357,135 

8,253,878 
7,587,176 



Electric. 



2,525,143 

2,282,445 
2,612,023 
2,557,404 
2,612,810 
2,496,983 



The passengers carried by the various companies were : 






May. 


June. 


City of Buenos Aires 


2,809,761 
2,365,489 
1,521,021 

406, 123 
16,156 

776,397 

351,282 

7,649 

1,206,723 

1,253,877 

152,210 


2, 562, 725 


Anglo-Argentine 


2, 168, 783 


Grand National 


1,415,896 


New . 


373, 319 


Capital (horse) 


14, 743 


Rural _, " 


724,451 


Metropolitan _ 


320,660 


Central Argentine . . . 


6,599 


Buenos Aires and Belgrano (electric) 

Capital (electric) --. 


1,149,333 

1,198,725 


Buenos Aires Electric 


148,925 







The receipts for the six months were: 

City of Buenos Aires 

Anglo-Argentine 

Grand National 

New I 



Capital 

Rural 

Metropolitan 

Buenos Aires and Belgrano. 
Buenos Aires Electric 



, 528, 898 
,461,891 
947, 285 
231,241 
778, 260 
509, 928 
223, 651 
857, 245 
74, 920 



Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 2767 (1902), 



SO ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Rates of wages per day. a 

s. d. s. d. 

Carriage factories 3 3 to 7 6 

Bootmakers 3 4 to 4 9 

Bakers and assistants 2 6 to 5 

Masons 3 3 to 6 6 

Plasterers 1 8 to 2 

Bricklayers 3 4 to 4' 

Carpenters 5 to 6 

Furniture polishers 8 4 to 9 

Blacksmiths 4 to 5 

Carters 3 4 to 5 

Tram conductors 4 to 4 6 

Junior clerks and shop assistants 3 4 to 4 

Laborers along wharves 3 4 to 4 

Cabmen? 1 m 10 to 18 

Stevedores' men 7 6 to 10 

Harvest hands (province of Buenos Ayres) 10 to 12 6 

Note.— Rate of exchange: $1 (peso) =ls. 8d., or $12 (pesos) =£1. 

THE BUENOS AIRES " BOLSA " (EXCHANGE). 

Operations. — In reference to the Bnenos Aires Exchange or " Bolsa " 
it should be explained that the committee of this institution has 
attached a wider meaning to the word "Bolsa " (Bourse) than is gen- 
erally understood in European countries. The operations conducted 
in this exchange include all official transactions in shares, bonds, 
public funds, rates of exchange, and premiums on gold. 

The Stock Exchange Committee exercises the functions usually per- 
formed by committees of kindred institutions, while the " commer- 
cial committee," which is composed of 15 members, comprising the 
most influential merchants of the city, is empowered to represent the 
whole of the commercial interests involved before the Government, 
and to assist the latter in carrying out such alterations and reforms 
in the commercial code of the country as may be necessary to meet 
ever-changing conditions. This body also nominates a "Committee 
of Cereals" and a "Shipping Committee," these dealing exclusively 
with all questions raised in their respective spheres. 

The Executive Council of the "Bolsa" is composed of 9 members 
and constitutes the supreme authority over all the other committees 
and subcommittees. It likewise authorizes the official quotations of 
values and rates of exchange, and is the appellate tribunal in all 
disputes and differences between members which may have been 
previously adjudicated upon by other committees. 

Official quotations. — It publishes a fortnightly review containing 
the official quotations and regulations relating to transactions in 

« Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 2767 (1902). 

&Out of these earnings the hire of two horses and carriage have to he paid for 
at the rate of 7s. 6d. to 8s. per day. 



BUENOS AIRES. 81 

exchanges, values, discounts, national products, freights, etc., all of 
which are binding by general agreement upon members. 

The Buenos Aires "Bolsa" takes precedence in point of impor- 
tance over all institutions of a similar character in South America. 

Originally founded. — It was originally founded in 1854 in a small 
building by a few brokers and commercial men who met daily to trans- 
act business among themselves, without the responsibilities and cor- 
responding advantages which pertain to present membership. The 
" Bolsa "has now 4,500 members and possesses a building the con- 
struction of which cost 700,000 pesos fuertes. 

Membership of the exchange is divided into two classes, namely, 
brokers or agents and ordinary members, the qualifications for each 
being guarded by protective conditions of a satisfactory nature. 

Transactions, 1895-1901. — The following table shows the total for 
each year during the period 1895-1901, inclusive, of the money value 
of the transactions effected in specie, public funds, and sundry bonds: 

Value in currency. 

1895 $1,005,243,602 

1896 1,117, 720, 041 

1897 1,091,542,602 

1898 . 984,757,115 

1899 1 , 298, 279, 679 

1900 758, 293, 183 

1901 985,326,382 

CENTRAL PRODUCE MARKET. 

Opened in 1890. — This market was opened for traffic early in 1890 and 
the first train entered its gates on May 20 of that year. It occupies a 
position about 4 miles up the ' ' Riachuelo, " on the south side of the river, 
in "Barracas al Sur," province of Buenos Aires. The land on which 
the main building, hydraulic house, engine shed, workshop, and sid- 
ings, etc., are situated measures 114,439 square meters. The market 
proper, under one roof and no division walls, covers an area of 
48,409 square meters. It is supported on a series of iron columns, 
the outer brick wall being little more than a shell. There are three 
floors which, allowing for railways and cart ways, show an available 
space of — more or less — 120,000 square meters. The wool and other 
produce is lifted from the wagons to the different flats by means of 
f-ton hydraulic cranes of which there are 75, the wagons being moved 
from place to place by means of hydraulic capstans, of which there 
are 44. There are 1\ kilometers of railway sidings for receiving and 
marshaling trains. In order to facilitate river traffic, the company 
possesses a quay 500 meters long, fitted up with hydraulic cranes 
of various capacities. 

Hydraulic plant. — The hydraulic plant consists of 4 hydraulic 
engines of 40 horsepower each, as well as the cranes and capstans 

573a— 03 6 



82 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



before mentioned, the company also employing 3 locomotives and 70 
railway trucks. There is a thoroughly organized fire-brigade serv- 
ice, including a powerful pump, in connection with the river "Ria- 
chuelo," which throws 3 tons of water per minute. There are 45 
hydrants distributed over the establishment. 

Revenue. — The cost of the land, the various buildings, sidings, and 
mole was $3,750,000, and the revenue of the proprietary company is 
derived principally from charges for storage, etc. , on wool, sheepskins, 
cow and mare hides, and grain. The market is connected with all the 
railways in the country and has a commodious quay. Goods may be 
consigned to it by rail or waterway from the remotest parts of the coun- 
try. Inasmuch as the wool shown in this market is all in a loose state, 
it can be said that this is the only market in the world where so much 
loose wool may be seen at one time. The largest amount there has 
been actually in stock was about 18,000 tons. During the busj^ sea- 
son about 500 hands are employed. 

Entries of goods, 1896-1901. — The following figures show the entries 
of goods in weight (kilos) from 189G-1901: a 



1896-97. 



1897-98. 



1899-1900. 



1900-1901. 



Wool. 

Horsehair 

Feathers ". 

Sheepskins ... 

Hides 

Grain 

Tallow 

General goods 



119,884,139 

847,999 

17, 632 

17,052,547 

8,892,300 

27,019,400 

960,235 

10,976,411 



135,698,391 

1,097,989 

20,250 

24,230,887 

12,571,645 

13,586,600 

1,102,680 

10,178,212 



140,749,110 

1,088,251 

42,868 

26,210,085 

10,308,151 

53,650,600 

983,197 

10,323,184 



111,124,334 

1,104,000 

40,564 

25,026,061 

9,645,729 

2,542,500 

732,920 

10,757,059 



109. 

i: 



825,575 
234,592 
53,297 
313,0539 
227,510 
335,811 
762, 722 
303,864 



a Argentine Yearbook 1902. 



CHAPTER IV. 

PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES OF THE REPUBLIC: BRIEF 
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF EACH. RESOURCES, MEANS OF 
COMMUNICATION, CLIMATE, SEASONS, POPULATION, CAPITAL 
CITY, INDUSTRIES. 

PROVINCES OF THE REPUBLIC. 

The Argentine Republic contains 14 provinces, comprising those of 
Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Cordoba, San Luis, 
Santiago del Estero, Mendoza, San Juan, Rioja, Catamarca> Tucuman, 
Salta, and Jujuy. 

PROVINCE OF BUENOS AIRES. 

Situation. — The province is situated between latitude 33° 15' and 
41° and between 56° 41' and 63° 22' longitude. It is bounded on the 
north by the river Parana and provinces of Santa Fe and Cordoba, on 
the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the Rio Negro Territory, on the 
east by the Atlantic and river Plate, and on the west by the territo- 
ries of the Pampa and Rio Negro. 

Area and population. — The province has 1,200 kilometers of coast 
line and contains an area of 305,121 square kilometers, and is con- 
sequently but little larger than the State of New York. Its popu- 
lation is estimated at 1,500,000. The city of La Plata is its capital. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. Constitution granted 
in 1854; re-formed in 18G8, 1873, and 1889. Further re-form sanctioned 
in 1901. The legislature consists of two chambers. 

General aspect. — Throughout the province the soil is richly alluvial 
to a depth of 2 feet or more. Beneath this lies a stratum of clay, 
differing in kind and quality according to its location. Strata of white, 
yellow, and red clays have been discovered in different regions of the 
same province, furnishing the population with abundant material for 
the manufacture of tiles, bricks, and innumerable articles of pottery. 
With the exception of a few hills in the southern part the province 
of Buenos Aires presents the aspect of a plain with many small lakes, 
and is crossed and recrossed by streams that constitute a natural 
system of irrigation. 

Fluvial communication. — The imposing river entrance to the three 
Republics of the south is the Rio de la Plata, with its confluent, the Par- 
ana. For the first 300 kilometers of its course the Parana is a labyrinth 
of islands and channels. These are so numerous that even the old 
pilots say they are often perplexed by the multiplicity of waj 7 s open to 
them. The islands are covered with fruit trees, from which the markets 

83 



84 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

of Buenos Aires and Montevideo are supplied; and these trees over- 
hang the water so that in some places a boat may be loaded without its 
occupants stepping on shore. 

Several streams unite to form the Parana. The river rises in the 
mountains back of Rio de Janeiro, and its sources are not more than 
160 kilometers from that city. 

After collecting the waters of several rivers on both banks the 
Parana increases in width until it attains nearly 4,500 meters, a short 
distance above the falls; then the immense mass of water is suddenly 
confined within a gorge of 70 meters, through which it dashes with 
fury to the ledge, whence it is precipitated to a depth of 20 meters. 
It is computed that the volume of water per minute is equal to 
1,000,000 tons. 

Industries. — The province, taken as a whole, is flat and almost 
entirely laid out in great cattle farms, though the soil is capable of pro- 
ducing nearly all the cereals in common use. The natives almost live 
on horseback and do not take kindly to any form of work which can 
not be done from the saddle. 

Large slaughterhouses are also to be found in various parts of the 
province, and immense quantities of salted beef, tallow, and hides are 
exported. The extent of the stock raising may best be gathered from 
the fact that recent returns give an average of 200 sheep, 20 cows, 
and 6 horses to every inhabitant of the province, while the yield of 
unwashed wool is estimated at an average of 68,000,000 kilograms per 
year. 

From its advantageous position this province controls the foreign 
commercial relations of the entire Republic, and is, therefore, ranked 
first in importance. Its principal cities are now connected with the 
capital by railroads or by the river, and its future prospects are 
excellent. 

Internal communications. — The railways under provincial jurisdic- 
tion have a length of 4,483 kilometers, but the total length of lines is 
4,872 kilometers, being 1.6 kilometers per 100 square kilometers of 
area and 5 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants. Several lines are under 
construction. In 1900 the following concessions were granted: Prin- 
gles to Tres Arroyos and Xecochea, length 286 kilometers; La Plata 
to Chascomus, 00 kilometers; Patagones to Bahia San Bias, 75 kilo- 
meters. So far nothing has been done in connection with the con- 
cessions granted, with the exception of an electric tramway from 
Quilmes to Buenos Aires. 

Taxes on production in the Province of Buenos Aires. 

[From "La 2Ve»wa," No. 11826.] 

The Government of the Province of Buenos Aires has promulgated 
a law imposing a tax on production, and in substitution of the State 
and municipal permits, which are repealed. The law provides that the 



PKOVINCES. 85 

payment of the tax shall be made before the moving of the product 
from the place of production or deposit, and fixes the following 
schedule of prices: 

National currency. 

Beeves _..' per head.. $1.50 

Cows, calves, and mules do 1. 00 

Sheep do .20 

Lambs . do .10 

Hogs ".. do .50 

Pigs .. ..' do .10 

Studs and bulls, for breeding purposes do 3. 00 

Rams and boars, for breeding purposes do 1. 30 

Work horses do .50 

For each 10 kilos, or fraction thereof, of — 

Dry cowhides, horsehides, sheep and goat skins .12 

Otter skins .40 

Fresh or salted cow or horse hides .06 

For each dozen, or fraction thereof, of lambskins _ _ .06 

For each 10 kilos, or fraction thereof, of — 

Wool or hair .10 

Feathers 1 . 40 

For each 1 ,000 kilos, or fraction thereof, of bones .20 

For each 100 kilos, or fraction thereof ,. of horns .04 

For each 100 kilos of — 

Fat or tallow .30 

Wheat : .08 

Corn . .06 

Hemp .10 

Barley .06 

Turnips or oats .06 

For each 1 ,000 kilos, or fraction thereof, of dry hay .25 

For each 100 kilos of birdseed (alpiste) .10 

For any other cereal not mentioned in the foregoing .06 

The law makes a reduction in the amount of the tax when applied 
to stock transported from one portion of the province to another for 
the purpose of wintering or for breeding purposes, in which case the 
following tariff governs : 

Per head. 

Cattle $0.25 

Horses . .15 

Sheep .04 

Saddle horses in actual use or animals used in the transporting of 
freight or the hauling of vehicles are exempted. Cereals hauled from 
one farm to another belonging to the same owner are exempt from the 
tax if intended for seed purposes. 

PROVINCE OF CORDOBA. 

Situation. — This province is situated in the central part of the 
Republic, between latitude 29° 31' and 35°, and longitude 61° 52' and 
65° 56'. It is bounded on the north by Catamarca and Santiago del 



80 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Estero, on the east by Santa Fe and Buenos Aires, on the south by 
the Pampa, and on the west by San Luis and La Rioja. 

Area and population. — The area of the province is 161,063 square 
kilometers. Its capital is Cordoba. 

Constitution. — Cordoba was declared a province in 1815 and its con- 
stitution dates from 1855. 

General aspect. — The province presents the aspect of a plain, gently 
inclined toward the east, and on its western side it rises in a chain 
of mountains, which occupies the fourth part of the province, forming- 
valleys in which vegetation is rich and abundant. The plain, on the 
east and south, is specialty suitable to agriculture, but it leaves much 
to be desired on account of the dryness of its climate and the lack of 
natural irrigation. 

Orography. — With the mountains of the province a special oro- 
graphic system is formed, which is known as the center. This system 
comprises three parallel ranges running from north to south, and 
they differ from those of the Andes in that they gradually dimin- 
ish in height until they merge into the plains that surround them. 
The most eastern range is known as the Campo, and is divided into 
four sections by three rivers — the highest peak being about 1,000 
meters. The middle range is known as the Achala, with a length of 
330 kilometers and a width of from 50 to 60. The highest peak is 2,200 
meters. The western range is known as the Serrezuela and is some- 
what shorter than the two former. Its highest peak is 1,000 meters. 

In 1901 the population of the principal towns was: 

Cordoba 70, 000 

Rio Cuarto 12, 000 

Belle Ville 5,000 

San Francisco 3, 500 

Marcos Juarez 3, 500 

Villa del Rosario 3, 500 

Villa Dolores 3, 000 

Villa Maria 3,500 

Leones 2,000 

Cruz Alta 2,000 

Banking. — The moratoria granted to the Provincial Bank having 
expired in 1895, Government authorized the resumption of operations 
in 1900. 

Internal communications. — In 1899 there were 1,955 kilometers of 
railway in the province, being 1.2 kilometers per 100 square kilometers 
of area, and 5.6 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants. In 1900 the mileage 
was 2,005 kilometers, being 1.36 kilometers per 100 square kilometers, 
and 4.8 per 1,000 inhabitants. 

PROVINCE OF CORRIENTES. 

Situation. — The province of Corrientes is situated in the northern 
part of the Argentine Mesopotamia, and lies between 27° 20' and 30° 
40' latitude, and longitude 55° 45' and 59° 40'. On the north it is 



PROVINCES. 57 

bounded by the River Parana, which separates it from the Republic 
of Paraguay, on the east by the territory of Misiones and the River 
Uruguay, which separates it from Brazil, on the south by the prov- 
ince of Entre Rios, and on the west by the River Parana, which sepa- 
rates it from the Chaco and Santa Fe. 

Area. — The area of the province is 84,402 square kilometers. Its 
capital is Corrientes. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1814. Constitution dated 
1855; reformed 1864 and 1880. 

General aspect. — Corrientes presents the aspect of an undulating 
plain. Its northern part is depressed, forming numerous marshes 
and swamps. The central region has rich pasturages. Extensive 
and thick forests cover the greater portion of the province. 

Internal communication. — In 1900 there were 536.1 kilometers of 
railway, being equivalent to 0.6 kilometer per 100 square kilometers 
of area and 1.9 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants. There is an 
easy railway law, and the following concessions have been granted: 
Pehuago Itaemba, passing through Caa-Catf, San Antonio de Itate, 
Ita Ibate to Ituzaingo; Bella Yista to Caa-Cati, passing through 
Saladas and Imburucuja; Goya to Lucero and Esquina to Libres, 
passing through Sauce. 

PROVINCE OF SANTA FE. 

Situation. — The province lies between latitude 28° and 34° 23', and 
longitude 59° and 62° 40'. It is bounded on the north by the Chaco, 
from which it is separated by parallel 28 ; on the east by the River 
Parana, which separates it from the provinces of Corrientes and 
Entre Rios, on the south by Buenos Aires, on the west by Santiago 
del Estero and Cordoba. 

Area and population. — The area of the province is 131,906 square 
kilometers, and in 1895 the population was 397,188, equivalent to a 
density of three inhabitants per square kilometer. 

The population of the principal cities and towns is: Santa Fe (capi- 
tal), 25,000; Rosario, 112,000; Esperanza, 8,000; Coronda, 5,000; San 
Lorenzo, 7,000. The number of colonies in the province is over 400, 
there having been 44 in 1872, and 365 in 1895. 

Constitution. — It was declared a province in 1812. Its first consti- 
tution dates from 1856, and various reforms were introduced in 1863, 
1872, 1891, and 1900. The legislature is composed of two chambers. 

General aspect. — The whole of the north of the province is one 
immense forest of most valuable timber, but owing to the lack of 
easy communication the industry has not been fully developed. 

PROVINCE OF ENTRE RIOS. 

Situation. — This province is situated between latitude 37° 7' and 34°, 
and longitude 37° 50' and 60° 40'. It is bounded on the north by 
Corrientes, on the east hy the River Uruguay, on the south by the 



Ob ARC4ENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Rivers Parana-Guazu and Parana-Pa von, Avhich divide it from the 
province of Buenos Aires, and on the west by the River Parana, which 
separates it from the province of Santa Fe. 

Area. — The area of the province is 74,751 square kilometers. 

Constitution. — Declared a Province in 1814, constitution granted in 
1860, and reformed in 1883. The legislature consists of two chambers. 

Capital city. — The capital of the province is Parana, which has a 
population of about 20,000 inhabitants. It has made much progress, 
and has its own waterworks, gas works, and electric-light stations. It 
has also telephonic communication, and its service of tramways is good. 
It was the capital of the Argentine Confederation from 1853 to 1861. 
The other towns of importance are Concordia with 14,000 inhabitants; 
Gualeguaychu, 14,500; Uruguay, 12,000; La Paz, 7,000. The works 
at the port near Gualeguaychu for the deepening of the harbor, will, 
when completed, facilitate the export of home produce to foreign 
ports. 

General aspect. — Inclosed by the rivers Parana and Uruguay and 
crossed by numerous rivers which enrich its soil, the province is one 
of the most fertile in the country. It is a plain without any notable 
elevations, covered to a great extent with excellent grasses, and 
the northern part of its area is covered with forests. The orography 
of the province consists of two small chains of hills which run paral- 
lel, and are situated in the north of the province. They are known 
as " Cuchillas," and determine the currents of the rivers and streams. 
The chain between the rivers Uruguay and Gualeguay is known as 
Cuchilla Grande, and the other between the Gualeguay and Parana 
rivers is known as the Cuchilla Grande de Montiel. There is no peak 
higher than 80 meters. 

Internal communications. — In 1900 the length of railway was 738^ 
kilometers — average being 99 kilometers per 100 square kilometers 
of area and 2.9 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants. The Entre Rios 
Railway is constructing a branch line from Villaguaj 7 to Concordia. 
This line will connect the railway system of the provinces of Entre 
Rios and Corrientes. 

PROVINCE OF SAN LUIS. 

Situation. — This province is situated between latitude 31° 54' and 
36° and longitude 64° 55' and 67° 22'. It is bounded on the north by 
the provinces of La Rioja and Cordoba, to the south b} 7 the Pampa, 
to the east by Cordoba, to the west by Mendoza. 

Area. — The area of the province is 73,923 square kilometers. 

Capital city. — San Luis, the capital of the province, was founded in 
1507, and has about 10,000 inhabitants. The other important city is 
Villa Mercedes, with about 6,000 inhabitants. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. Constitution granted 
in 1855, re-formed 1871. The legislature consists of a chamber of 
deputies, with one member per 3,000 inhabitants or fraction of not less 
than 1,600. 



PROVINCES. 89 

General aspect. — The northeast part of the province is occupied b} 7 
various ranges forming numerous valleys, many of which are covered 
with vegetation. In the west there are several small mountains, 
which for the most part are arid. The southern portion is a plain 
similar to the Pampa, and covered in some parts with pastures spe- 
cially adapted to cattle raising. This province is comparatively poor 
in animal and vegetable products, owing to the scarcity of water. 
The mountain ranges of the province constitute two sj^stems, the 
Central and the Andine. The Central s3 T stem is in the center of the 
province, and has a range called the Punta, of about 800 meters ele- 
vation. This runs northward and increases in height. This range is 
known as the Sierra de San Luis, the highest peaks being Soloasta 
and Tomalasta, of about 2,000 meters. To the southwest of the 
Punta there are several isolated mountains of slight elevation. To 
the west of the province, running from the north to the south, there 
is a chain of small mountains extending to Lake Bebedero, which 
connects the Andine and Central ranges. 

Internal communications. — In 1900 there were 334.7 kilometers of 
railway, equivalent to 0.04 kilometer per 100 square kilometers of 
area and 3.7 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants. 

PROVINCE OP SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO. 

Situation. — This province lies between latitude 25° 40' and 29° 55' 
and longitude 61° 40' and 65° 10', and is bounded on the north by Salta 
and the Chaco, east by the Chaco and Santa Fe, south by Cordoba, 
and west by Catamarca and Tucuman. 

Area and population. — The area of the province is 103,016 square 
kilometers. The population in 1895 was 161,502, the density per 
square kilometer being 1.5. The capital had in 1895, 9,517 inhabit- 
ants. The province is divided into 21 departments. 

Capital city. — The capital, Santiago del Estero, was founded in 1553. 
The population is about 10,500. It is lighted by electricity, and was 
one of the first cities to adopt this system in the country. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. Constitution granted 
in 1856; re-formed 1864 and 1884. 

General aspect. — The formation of the province is that of a plain 
sloping toward the southeast and with mountains of low elevation to 
the west and to the south. Due to the conditions of the soil and on 
account of the lack of water, the plain is in general very arid. 

Internal communications. — In 1900 there were 1,065 kilometers of 
railways, equivalent to 1 kilometer of line per 100 square kilometers 
of area and 5.9 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants. 

PROVINCE OF MENDOZA. 

Situation, — The province is situated to the west of San Luis, and is 
separated from that province by the rivers Desaguadero and Salado; 



90 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

to the south of San Juan, from which it is divided b}^ a line passing 
from Las Tranquitas or Ramblones to Nevado de Aconcagua; to 
the north of the national territories of Neuquen and Pampa, sepa- 
rated by the rivers Barrancas and Colorado, to meridian 10° west of 
Buenos Aires, and hy this same meridian and parallel 36° to river 
Salado. The west of the province joins Chilean territory. It is situ- 
ated between 32° 19' and 37° 30' south latitude, and between 66° 40' 
to 70° 35' west longitude of Greenwich. 

Area. — The area of the province is 146,378 square kilometers. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. The first constitution 
was given in 1854-55, and re-formed in 1894-95 and 1900. The legis- 
lature consists of two chambers. 

Capitol city. — The city of Mendoza is situated at 1,045 kilometers 
from Buenos Aires, 799 meters above the sea level. Founded May 2, 
1561, and was destroyed by an earthquake on March 20, 1861. Popu- 
lation about 29,000. In the province are to be found several thermal 
springs. The province has 16 administrative divisions, 28 cities, 
towns, and villages, and 315 populated places and colonies. In 1898 
the National Immigration Department sent 1,365 immigrants into the 
province; in 1899, 1,695, and in 1900, 4,160. 

General aspect. — Like all the Andine provinces, the aspect of this 
province is varied. A sandy plain extends from north to east, the 
soil of which is dry and arid, and although in some parts it is covered 
with a stubbly growth, it is for the most part barren. The western 
part, which is almost totally occupied by the Cordilleras, has very fer- 
tile valleys, watered by the numerous streams from the mountain side 
and by the frequent rains. 

Orography. — In the orography of the province the ranges of Tontal 
and Zonda, at the entrance to Mendoza, form the Parmelios Range 
(3,000 meters), which extends from north to south up to the same 
latitude as the city of Mendoza. The Uspallata Range runs to the 
west of this range, and, sloping gradually to the east, merges into 
the valley of the same name. Farther south, separated by plains 
more or less extensive, are to be found the following ranges: The 
Tunuyan, which runs from north to southwest and whose western 
slopes are bathed by the river of the same name. The Nevado and 
Payen to the south of the river Atuel, running north to south, and 
finally to the west of these, in latitude 35° 30', the small Malargue 
Range. The Andes, which pass through the province of Mendoza, 
have numerous ranges covered with eternal snows, the principal 
being Aconcagua (6,835 meters), an extinct volcano, distant 120 
kilometers from the city of Mendoza; the Tupungato (6,710 meters), 
visible from the city of Mendoza; the Juncal (6,000 meters), the Cruz 
de Piedra (5,220 meters), and the Mercedario (6,779 meters). Among 
the volcanoes are the San Jose (5,532 meters), Maipo (5,385 meters), 
Tinguirica (4,480 meters), and the Descabezado (6,400 meters). 



PROVINCES. 



91 



Irrigation.— The irrigation works of the province are very impor- 
tant, as without them cultivation would be difficult. The governor 
in his message at the opening of the legislature in 1901 said that the 
extraordinary floods of the river Mendoza in the summer of 1899 to 
1900 destroyed more than 100 meters of the reservoir of the intake of 
the Canal Zanjon. The law governing the irrigation works is to he 
re-formed. 

Internal communications.— -In 1900 there were 394 kilometers of 
railway, equivalent to 0.3 kilometer of line per 100 square kilometers 
of area and 2.8 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants. 

PROVINCE OF SAN JUAN. 

Situation.— -The province is situated in the west of the Republic, 
between latitude 28° 15' and 32° 43' and longitude 67° and 79° 30'. 
It is bounded on the north and east by Rioja, " on the south by 
San Luis and Mendoza, and on the west by the Andes, which sepa- 
rate it from Chile. 

j^ rea ._The area of the province is 87,345 square kilometers, and is 
divided into 19 departments. 

Capital city.— The city of San Juan, the capital, has about 11,000 
inhabitants. 

Constitution.— Declared a province in 1820, constitution granted in 
1856, reformed in 1878 and 1879. The legislature is composed of a 
senate and chamber of deputies. 

General aspect.— -This province, like all those of the Andine, pre- 
sents various aspects. Crossed by numerous ranges, which rise to a 
considerable height, some of the peaks are covered with perpetual 

snow. 

Orography.— The mountain ranges of the province are ramifications 
of the Andes and generally run from north to south, inclining slightly 
to the east. The ranges Mogna, Villicum, and Guandacol run to the 
south of the Rioja ranges, and parallel to the west of them are those 
of Jachal, Gualilan, and Tontal (4,500 meters). Between those of 
Jachal and Mogna to the north and those of Gualilan and Villicum 
to the south the river Jachal crosses, and between these two last and 
those of Tontal and Zonda flows the river San Juan. To the east of 
all these ranges, and almost on the boundary of La Rioja, is the La 
Huerta Range (2,000 meters); covered with vegetation, and Guaya- 
guas— celebrated for its silver mines— to the south which extends 
into San Luis. In the middle of the plain, which exists between these 
ranges and those of Villicum and Zonda, about degree 31, rises the 
triangular mountain Pie de Palo (2,500 meters), which presents a mel- 
ancholy aspect in spite of the algarrobo trees which cover its slopes 
It is narrow on the north side and widens out towards the south; it 
has several granite and marble mines and is noted for its black mar- 
bles. From the slopes of Aconcagua several ranges spring which run 



92 AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 

from southwest to northeast, these being the Tigre and Jalqueria. 
More to the west of the river of the Patos rises the Castanos Range, 
and farther north the Senas, all of these running parallel to the 
Western Cordillera. 

Public works. — During the past year various works have been car- 
ried out to prevent the overflowing of the San Juan River. Surveys 
have been made for the construction of a canal to take water to the 
southern extremity of the province with a view to fertilize a large 
extent of land alongside the Argentine Great Western Railway. The 
most important public work which has been carried out is the recon- 
struction of the reservoir for irrigation purposes, undertaken by the 
National Government. 

Internal communications. — In 1900 there were 83.6 kilometers of 
railway, equivalent to 0.1 kilometers per 100 square kilometers of 
area, and 1 kilometer per 1,000 inhabitants. 

PROVINCE OF LA RIOJA. 

Situation. — Bounded on the north by the province of Catamarca; 
east, Catamarca and Cordoba; south, province of San Luis; west, 
San Juan and Chile. It lies in the northwest of the Republic between 
latitude 27° 56' and 31° 57' and longitude 65° 20' and 69° 25', 

Area. — The area of the province is 89,498 square kilometers. 

Capital city. — Rioja, with 9,000 inhabitants. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. First constitution in 
1855, reformed 1865. Government is vested in a legislature and 
governor. 

General aspect. — The province can be divided into two regions, the 
oriental and the western. The western is crossed by branches of the 
Andes, where there are valleys, which if well irrigated, would pro- 
duce abundant vegetation. The eastern region is a sandy plain and 
desert-like in appearance. The mountain system comprises the 
Ambato Range, which terminates in the Mazan at 28° 30' and a 
counter-range, the La Puna, connects it with the Sierra de Velazco. 
This range commences at 28° 15' latitude, runs north to south, inclin- 
ing toward the west to 29° 10', where it changes its direction and goes 
south-southeast with the name of Sierra de la Rioja up to 30° lati- 
tude, where it disappears into the plain. A little more to the south- 
east is the Sierra de los Llanos, which is divided into three parallel 
branches. Its length is 30 leagues, its width 6, and its greatest 
height 400 meters. About 15 leagues to the west of the Yelazco 
Range is the Sierra de Famatina, which commences at latitude 28°, 
runs north and south until it reaches the village of Nonogasta; here 
it changes its direction and goes southeast, receiving the name of 
Sierra de Yilgo. The Famatina Range is very rich in minerals, espe- 
cially silver; its highest peak is the Nevado de Famatina (6,024 
meters). To the west and parallel to the Famatina Range is the 



PROVINCES. 93 

Winchina, and parallel to the west of this is the Guandacol, which is 
eonected with the Cordillera by various counter-ranges known as the 
Sierras del Jagiiel. All these three ranges are branches of the Andes 
and continue in San Juan and Mendoza. The highest peaks in the 
province are: The Negro (4,500 meters), Paiman, Machaeo, Colorado, 
Aspero, and the Famatina (6,024 meters). 

Internal communication. — In 1900 there were 352 kilometers of rail- 
way, equivalent to 0.4 kilometers of line per 100 square kilometers of 
area and 4.5 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants. A wire railway 
is shortly to be constructed by the National Government in the 
Famatina mining district. 

PROVINCE OF CATAMARCA. 

Situation. — Bounded on the north by the province of Salta, south 
by Rioja, and the east by Tucuman, touching Cordoba and divided 
from Santiago del Estero by the Central Norte Railway, on the west 
by Chile and the desert of Atacama and Antofagasta. The province 
is situated between latitude 26° and 29° 10', and longitude 64° 55' 
and 69° 88'. 

Area. — The area of the province is 123,138 square kilometers. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1821. First constitution 
1855, reformed 1883 and 1895. The government is vested in a legis- 
lature and governor. 

General aspect. — Several ranges cross this province. The valleys 
owing to irrigation works are fertile, and the population resides in 
these valleys, as the plains, being devoid of water, are uninhabitable. 
The mountain ranges crossing the province generally take a north to 
south direction. On the Tucuman boundary is the Aconquija Range 
with its snow-capped peaks, the highest of which is the Nevado 
de Aconquija (5,000 meters). The slopes of this mountain are arid 
and sterile. 

To the north of the province, coming from Salta, running north to 
south is the arid range of Santa Maria, which connects the Beten, 
goes southwest and joins the Aconquija by a range known as the 
Atajo, in which are situated the famous gold mines, the Capillitas. 
In the north and west of the province is the Nevados de los Cerros 
Blancos Range, which comes from Salta and continues under the name 
of Gulumpaja. 

Internal communications. — In 1900 there were 362.1 kilometers of 
railway, equivalent to 0.3 kilometer of line per 100 square kilometers 
of area and 3.6 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants. 

PROVINCE OF TUCUMAN. 

Situation. — The province is situated between 26° 11' and 28° 2' lati- 
tude and longitude 64° 32' and 65° 13'. It is bounded on the north 
by Salta; east, Santiago del Estero; south and west by Catamarca. 



94 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Area. — The area of the province is 23, 124 square kilometers, divided 
into 21 departments. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1814. Constitution granted 
1856, re-formed 1884. The legislature consists of two chambers. 

General aspect. — Tucuman may be divided into two parts, the west 
and the east. 

Mountain ranges. — The first is mountainous, as it is affected by the 
Aconquija Range and by the branches arising from it; the mountains 
are high and numerous peaks are always covered with snow. On the 
sides of these mountains and in the valleys there is exuberant vegeta- 
tion, due to the numerous streams flowing from the mountains. The 
east is a plain, which is well watered and on which there is rich pasturage 
and numerous forests. On the boundary with Catamarca is the Sierra 
de Aconquija, running north to south, with its highest peak the Nevado 
de Aconquija (5,000 meters). To the north of this range and fronting 
it a range comes from Salta in a north to south-southwest direction, 
called the Frontera, with numerous snow-clad peaks not above 3,000 
meters. In the center and north of the province, running north to 
south, there are several parallel ranges known as the Sierras de Tucu- 
man, which decrease in height as they spread toward the east. In the 
Sierra de Aconquija, between the valley of Tan (Tucuman) and of 
Santa Maria (Catamarca), there is an opening where the place called 
Infiernillo is located, which no animal is able to cross on account of 
the poisonous gases it emits. 

PROVINCE OF SALTA. 

Situation. — This province is situated in the northern part of the 
Republic, between 20° and 26° 25' latitude and 62° 14' and 60° 50' lon- 
gitude. It is bounded on the north by Jujuy and Bolivia, on the east 
by Formosa and the Chaco, on the south by the Chaco, Santiago del 
Estero, Tucuman, and Catamarca, and on the west by Chile and Jujuy. 

Area. — The area of the province is 161,099 square kilometers. 

Constitution. — The first constitution dates from the year 1855, 
having been re-formed in 1875, 1882-83, and 1888-89. The legislature 
consists of two chambers — a senate with one member for every 6,000 
inhabitants or fraction of not less than 4,000, and a chamber of depu- 
ties with one member for every 3,000 inhabitants or fraction of not 
less than 1,500. There are 17 senators and 31 deputies, which is the 
maximum allowed by the constitution. The province sends 2 sena- 
tors and 4 deputies to National Congress. 

General aspect. — The two principal portions of this province are 
the western, which is mountainous, and the eastern, which is a plain. 
The former is crossed by various ranges, some of considerable height 
which form very fertile valleys. The eastern section has a vegetation 
somewhat similar to that of the Chaco. The ranges come from the 
Andes, the principal being the Agua Caliente, which in turn becomes 



TERRITORIES. 95 

the Acay and Oachi. The Calchaqui is a branch of the Aconquija. 
There is also the Puna de Atacama, which separates the province 
from the Territory of Los Andes. Several of the ranges extend from 
Jujuy. 

PROVINCE OF JUJUY. 

Situation. — Bounded on the north and west by Bolivia and on 
the east and south by the province of Salta. Situated in the north- 
west of the Republic, between 22° and 25° 30' latitude and 0° and 
66° 50' longitude. 

Area. — The area of the province is 49,162 square kilometers. 

Capital city. — The city of Jujuy was founded in 1592, and has about 
10,500 inhabitants. Distance from Buenos Aires 1,509 kilometers. 

Constitution. — Declared a province in 1834. The first constitution 
dates from 1855-56, with modifications in 1876 and 1893-94. The 
executive government is in the hands of a governor and one minister, 
together with a vice-governor. 

General aspect. — The aspect of this province is much the same as 
that of Salta in its western portion, being crossed by various branches 
of the Andes, between which are valleys watered by numerous streams. 
To the northwest of the province there is a table-land of about 3,500 
meters in height, known as the Puna, the soil of which is sterile in 
parts and cultivated in others. 

NATIONAL TERRITORIES." 

The Argentine Republic has 10 national territories, viz: Chaco, 
Chubut, Formosa, Misiones, Neuquen, Pampa Central, Rio Negro, 
Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, and Los Andes. 

TERRITORY OP MISIONES. 

Area. — The total area of this territory is approximately 2,922,900 
hectares. The amount of land disposed of up to the present time 
amounts to 1,340,516 hectares, of which the greater portion was sold 
by the provisional government of Corrientes before Misiones was 
federalized. No land has as yet been leased. 

Soil. — The territory of Misiones is considered to be very rich, and 
with its exceptionally fine climate, its position, fertile soil, vast for- 
ests, and numerous rivers and streams is destined to become one of 
the most important provinces of the Republic. 

Orography. — The range of hills known as the "Inian" range, run- 
ning from southwest to northeast, of no great height, divides the ter- 
ritory into two parts along its entire length, and forms two different 
sections of 300 square kilometers, more or less. The water courses of 
these divisions are tributaries respectively of the two great arteries 
which constitute the northwest and southeast boundaiy lines, viz, the 
rivers Alto Parana and Alto Uruguay. Another important ridge, the 



« Argentine Year Book 1902. 






96 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

"Victoria" range, beginning near the junction of the rivers Parana 
and Iguazu, joins the former near the sources of the rivers San 
Antonio and Pepiri-Guazu, and with yet another range of hills in an 
easterly direction, completes the topographical description of Misiones. 
With the exception of that portion on the boundary of the province 
of Corrientes where the land is an undulating plain, and where 
unbroken ground is met with, most of the territory is of a very 
broken description, and is almost entirely covered with dense and 
impenetrable forests. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers, affording the chief means of com- 
munication in the territory, have already been referred to, viz, the 
Alto Parana, Alto Uruguay, and Iguazu, the first of which is navi- 
gable throughout its length, the two latter only in part and at certain 
times of the year, owing to the numerous rapids. The lands of 
Misiones are extremely fertile and do not require artificial irrigation, 
as the abundant rivers, streams, and springs water the whole territory. 

Climate. — The climate is healthy. Neither heat nor cold is excess- 
ive. The summer temperature reaches 35° C, but even in the 
hottest weather there is always a breeze in the evening, and the 
nights are cool. In winter the thermometer rarely falls below 5° C. 

Communications. — The rivers are up to the present the only means 
of communication with the rest of the Republic and the neighboring 
provinces. The roads crossing the interior of the territory are very 
few. The principal one, known as the "San Pedro" road, cuts 
through dense forests and traverses the country throughout its length 
from southwest to northeast. 

Colonies. — The national colonies existing in the Territory are three: 
Azara, Santa Ana, and Candelaria. The first named covers an area 
of 32,259 hectares, the second 40,140 hectares, and the third 3,840 
hectares. All these colonies and several "agricultural centers" have 
already been measured by the Government, and their population, 
according to data furnished by the governor of the Territory, is steadily 
increasing. 

Population. — The census of January 2, 1901, gave a population of 
27,318, made up of the following nationalities: 

Argentines '. 16, 620 

Brazilians .... ; 6,216 

Uruguayans 167 

Paraguayans 2, 086 

Germans 98 

Austrians 1 , 328 

Spaniards 260 

French 141 

English 10 

Italians 273 

Swiss 33 

Various 86 

Total 27,318 



TERRITORIES. 97 

Of the Argentines 11,589 were natives of Misiones and 541 of other 
provinces. The civil state of the inhabitants over 14 years of age 
was: Single, 9,220; married, 4,940; widowed, 605. The density of 
population is 1 inhabitant per square kilometer. Since the last cen- 
sus was taken more than 2,500 immigrants have entered the territory. 

Principal towns. — The principal towns of the territory are 12 in num- 
ber. Posadas, situated on the Alto Parana, is the capital and the seat of 
government, with a population of 8,000. It possesses various fine 
buildings, including the Government house, public schools, and the 
prison of the territory. Two lines of steamers ply between Posadas, 
Corrientes, and Buenos Aires, the one direct to Buenos Aires every 
fifteen days and the other in conjunction, at Corrientes, with the 
steamers to and from Buenos Aires and Asuncion twice weekly. 
There is also a branch of the National Bank, and vice-consuls of 
France, Austria-Hungary, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The 
other towns are Bompland (796 inhabitants), Concepcion (745), Can- 
delaria (386), San Javier (371), Apostoles (263), Cerro Cora (187), San 
Jose (150), San Ignacio, Corpus, and Santa Ana. 

Products. — The soil and climate of Misiones lend themselves excep- 
tionally to the cultivation of all the products which prosper in the 
Argentine Republic and of all those of the subtropical zone. 

The most valuable product of the territory is the " yerba mate " or 
Paraguayan tea, which is gathered in the woods where it is found 
growing wild. In 1901, 1,800 tons of this article were exported, as 
were also 594 tons of tobacco. Both these products have an assured 
market in Argentina without taking into consideration the growing 
consumption of "yerba mate" which is noticeable in some parts of 
Europe and especially in Italy. The production of various kinds of 
wood in Misiones has so far not been largely cultivated. Some cedar 
has been cut from the river banks, but many other descriptions of 
valuable wood have up to the present not been touched. It is impos- 
sible to furnish a correct estimate of the enormous mass of vegetation 
contained in the forests of Misiones, but careful calculations made 
give an average of 209 trees of 20 centimeters in diameter for each 
hectare, thus giving 522,500 trees of 20 centimeters and upward per 
square league of forest. 

Value of land. — The National Government has established the 
price of $2 paper per hectare in the territory either for camp or forest 
land, and the latter being extremely fertile could be used both for its 
timber and for purposes of cultivation. 

Colonization. — The active colonization of Misiones is only now 
beginning. Some 1,200 families, mostly European agriculturists, have 
recently taken up their residence in the territory and with Govern- 
ment preliminary aid in the matter of tools, land, and food, excellent 
results have so far been obtained. 

573a— 03 7 



98 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Capital for industries. — The leading industrial elements in Misiones 
are kept in the background owing to want of capital for plant, machin- 
ery, and development. What are most needed are the installation of 
flour mills, oil presses, sawmills, cellulose factories, and establish- 
ments and plants for the preparation of " mandioca" (arrowroot). 

Yguazu-Falls. — The whole of the Misiones is very picturesque, but 
preeminent among its natural beauties are the Yguazu-Falls, which 
are 70 meters in height and 2 kilometers in width. These falls are 
but little known outside the territory; but without exaggeration they 
may be described as phenomenal in their grandeur and beauty. The 
river Yguazu is 350 kilometers from Posadas on the left bank of the 
Parana and the falls are 20 kilometers from the junction of the two 
rivers. A road of 20 kilometers in length has lately been cut through 
the virgin forests to the falls. 

TERRITORY OF FORMOSA. 

Area. — The total area of this Territory is 9,412,000 hectares, of 
which 1,435,747 hectares have been sold by the Government. None 
of the remaining fiscal lands is rented at present. 

Physical conditions. — The physical aspect of this extensive region, 
bounded on the north, east, and south by the rivers Pilcomayo, Para- 
guay, and Bermejo, is that of one vast plain, with a gradual slope 
from west to east, with considerable depressions, beginning in the 
center and extending toward the west, running nearly parallel with 
the rivers Pilcomayo and Bermejo. Extensive marshes formed by 
the hollows supply the lagoons found throughout the territory and 
are the sources of most of the rivers, which, generally speaking, run 
from northwest to southeast until they reach the Paraguay. Alter- 
nating with the marsh land are large palm-tree groves and woods, cov- 
ering a vast area and usually the margins of the rivers and streams. 

Rivers. — The main rivers irrigating this territory have been already 
referred to, viz, the Paraguay, Pilcomayo, and Bermejo. The first 
of these affords the only way of ready and cheap communication 
which Formosa possesses, since the navigation of the other two rivers 
is, so far, problematical. Their shallow water at certain seasons, 
numerous rapids, strong currents, particular^ of the Bermejo, prac- 
tically preclude regular navigation, even with craft of very light 
draft. The river Pilcomayo ceases to be navigable a few leagues 
above its junction with the Paraguay, and even with canoes the 
ascent of the river for any distance is difficult. Besides the obstacles 
already mentioned, navigation of these rivers is rendered still more 
difficult by the immense quantity of trees and snags brought by 
the current, which, accumulating in various places, form compact 
masses from bank to bank. 

Other smaller rivers cross the territory for distances varying from 



TERRITORIES. 99 

50 to 200 kilometers, from the northwest to southeast, the principal 
of which are the Aaguay-miru, the Montelindo, the Pilaga, the San 
Hilario, and the Salado; the last mentioned runs into Lake Herradura. 
Irrigation is not essential in this territory, its very fertile soil, fre- 
quent rains, especiall} 7 with the heavj r falls of dew, making' works of 
that nature unnecessary. 

Climate. — The climate though hot is healthy. The temperature 
often reaches 40° C. in summer and does not go below 7° in winter. 

The means of communication are limited to the great waterway of 
the river Paraguay. There is only one national colony, with an area 
of 41,360 hectares. 

TERRITORY OF CHACO. 

Area. — The area of this territory is 14,396,000 hectares, of which 
1,485,527 have been sold by the Government, and 9,968 hectares are 
rented by private individuals. This vast region, bounded on the 
north by the river Bermejo, on the east by the rivers- Parana and 
Paraguay, on the south by the twenty-eighth degree of latitude, and 
by the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Salta on the west, differs 
but slightly in appearance from the region to the north : the territory 
of Formosa. 

Soil. — The great plain of which this territory consists is, however, 
more elevated, drier, and the soil more clay-like, while the forests are 
denser and of greater extent. Lengthy valleys traverse the country 
in the same direction as the marshes and rivers of Formosa territory. 
In the northern portion of the Chaco, numberless lagoons are met 
with, but the south and southwest abounds with impenetrable forests. 

Rivers. — The Paraguay, Parana, Parana-mini, and Bermejo, are 
the chief rivers of the Chaco, of which three are made use of for the 
conveyance of the produce of the territory. There are some smaller 
rivers as well, whose depth during most of the year admits of floating 
logs down to points of embarcation. 

Climate. — Owing to the richness of the soil and favorable climatic 
conditions, irrigation is not necessaiy. The climate is very salubrious, 
and much the same as that of the territory of Formosa. 

Communicatio?is. — The only means of communication are the rivers 
already referred to, the Paraguay and Parana. There are no roads 
worth mentioning. The few houses round the station of La Solana, 
on the southern limit of the territory, have direct communication 
with the neighboring province of Santa Fe by means of a narrow- 
gauge railwa} T which reaches that place, and is the terminus of the 
only connecting railwaj^ between Santa Fe and the territory. The 
territory only boasts one national colony, known as " Resistencia," 
which is also the capital, and covers an area of 48,339 hectares. 



100 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

TERRITORY OF THE PAMPA. 

Area. — The total area of this territory is 14,591,300 hectares, of 
which, so far, 11,789,309 hectares 54 ares 80 centares have been trans- 
ferred. There are actually 350,447 hectares 44 ares 5 centares rented 
to private individuals. Data shown by official and private surveys 
made of this territory have completely destroyed the mistaken idea 
which prevailed as to its physical aspect. At first it was believed that 
its settlement was almost impossible, owing to the bad quality of the 
land, the absolute lack of water, and the immense sand hills that 
completely covered the surface for leagues. 

Soil. — It was thought that this territory, the poverty of whose soil 
would have frightened away the settler, would never have shown a 
nucleus of important settlement or of agricultural and cattle-raising 
establishments worthy of mention, except in very small districts, or 
that it would ever form, even in the distant future, a new province. 
The Pampa is nevertheless to-day one of the most populated territo- 
ries, to which capital and labor are constantly being directed with all 
confidence. The lands, with rare exceptions, are not sterile, and 
although in some places these are not really susceptible of being 
readily settled, there is no reason why they may not be improved as 
soon as cultivation and population surround them. The pronounced 
topographical irregularities, the marked undulations of the land, the 
woods, sand hills, isolated hills, and mountainous ridges, frequently 
met with throughout the territory, belie its name to a great extent, 
as uniform levelness, vast and desert-like, which the name "Pampa" 
implies, do not prevail. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers which water the territory are the 
Colorado, which forms its southern limit and separates it as well from 
the government of the Black River territory, the Atuel, and the 
Salado, which flow from the province of Mendoza to the south and 
are lost a few leagues after entering the territory in the large hol- 
lows which they form; and these in times of floods are drained by 
the Atuel into the great Lake Urre-Lauquen, situated to the south- 
west of the Lihuel Catel Hill and about 14 leagues to the north of the 
river Colorado. To the south of the basin of the rivers Atuel and 
Salado, nearly 20 leagues to the north of the Colorado, there exists a 
great salt mine of very fine salt, of which the superficial area is, more 
or less, 16 square leagues. 

Climate. — Rains being infrequent, and owing to prevailing and con- 
stant winds, which give to this region an excessively dry climate, the 
lands of the Pampa, once the thicker population compels their being 
partly used for agriculture on a large scale, will of necessity need 
irrigation for better production and profit, using for this purpose 
lakes of sweet water, natural springs, or the water of the great 
marshes of the rivers Atuel and Salado. 

The climate of the Pampa is healthy even though the temperature 



TERRITORIES. 101 

in the summer reaches over 40° C, and the winter is characterized 
by severe frosts, owing perhaps more to the strong irradiation of the 
land than to the refrigeration of the atmosphere. The most impor- 
tant centres of the population of the territory are : General Acha, the 
Capital, Toay, and Victoria. The first is in direct communication 
with Buenos Aires by means of two railway lines. 

Colonies. — Two national colonies have been established in the 
Pampa — one called "General Emilio Mitre " and the other "Los Puel- 
ches." The first has a superficial area of 80,000 hectares and the sec- 
ond of 27,500 hectares. Both are subject to the law No. 1551 of October 
2, 1884, called the "Homestead law." 

Agriculture. — In 1895 there were 451 properties cultivated, with 
3,630 hectares under cereals, and there existed 530,162 head of cattle, 
232,489 horses and mules, and 5,295,177 sheep. The pasturage is very 
rich and in the forests are to be found algarrobo, talas, and chanares. 
Wheat, maize, barley, alfalfa, and the vine and fruit trees all grow 
very well. There are several important estancias in the territory. 

TERRITORY OF RIO NEGRO. 

Area. — The entire superficial area of this Territory is 19,872,000 
hectares, of which 5,344,172 hectares 51 ares 91 centares have been 
sold to private individuals, while the area rented is 186,683 hectares 
13 ares 96 centares. 

Physical conditions. — The long strip of land which the rivers Col- 
orado and Negro bound on the north and south respectively, between 
the fifth and tenth meridian west of Buenos Aires, on the east and 
west, which forms a part of this territory, differs little in physical 
appearance from that of the Pampa. 

Soil. — The greater part of the land is well adapted for pasturage 
and the population which has quickly spread over, not only the valley 
of the Rio Negro and along the margin of the Colorado, but throughout 
the district between both rivers, from the fifth meridian to the lands 
opposite the islands of Choele-Choel, is the most eloquent proof of 
of the richness of the land. The center of this strip, which is on the 
tenth meridian, on its western limit, adjoining the Neuquen, is never- 
theless very dry. Its capabilities and population depend entirely on 
irrigation canals which may be opened up in transverse directions in 
order to unite the waters of the Colorado and the Negro. The portion 
to the south of the latter river, with the exception of a rich and 
fertile valley, as also the region to the southwest of the territory, is 
for the most part barren, and only small patches of land are found 
suitable for settlement. These are generally formed by narrow valleys 
watered by small streams from the ranges of hills in various parts of 
the country, which fertilize these strips of land, whose width in many 
cases does not exceed half a league. There are places, however, 
which are worth special attention from the richness of the soil and 
which should soon become flourishing centers. These are Valcheta and 



102 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC!. 

Sierra Colorada, situated to the west and southwest, respectively, of 
the Port of San Antonio, in the Bay of San Matias, on the roads lead- 
ing to Chubut. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers of this territory are the Negro, the 
Limay, and the Colorado; the two first being navigable for their full 
length, though only very small craft can be used from the Collon- 
Cura to its sources. The southern margin of the great lake, Nahuel- 
Huapi, where the Limay rises, belongs to this territory, and on this, 
as well as on its north shore and the adjoining lands, the foundation 
of a pastoral colony has been decreed officially. The irrigation of 
the entire zone between the rivers Colorado and Negro, as also that 
extending from the port of San Antonio to the confluents of the rivers 
Limay and Neuquen, will be of great value and of considerable advan- 
tage to the territory, as these lands, aided by water, will be trans- 
formed with astonishing rapidity into vast meadows and valuable 
fields for agriculture. As regards the southern portion of the river 
Negro, this should present no difficulties, as advantage can be taken 
of the various natural depressions of the land. 

Communications. — The means of communication available are two — 
by water, provided by the important river Negro and by the river 
Limay; and by land, over the recently inaugurated railway that con- 
nects the Federal capital with the " General Roca" colony. 

Colonies. — The existing colonies on the river Negro are : Conesa and 
Frias, on the right bank of the river Negro, with an area of 10,000 
hectares each, subdivided into lots of 100 hectares; " General Roca," 
on the opposite side of the same river, with an area of 41,563 hectares; 
" Catriel," in various lots of Section XXV between the rivers Colorado' 
and Negro, with an area of 125,000 hectares, and "Choele-Choel,' 
formed hy the large island of the same name, whose area is 30,938 hec- 
tares 89 ares 73 centares. The "Catriel" was created in accordance 
with the law of September 2, 1884, and is pastoral. The "Choele- 
Choel," on the other hand, is agricultural. The survey of the former 
has already been made, and the latter is being carried out. Besides 
these colonies there is the town of Coronel Pringles, situated on the left 
bank of the river Negro, about 12 leagues in a straight line to the west 
of Viedma, capital of the territoiy. Its area is 3,785 hectares 58 ares 
71 centares. Other colonies have been formed, and these are: San 
Antonio, which covers an area of 85,683 hectares 49 ares 85 centares, 
and embraces all the land surrounding the port of the same name, and 
Valcheta, with an area of 40,000 hectares, the survey of which is being 
made. 

Climate. — The climate of this territory is more or less similar to 
that of the Pampa, but is more variable and colder in the south and 
southwest. 

Population. — In 1895 the population was 9,241. and on December 
31, 1900, 13,859. 



TERRITORIES. 103 



TERRITORY OF THE NEUQUEN. 



Area. — The total area covered by this territory is estimated at 
9,648,800 hectares. The area belonging to individuals is 3,525,002 
hectares, 65 ares, and 10 centares, and there are 194,639 hectares, 33 
ares, and 14 centares contracted for and awaiting location. 

Soil. — This territory comprises two different regions; the first is 
situated to the north of the left bank of the river Neuquen, and lies 
between that river, the tenth meridian, and the south coast of the 
Colorado, its configuration being generally like the next zone which 
reaches to the east and belongs to the administration of the river 
Negro ; the second lies to the west of the Neuquen itself, inclosed by 
this river, the Limay, and the Cordillera of the Andes, and is taken 
up by the eastern branches of the Cordillera, and consequently is 
extremely rugged and mountainous. The land of the first of these 
regions is of meager vegetation and very dry, as, with rare excep- 
tions, are the lands throughout this zone, which, a little farther east 
of the first spurs of the Cordillera, stretch toward the river Limay, 
from the right bank of the Neuquen. The western region of the 
whole Territory, composed of endless valleys of great importance, 
is generally very fertile, due to the many running streams which 
traverse it, maintaining by constant dampness robust vegetation in 
the valleys where there are abundant pastures and valuable forests. 

Rivers. — The chief rivers are the Colorado, the Neuquen, the 
Limay, and the Alumine; and the most important lakes Nahuel- 
Huapi, Traful, Lacar, and Lolo. The well-known and valuable hot 
springs of the Copahues also belong to the Neuquen. Owing to the 
special topographical conditions of the territory, the land is natu- 
rally watered, and, excepting the part on the tenth meridian west of 
Buenos Aires, the rivers and streams in every direction spread their 
beneficial influence throughout the various zones of which it consists. 

Climate. — In the western region of the territory the temperature is 
very cold. A great portion of the mountains are covered with snow 
almost the whole year, and in winter the entire region is buried in 
snow. The climate of the eastern zone is milder, but in both it is 
extremely healthy. 

Communications. — The means of communication which Neuquen 
can boast of are the rivers Neuquen, Limay, and Negro, and the roads 
to the west and south from the confluents of the two first rivers, lead- 
ing, respectively, to Codihue. Norquin, and Chos-Malal, seat of the 
Government, and to the encampment of LasLajas, following the rivers 
Limay and Picun Leuf u, thence to Junin of the Andes. These roads 
at certain points called passes or gorges connect this territory with 
the neighboring Republic of Chile. 

Colonies. — The colonies which have been founded in Neuquen, and 
which will shortty be settled, are as follows: SargentoCabral, Coronel 
Barcala, Maipu, and Nahuel-Huapi. The first of these is situated 



104 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

between the river Alumine and the Catanil stream; the second to 
the northwest of Chos-Malal, at the source of the river Neuquen; 
the third, in the lands that surround Lake Lancar and extend to the 
west of it, and the fourth on the banks of Lake Nahuel-Huapi. All 
these come under the homestead law. 

Minerals. — The territory is very rich in minerals. Gold in a fine 
state is found in the sands of the river Neuquen ; silver, copper, iron, 
lead, coal, marble, and innumerable deposits of lime, salt, sulphur, 
petroleum, etc., exist. There are also several mineral- water springs. 

Population. — In 1895 the population was 14,517; in 1898 it was esti- 
mated at 15,678, and on December 31, 1900, at 16,095. 

TERRITORY OF CHUBUT. 

Area. — The total extent of this territory is approximately 24,252,000 
hectares. Of these 2,234,039 hectares, 9 ares, and 41 centares have 
been sold and 426,715 hectares, 98 ares, and 32 centares rented. 

Soil. — The extensive region which forms this territory, according 
to various surveys made in different zones, does not merit the name of 
" Cursed Country" bestowed upon it by Darwin. It certainly is not 
fertile throughout, as its central portion, consisting of dry plains with 
little vegetation, dotted about with rock of tertiary formation, ridges 
and broken ground, does not, as may readily be supposed, offer much 
inducement to the settler. Nevertheless, there are valle3 T s adapted 
to cattle ranges, and many of them could support a settlement. All 
the western part of Chubut, taken up by the ranges of the Andean 
Cordillera and by all its many ramifications, watered by endless rivers 
and streams and enriched by a fair number of beautiful valleys, is 
the best of the territory. 

Rivers. — The chief rivers are the Chubut, which rises in the extreme 
northwest, crosses from west to east to its full limits and empties 
into the Atlantic; the Senguer, which flows into the Colhue, and the 
river Chico, a tributary of the Chubut. Its most important lakes are 
Fontana, La Plata, General Paz, Colhu6, and Musters. The valleys 
formed by the river Chubut, through which this river runs, in niany 
places average 4 kilometers in width. Their formation is alluvial, 
over which there is a depth of more than 2 meters of earth in places. 
They are well adapted for agriculture almost throughout, and advan- 
tageously watered by the river, should produce more than any other 
district. The greatest drawback to the central portion of this terri- 
tory is the almost absolute lack of water. The lagoons in the hollow 
are usually extensive and shallow, so that the high winds prevailing 
in this region, together with the absence of moisture of the climate, soon 
dry them up to a great extent for most of the year, or cause them to 
contain very little water; and this is often impregnated with dissolved 
salt and magnesia brought by heavy rains washing over ground where 
these exist. If this difficulty of the want of water could be overcome, 



TERRITORIES. 105 

either by collecting rain water, by damming up hollows, or by boring 
wells, which would supply drinking water at no great depth in the 
low lands, the greater part of the plains could easily be used for pas- 
toral purposes. The settling and progress of the territory largely 
depends upon irrigation. 

Climate. — The climate is dry and mild throughout the east of the 
territory, and the extremes of temperature are: Maximum -f- 33° C. 
minimum — 5° C. In the Andine region the climate varies a good 
deal according to the height of the land, drought being a character- 
istic of these districts. 

Communications. — Chubut has three means of communication — sea, 
river, and land. The first is provided by the Atlantic, the terri- 
tory having good natural ports, such as Port San Jose, Golfo Nuevo, 
Bahia Vera, and Bahia Camarones. The second is the river Chubut 
and the third is by railway, which from Port Madrj^n, in Golfo Nuevo, 
reaches the Chubut colony, the road going north and joining this 
territory with that of Rio Negro. 

Colonies. — The national colonies existing in this territory are 
Chubut, known also as the Welsh Colony, " 16th October," situated 
on the slopes of the Cordillera, to the north of the river Carren Leuf u ; 
San Martin, on the banks of the river Yerua; the Sarmiento, on lakes 
Colhue and Musters; and the Cushamen, on the right margin of Rio 
Chico to the northwest of "16th October" colony. The three latter 
colonies, each covering an area of 50 kilometers, are governed by the 
law of October 2, 1884. Besides forming these agricultural colonies, 
the survey and sale in lots has been decided upon, of the valleys of 
the Chubut, known as Alsina, Los Altares, Las Ruinas, Los Martires, 
and Paso de los Indios. The towns of Camarones and Comodoro 
Rivadavia, both on the Atlantic coast, have come into existence as 
well, in suitable spots and with good ports. The superficial area of 
the first is 2,450 hectares, 10 ares, 22 centares, and of the latter 3,578 
hectares, 36 ares, and 54 centares. 

Population. — In 1895 the population numbered 3,748, and on 
December 31, 1900, 4,409. 

TERRITORY OP SANTA CRUZ. 

Area. — The approximate superficial area of this territory is 27,232,- 
000 hectares. The area sold comprises 2,599,425 hectares, 67 ares, 
31 centares, and that rented amounts to 805,444 hectares, 4 ares, 54 
centares. 

Physical conditions. — Some hilly ranges, barren mounds, inter- 
mingled with narrow gorges, running from northwest to southeast, 
scarcity of Avater and vegetation, and tracts of gravel are the general 
physical conditions of the northwest of Santa Cruz. The winds that 
prevail and sweep the numerous plains of the territoiy prevent the 
deposit of soil required to produce vegetation, so that it is only the 



106 AKGENTINE KEPTJBLIC. 

hollows that receive deposits that might induce the formation of soil 
capable of being utilized for pasturage. 

Soil. — The zone adjacent to the seacoast and particularly that to 
the south of the river Santa Cruz is covered with excellent grasses, 
which, due to their special quality, are well adapted to the breeding of 
sheep, cattle, and horses, as the many stock-raising industries through- 
out this region amply testify. The part with Andean Cordillera for 
a boundary, or the mountainous zone formed of the ranges of the 
Cordillera, is noted for vast tracts of forest, and for its valleys, 
abounding in vigorous herbaceous vegetation. 

Rivers. — The important rivers of the territory are the Deseado, the 
Chico, the Santa Cruz, the Coyle, and the Gallegos. The principal 
lakes are the Buenos Aires, the San Martin, the Viedma, the Argen- 
tine, and the Maravillas. 

Climate. — The climate of Santa Cruz being cold and dry, is very 
healthy. The mean temperature is +17° C. in summer and —6° C. in 
winter. The maximum and minimum noted have been +26° C. and 
— 15° C. Rains are scarce, and heavy rain seldom falls. As a rule it 
comes in squalls accompanied by hail, especially in summer. 

Communications. — Ways of communication are limited to the 
steamers that call at the Atlantic ports. The following towns have 
been founded in this Territory : Gallegos, Santa Cruz, San Julian, and 
Deseado. 

Population. — In 1895, 1,058 inhabitants; on December 31, 1901, 
1,444. 

TERRITORY OP TIERRA DEL FUEGO. 

' Area. — This territory comprises approximately 2,081,900 hectares, 
of which 421,479 hectares, 94 ares, 33 centares have been sold, and 
2,000 hectares rented. 

Physical conditions. — The physical aspect of Tierra del Fuego is 
much the same as that of the Patagonian region of the Straits of 
Magellan. The great valleys which cross its northern portion are per- 
fectly sheltered and its lands fertile. Scattered about the interior are 
mountainous ridges, hills, and mounds, barren in places but mostly 
covered with shrubs and good grasses well adapted to stock. This 
region is traversed by many rivers, streams, rivulets, and lagoons, 
which supply abundant drinking water throughout the year. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Rio Grande and Carmen Sylva, 
but neither is navigable. 

Climate. — The climate of this region, though cold, is not severe, 
inasmuch as the mean temperature, maximum and minimum, as taken 
during several years, is +5° C. and —10° C, respectively. Calm days 
are frequent in winter. Rain increases in the autumn, and in the sum- 
mer dry winds from the southwest and west prevail and occasionally 
are of terrific force. 



CITIES. 107 

Communications. — Like Santa Cruz, the means this territory has 
is by the steamers calling at its ports. There are besides in the 
northern parts good roads, which connect the different towns and 
penetrate Chilean territory with outlets on the south coast of the 
Magellan Straits. There has been no national colonj^ established in 
Tierra del Fuego, the capital of which is Ushuaia. 

Population. — In 1895 the population was 477, not including Indians, 
who number several thousands, the principal tribes being the Yag- 
hanes, Alacalof, and Onas. On December 31, 1900, the population 
was 1,010. 

TERRITORY OF THE ANDES. 

Incorporated with the Republic by law No. 3906 of January 9, 1900, 
by virtue of the limitation made on March 24, 1899, by the Inter- 
national Commission. 

Area. — This territory has a superficial area of 5,696,600 hectares. 
There has been no area of any importance sold, and there are no 
existing contracts for renting the lands. 

Conditions. — The wealth of this territory is entirely mineral, its 
soil being barren and nitrous. The deposits of borax and salt, and 
the copper, silver, and gold minerals it contains are of great impor- 
tance, and the future of this territory must be subject to their exploi- 
tation. By the law ISTo. 4069 of January 24, 1902, the town of San 
Antonio de los Cobres was named as the capital of the territory. 

ROSARIO. 

Founded in 1725. — Rosario, the second city in the Republic, was 
founded in the year 1725 by Francisco Godoy, who formed an Indian 
settlement of the Calchaqui tribe. 

General description. — By a census taken in 1815 it was shown that 
there were 327 male and 436 female inhabitants. July, 1840, saw the 
arrival of the first steamer, the French warship Flambeau, which was 
stationed in the Parana River. Rosario was formally const it uted a port 
in October, 1852. In 1854 the first post-office was opened, and on May 
15 of the same year the first newspaper was published. Municipal 
elections came into force in 1860, and on April 20, 1863, the first sod 
of the Central Argentine Railway was turned. Rosario was declared 
a city by a law dated August 3, 1852. It is situated on the right bank 
of the Rio Parana, and is upward of 26 meters above the sea level. 

Area. — Its municipal area is some 132,090 square meters. 

The climate is healthy; the mean temperature in summer may be 
taken as 26°, and in winter 15.83°, the average for the year being 
20.06°. 

Buildings. — The city possesses a number of fine buildings and is 
intersected with wide boulevards. At the southern extremity are the 
Zoological gardens and the newly made Parque Independencia. 



108 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Rosario has all the modern adjuncts of an advanced community; 
several theaters, good hotels, schools and colleges, factories, gas and 
water works, electric light, drainage, and tramway service. Port 
works will shortly be commenced. 

Population. — The following figures show the population at different 
periods : 

1725 Founded 

1763 250 

1801 400 

1815 763 

1842 . J 1,500 

1851 3,000 

1858 9,785 

1869 . 23,169 

1887 1 50,914 

1895 . 91,669 

1900 112,461 

Of the population given by the census of 1900, 500 were sailors on 
board the various ships in port. Of the different nationalities, 65,779 
were Argentines, 25,679 Italians, 11,953 Spaniards, 2,220 French, 1,573 
Uruguayans, 1,113 British, 1,066 Germans, and the remainder from 
other countries. 

LA PLATA. 

Capital of the province of Buenos Aires. Founded in 1882, when 
the city of Buenos Aires was declared the federal capital. Situated 
57 kilometers to the southeast of Buenos Aires. In 1895 it had 43,406 
inhabitants, and at present about 51,187. It has numerous very fine 
public buildings, a splendid museum (the best in the country), an 
observatory, and a pubic library. The other important cities in the 
province of Buenos Aires are Bahia Blanca, with a large commercial 
and military port ; Azul, 11,000; Tandil (noted for its famous Rocking 
stone), 8,500; Pergamino, 12,535; Chivileoy, 16,000; San Nicolas, 
16,000; and Mercedes, 12,000. 

CITY OF CORDOBA. 

Capital of the province of the same name. Founded in 1573. Popu- 
lation about 50,000. The national observatoiy is located in this city. 
There are numerous fine buildings, including a university. The city 
is lighted by electricity and is becoming a large manufacturing center, 
due to the electric power works, situated some little distance outside. 
It is in railway communication with the remainder of the country \)j 
means of three lines. 

CITY OF TUCUMAN. 

Capital of the province. Has four railway stations. Lighted by 
electricity. The independence of the country was proclaimed in his 
city in 1816. 



PATAGONIA. 109 

CITY OF SANTA FE. 

Founded in 1573. Capital of the province of the same name. 

CITY OF MENDOZA. 

Founded in 1561, destroyed by earthquake in 1861, and rebuilt. 
There are about 30,500 inhabitants. It is lighted by electricity, has 
two railway stations, and is the center of the wine industry. Distance 
from Buenos Aires, 1,045 kilometers. Situated at the foot of the 
Andes. Among the principal sites is the natural bridge known as 
Puente del Inca. Other cities are : 

Population. 

San Juan, founded 1561 12, 000 

Parana, founded 1730 30,000 

Corrientes, founded 1588 , 20,000 

Catamarca "_ 11, 000 

Salta 15,000 

Santiago del Estero _ . . , 15, 500 

Jujuy . 13,000 

Rioja 9, 000 

San Luis 11,000 

PATAGONIA. 

The following extracts relating to the general conditions and for- 
mation of the soil in Patagonia are taken from a chapter of a highly 
interesting work by Mr. C. E. Akers, published in London: 

"Physical aspect. — The land at Leleik struck me as being the best 
I had seen since leaving the Rio Negro. It is much higher and dryer 
than the lands on the Chubut, and the hills surrounding the valley 
have good pasture upon them. 

"Position. — The position is sheltered from the heavy westerly gales 
by a high range of mountains, the sides of which are clothed with 
heavy forest, among the trees being an abundance of cypress. The 
bottom of the valley is one mass of strawberry vines, and I found 
quantities of ripe fruit. These are smaller than the European culti- 
vated variety, but of much the same shape and flavor and not in any 
way resembling the Alpine strawberry. Along the creeks wild black 
currants grow in profusion and also a species of parsnip. 

"Soil. — The soil, a rich black loam in the valley, on the hills a light 
loam mixed with sand lying on a yellow sandstone and marl forma- 
tion. On the hills were numbers of ostriches and guanacos, and I 
counted over eighty of the latter in one herd. I pushed on for another 
5 leagues to the head of the Leleik Valley, found the land of the same 
class, and then returned to the spot where a land companj^ had put 
up a small rancho. Here was a ' Capataz ' who had in his charge 
1,400 head of cattle and a few brood mares. This stock looked well 
and certainly compared most favorably with any other that I had yet 
seen in this part of the country. There can be no doubt that the 



110 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

laud at Leleik and the valley at Fo-Fo-Cahuel are both well adapted 
for raising live stock. 

"Suitable for agriculture. — Portions of the land, too, are suitable for 
agriculture, but not to a sufficient extent to justify the construction 
of a railway to carry away the produce, and it must be remembered 
that the district in question is many hundred miles distant from the 
seaboard on the Argentine side and inaccessible on account of the 
Cordillera of the Andes on the Chilean. ' It is a far cry to Loch Awe,' 
and a long interval must elapse before the population is large enough 
to create a local demand for agricultural produce; eventually a cer- 
tain number of settlers will assuredly find their way into this part of 
the south, and to supply what they need for their consumption annu- 
ally the portions of land suitable for cultivation at Leleik and the 
upper valleys of the Rio Chubut will be made use of. * * * 

"Timber trade. — The opening up of the timber trade will necessarily 
bring settlers to the district. These will, primarily, take up the land 
on the shores of the lake, and farms will be made; but it must be con- 
sidered doubtful if cereals can be profitably cultivated. During my 
stay two severe frosts occurred, and this at a time when wheat would 
be forming into ear. They were sufficiently severe to have destroyed 
completely any grain crop in such a critical stage of growth. On the 
other hand, there are no great extremes of heat or cold, and the majoritj 7 
of all kinds of European trees, fruits, and vegetables would flourish to 
perfection. Once the road through to the Chile side of the Andes is 
opened, population will slowly drift over from the district of which 
Ozorno is the center. This part of Chile is stated to contain over 
seventy thousand inhabitants. Even now the Ozorno lands are nearly 
all occupied by farmers and owners of live stock, and an outlet is being 
looked for to provide for the surplus population. Nahuel Huapi is 
one of the points to which this surplus will drift, and so in time the 
nucleus of a population will be formed. * * * 

"Mineral deposits. — It has been said that Patagonia is rich in gold, 
and I inquired caref nlly to ascertain the amount of truth contained 
in these statements. It is certain that in the south there is gold, 
both aliuvial and in quartz, but it appears to be in only small quan- 
tities. When at Fo-Fo-Cahuel I met two American miners Avho had 
spent a year prospecting the Chubut River and the lands south of that 
point. They had not met with any great success, but found traces 
of both gold and silver in various districts. In places, they said, 
sufficient of the former metal existed to render working with hydraulic 
power and sluicing a profitable undertaking. The specimens of gold 
these men showed me were of good quality. Deposits of nitrate of 
soda are also known to exist near the Straits of Magellan, and I have 
seen specimens of them; these contained, however, a percentage of 
cloride, in addition to the nitrate." * * * 



CHAPTER V. 

AGRICULTURE— REVIEW OF THE AGRICULTURAL WEALTH OF 
THE COUNTRY, PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS, THEIR CULTIVATION, 
FACILITIES FOR OBTAINING GOVERNMENT LANDS — LAND 
LAWS— FOREST PRODUCTS, 

Agriculture increases in importance every year in the Argentine 
Republic. In order to show the progress effected in this regard, the 
following comparisons are made : 

Area under cultivation in 1885. — The area under cultivation in 1885 
did not exceed 2,000,000 hectares; the population of the Republic at 
that date was 2, 800, 000 inhabitants; the railway lines had a total length 
of 4,500 kilometers with an invested capital of $123,000,000 gold. In 
the Province of Santa Fe 124 agricultural colonies had been formed 
with an extension of 1,500,000 hectares. The production of sugar in 
Tucuman and the wine-growing industry in the Andine provinces had 
not acquired any importance, while the production of wheat in the 
whole Republic barely sufficed to meet the requirements of internal 
consumption. 

Area under cultivation in 1888. — According to the agricultural cen- 
sus of 1888 the area under cultivation comprised 2,460,000 hectares. 

Area under cultivation in 1891. — Of the 295,120,000 hectares which 
form the Argentine Republic, 104,300,000 are arable, 100,000,000 can 
be utilized for cattle raising, and 90,820,000 are covered with woods, 
rivers, mountains, lakes, salt marshes, arid regions, towns, cities, etc. 
The Province of Santa Fe has 340 established colonies covering an area 
of 4,200,000 hectares. The exports of sugar in addition to the pro- 
duction of the quantity required for home consumption have reached 
15,000 tons, yearly; the Andine provinces have yielded this year 
1,000,000 hectoliters of wine, and the wheat crop left a surplus of 
2,294,000 tons in 1900, and 972,900 tons in 1901. It is impossible to 
determine the precise amount of capital invested to obtain these results ; 
but it is beyond doubt that the majority of producers who inhabit 
the agricultural regions of the Republic owe as much of their success 
to the favorable conditions existing and created as to their individual 
efforts. They found extremely fertile soil with easy terms for its 
acquisition and free title of ownership; and there is no doubt that a 
considerable portion of land now held by immigrants and agricultur- 
ists possessing small capital has been paid for out of the profits real- 
ized by its cultivation, and this is without reference to increased 
values due to the rising population, the construction of railways, and 
the establishment of a number of new industries since 1885. 

Ill 






112 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Area under cultivation in 1901. — In the year 1890 and 1901 the area 
under cultivation was as follows: 





1890. 


1901. 


Wheat 


Hectares. 

1,202,228 

825,495 

43,492 

58,023 

1,221 

601,855 

11,482 

25,670 

29, 115 

5,193 

1,531 

190,743 


Hectares. 
3,379,749 


Maize _ . 


1,255,346 

80,000 


Barley and rye .... 


Linseed 


612,000 


Canary seed . 


6,200 


Alfalfa... 


1,250,000 


Peanuts 1 


23,765 


Sugar cane ... 


46,088 


Vines.. ... ... 


44,330 


Tobacco. 


12,696 


Rice 


2,800 


Various 


355,000 






Total 


2,996,048 


7,067,974 





Census of 1895.— -The census of 1895 (May) gives a total of 4,835,620 
hectares under cultivation. Notwithstanding the fact that the latter 
census reveals considerable progress since 1891, the figures do not act- 
ually convey an accurate idea of the increase in the area of cultivated 
land, as the returns in the census of 1895 were made in the month of 
May, when the wheat and linseed were not yet sown. Almost every 
known zone is contained within the limits of Argentine territory, and 
these may be divided for economic purposes in the following manner: 

First zone. — To the south: Tierra del Fuego, Santa Cruz, Chubut, 
Rio Negro, Neuquen, and Pampa Central, which embrace an area of 
1,000,000 square kilometers, with a population of 56,000 inhabitants, 
or a little more than 1 per cent of the entire population in an area 
which represents 34 per cent of the whole territory of the Republic. 
A portion of this territory, which is admirably suited to cattle breed- 
ing and the cultivation of cereals, is situated on the Atlantic coast, 
but has no direct means of communication with the populated centers 
of the north and west of the Republic. 

Second zone. — The riverine and central parts comprise the favored 
regions for the productions for export and are in proximity to the 
ports of shipment. This zone has an area of 747,000 square kilo- 
meters with 2,700,000 inhabitants, or very nearly 68 per cent of the 
whole population of the Republic in a fourth part of its territory. 

Third zone. — To the west: The provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, La 
Rioja, and Catamarca, with an area of 446,359 square kilometers and a 
population of 360,050 inhabitants. This is the principal wine-growing 
district. 

Fourth zone. — The northern and eastern portions of the Republic, 
comprising the territory situated between the twenty-seventh degree 
of latitude and the limits with Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil, is the 
region of tropical and subtropical products. This zone includes the 
provinces of Tucuman, Salta, and part of the province of Santiago del 
Estero, with an area of approximately 250,000 square kilometers and 
a population of 390,000. In the center the Department of Reconquista 
(north of the Province of Santa Fe) the National Territories of Chaeo 



AGRICULTURE. 



113 



and Formosa, which are easily accessible to the rivers Parana and 
Paraguay, with an area of 240,000 square kilometers, and finally to 
the east the province of Corrientes and the Territory of Misiones, situ- 
ated between the rivers Parana and Uruguay. The whole of this sub- 
tropical region has an aggregate area of 693, 000 square kilometers, 
with a population estimated at 834,000 inhabitants. 

Economical conditions. — Taking the amplified figures in the order 
given in the following table, the economical conditions of the various 
regions may be gathered: 



Capital. 
Buenos Aires 

Santa Fe 

Entre Rios 

Corrientes . . . 

Cordoba 

San Luis 

Santiago 

Mendoza 

San Juan 

Rioja 

Catarnarca 

Tucuman 

Salta 

Jujuy 



PROVINCES. 



Cultivated 

area in 
each Prov- 
ince and 
Territory. 



Hectares. 



TERRITORIES. 

Misiones 

Formosa 

Chaco 

i a Pampa 

Neuquen 

Rio Negro 

Chubut 

Santa Cruz 

Tierra del Fuego 



Total...., 4,835,020 



2. 
, 379. 

, litis. 

427 ; 

12. 

054. 

35: 

52. 

156: 

84: 

28. 
29: 
97: 

7s: 
13: 



22,210 

3,068 

7,891 

10,258 

3,302 

1,756 

5,583 

12 

17 



Tr< 



Hectares. 

308 

72, 234 

24,310 

10,255 

5,439 

16, 724 

3,703 

1.203 

40,071 

1,917 

2,012 

2,945 

2,412 

4,718 

1,004 

11,884 

1,103 

508 

1,093 

62 

242 

7 

4 



204,224 



Cereals. 



Hectares. 

161 

1, 123, 431 

1,493,165 

389,422 

55,109 

4:33,414 

17,450 

43,685 

11,435 

17,916 

16,567 

15,810 

32,458 

54,653 

8,056 

6,328 
315 
4,540 
3,630 
2,744 
272 
5,002 



3,735,763 



Vegeta- 
bles. 



Hectares. 
676 
8,540 
5,670 
2,227 
882 
829 
144 
754 
396 
497 
722 
186 
225 
467 
224 

374 
56 
150 
147 

248 
123 

7 
8 
7 



Alfalfa. 



,559 



Hectares. 

1,085 

160, 905 

133, 730 

16, 968 

792 

197,995 

13,652 

5,227 

82,081 

56,551 

6,380 

8,080 

5,157 

15, HI 

1,965 

70 
26 
477 
5,260 
235 
780 
554 



10 



713,091 



Capital 
Buenos Aires 

Santa Fe 

Entre Rios . _ . 

Corrientes 

Cordoba 

San Luis 

Santiago 

Mendoza 

San Juan 

Rioja 

Catarnarca . . . 

Tucuman 

Salta 

Jujuy 



PROVINCES. 



TERRITORIES. 

Misiones 

Formosa 

Chaco 

La Pampa 

Neuquen 

Rio Negro 

Chubut 

Santa Cruz 

Tierra del Fuego 



Various. 



Hectares. 

81 

11,342 

3, 776 

2,271 

288 

3,026 

64 

427 

9,790 

77 

381 

179 

167 



31 
40 
62 
8 
111 
13 



Total 



33, 447 



Vines. 



Hectares, 
19 

2,574 
804 

2,014 
285 

1,246 

504 

283 

11, 753 

7,935 

2,040 

2,160 
290 

1,211 



16 
158 

48 

5 

28 



Peanut s 



Sugar 
cane. 



Tobacco. 



Hectares. Hectares. Hectares. 



124 
6,530 

4,091 

1 . 883 

331 



5 
612 



731 



023 



123 

184 
L30 

598 

222 
1 



i 1 

13 54,233 

163 ! 991 

33 i 905 



623 

1,086 

1,155 

3 



1 

518 

2, 749 

922 

520 

2,310 
102 
422 



a3, 459 13,475 61,273 15.795 



Cotton. 



Hectares. 



17 
24 
23 
10 

90 

310 

100 

5 



879 



573a— 03- 



114 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Cultivated area. — The following table shows the area, density of 
population, and cultivated area of each one of the four divisions above 
mentioned in 1895: 



Divisions. 


Area. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Cultivated 
area. 


I. 


Sq. Itilom. 
145,907 
109, 703 
742,983 


25,914 

14,517 
14,524 


Hectares. 
10,258 
3,302 
7,368 




Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego 




998,593 


54,955 


20,928 


II. 


186 
305,121 
131,906 

74,571 
161, 038 

73,923 


663,854 
921, 168 
397,188 
292,019 
351,223 
81,450 


2,330 

1,379,268 
1, 668, 788 




Santa Fe 




427,465 

654, 795 

35,578 










746,743 


2,706,902 


4,168,224 


III. 


146,378 
87, 345 
89,498 

123, 138 

446,359 


116,136 

84, 251 
69,502 
90,161 


156,184 
84,897 
28,201 




Rioja -. 




29, 896 








360,050 


299,178 


IV. 


23,124 
161,099 

49, 162 

29, 229 
107,258 
136, 635 

84,402 
103,016 


215,742 

118,015 

49, 713 

33. 163 

4,829 

10,422 

239,618 

161,502 


97, 728 




78, 949 




13, 124 




22. 210 




3,068 




7,891 




72,058 
52, 262 










693,925 


833,004 


347,290 


Total -. 


2,885,620 


3,954,911 


4,835,620 





Increase in cultivated area. — The increase in cultivated area from 
the years 1860 to -1900, compared with that of other countries for the 
same period, is as follows: 



Countries. 



Argentina 

Australia 

United States 

Canada 

Brazil 

Argelia 

Egypt 

Europe 



1860. 


1880. 


1 


3.5 


1 


3.3 


1 


1.8 


1 


1.3 


1 


2.0 


1 


1.2 


1 


1.3 


1 


1.16 



1888. I 1900. 



7.0 
4.7 
2.2 
1.6 
2.0 
1.3 
1.3 
1.18 



I 16.8 
12.2 
4.4 
3.7 
3.0 

; 1.3 

1.5 
1.24 



The Argentine harvest in ivheat and linseed, compared with other 
countries in millions of hectoliters: 



Countries. 





Wheat. 




Linseed. 


1888. 


1896. 


1900. 


1897. 


1899. 


485. 6 
160. 6 

90.9 
8.0 
9.0 

13.1 
8.4 

23.6 
3.6 
6.5 
5.8 


548.5 

155.2 

74.9 

15.3 

9.4 

14.9 

8.7 

6.5 

7.9 

4.4 

4.4 


536.5 

189. 7 

56.5 

36.7 

18.2 

16.0 

8.3. 

7.3 

5.5 

5.0 


11.0 
4.0 
3.2 
2.5 


7.3 
7.3 

4.4 
3.2 


.07 


.13 






.13 


.07 


4.4 




1 



Europe 

United States 

India 

Argentina ... 

Australia 

Canada 

Argelia 

Japan 

Mexico 

Egypt _ 

Chile 



AGRICULTURE. 



115 



The provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, Cordoba and Santa Fe, 
and the Territories of Pampa, Rio Negro, and Chubut, enjoy espe- 
cially favorable conditions for the cultivation of cereals ; wheat, lin- 
seed, and maize are cultivated in any of the three following ways: 

First. By the landowners and their families, with or without addi- 
tional labor. 

Second. In partnership with the owner, the laborer receiving 30, 40, 
or 50 per cent of the earnings. 

Third. By renting the ground, the price to be paid either in ready 
money or from the profits of the harvest. 

During the harvest of 1901-2, 4,496,713 hectares were sown with 
wheat, linseed, and maize; 13,150 were worked by the proprietors, 
18,819 by renting the lands, and 5,455 by middlemen or third parties. 

The capital required for a family to cultivate an area of 100, 50, or 
25 hectares of corn, linseed, and wheat, situated near a port, would 
be, in gold, more or less, the following: 

[Values in gold.] 



Items which form the capital. 



No. 



Chacra of lOOj 
hectares (80 
cultivated, 
20 pasture). 



No. 



Chacra of 50 
hectares (40 \ -^ 
cultivated, | ■ iNO - 
10 pasture). 



Chacra of 25 
hectares (20 
cultivated, 
5 pasture). 



Land, at §17.50 

Houses, railings, corrales, wells. 

Bullocks, at $16 

Horses, at $12 

Plows, at $12 

Rakes, at $13 

Carts, at $90 

Reaper and binder 

Various 

Maintenance expenses, etc 



Total 



», 750 

400 

208 

36 

36 

13 

90 

200 

67 

300 

3,100 



$875 
280 
144 
24 
24 
13 
90 
200 
50 
50 



1,900 



$437 
160 
64 
12 
12 
13 
90 
200 
41 
150 



1,180 



In the case of rented lands a deduction must be made for the price 
of the house, fences, and inclosure for the animals, and the rent paid 
for the property need not be considered as capital, as it is not paid 
until after the harvest. Hence the capital required would be $950 
for 100 hectares, $745 for 50 hectares, and $582 for 25 hectares. The 
price of good ground for agricultural purposes may be calculated 
from $1.50 to $5 per annum the hectare, according to the locality 
and distance from a port. When the man who rents the land works 
in partnership with the owner, it is understood that the former 
receives, free of expense, the necessary implements, machinery, ani- 
mals for the work, and the seed, the corresponding obligations on his 
side being his own labor or that of his family for plowing and sow- 
ing. The harvest over, all the expenses connected with it are 
deducted from the amount made by its sale, and the profit divided 
according to the arrangements previously agreed upon between the 
landowner and the lessee. Provided the conditions are accepted by 
the laborer and his family any of the above-mentioned crops can be 



116 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



gold of production per hectare is the fol- 
maize, $7; and linseed, $9.10. 



cultivated, and the cost in 
lowing: Wheat, $7.65; 

Taking these figures as a basis, a normal year's production on three 
different farms of unequal size is approximately the following : 



WHEAT. 





Chacra of 
100 hectares 
(80 culti- 
vated). 


Chacra of 
50 hectares 
(40 culti- 
vated). 


Chacra of 
25 hectares 
(20 culti- 
vated). 




$2,000 
612 


$1,000 
306 


$5,000 
153 








Total 


1,388 


694 


347 






MAIZE. 


2,000 kilos per hectare, at $16 per 100 kilos 


$2,560 
560 


$1,280 
280 


$640 
140 








Total 


2,000 


1,000 


500 






LINSEED. 


900 kilos per hectare, at $42 per 1,C00 kilos. 


$3,024 

728 


$1,512 
364 


$756 




182 






Total 


2,296 


1,148 


574 







From the profit there should be deducted the loss incurred through 
necessary repairs, deterioration of machinery, tools, etc. 

Crop estimates for 1903. — An official report made by Sehor Emilio 
Lahitte, Chief of the Division of Statistics and Rural Economy in the 
Argentine Ministry of Agriculture, furnishes the following data con- 
cerning the estimated crop production of the four chief provinces of 
the Republic for the year 1902-3, the figures for 1901-2 being also 
given for purposes of comparison : 

Argentine crops of wheat and linseed. 



Crops. 


1902-3. 


1901-2. 


Wheat .-- 


Acres. 
8,893,379 
3,222,752 


« Bxishels. 
113,983,367 
30,076,398 


Acres. 
8,144.579 
1,927,380 


Bushels. 
56.379.717 




14.373.065 







a 60 pounds for wheat and 56 pounds for linseed. 

Area under wheat. — The increase in the area under wheat is 718,800 
acres, or 9.2 per cent, and in linseed 1,295,372 acres, or 67.2 per cent. 
The official figures thus fully confirm the reports of the increased lin- 
seed acreage. The increase in the wheat crop is 57,603,650 bushels, 
or more than the entire crop of 1901-2. 

Senor Lahitte's estimate of the quantity of wheat required for seed 



AGRICULTURE. 117 

and internal consumption is 870,000 metric tons, or 31,967,000 bushels 
of 60 pounds, the probable surplus for export being placed at about 
2,232,000 metric tons, or a little over 82,000,000 bushels. 

The linseed crop, like the wheat crop, is more than twice as large 
as that of 1901-2, the increase being 15,703,333 bushels. The " Review 
of the River Plate," in its issue for January 31, estimates the export- 
able surplus at 19,804,000 bushels, stating that the reduced estimate 
is due to the fact that much of the seed had been damaged and was 
unfit for shipment. 

The chief agricultural products in 1901 were wheat, 8,449,372 acres, 
yielding 2,871,440 tons; flax, 1,518,380 acres, yielding 390,000 tons'; 
maize, about 2,000,000 tons. The sugar-growing industry is extend- 
ing. The output of sugar in 1898 was estimated at 72,000 tons; in 
1899, at 103,112 tons, of which 80,000 tons were produced in the prov- 
ince of Tucuman. 

This crop gave the highest results per hectare in the following 
departments of the province of Buenos Aires: 

Kilos. 

Laprida 1, 270 

Tres Arroyos t, 259 

General Alvear 1, 245 

The linseed crop in this province likewise showed the highest 
return, the department of General Paz alone giving an average of 
1,752 kilos per hectare. 

Maize crops, 1901-2. — The table below gives the results of the 
maize crop for 1902: 



Provinces. 


* Hectares. 


Tons. 




681,217 

442,367 

81,198 

37,305 

35,072 

12,152 

13,210 

21,328 

7,941 

4,921 

16,533 

6,618 

20,000 

1,530 

4,401 

524 

9,589 

100 

9,800 


1,360,271 

479, 720 


Santa Fe 


Entre Rios . . . 


2,418 




7,461 




31,344 


Santiago del Estero ... 


36,456 


San Luis 


20,805 


Tucuman 


31,197 




14,905 




10,740 
49,599 




Catamarca ... . 


7,272 


Salta 


40,000 


Jujuy 1 .. __ 


6,120 




8,802 


Formosa . 


1,048 


Misiones. 


10,547 
400 


Neuquen 




15,060 




Total 


1,405,806 


2, 134, 165 







Peanuts, tobacco, sugar cane, vines. — The cultivation of these prod- 
ucts, which is of but slight importance in the Riverine and southern 
territories, is a leading factor in the northern part of the country and 
in the Andine .provinces. 



118 



AKGKENTINE EEPUBLIO. 



The table below shows the figures for 1900-1901, the area under 



cultivation being- in hectares 



Provinces. 


Peanuts. 


Tobacco. 


Sugar 
cane. 


Vines. 


Buenos Aires . 








2,500 

800 


Santa Fe 


13,374 

700 
6,000 


50 

25 
24 
11 




Cordoba 


1,420 

1,820 

20, 476 


Entre Rios ... 


Mendoza .. 


San Juan . 




12,038 
390 


Tucuman 






38,870 


San Luis 






500 


Santiago 




4 
364 


756 
964 


234 


Jujuy _. 


46 


20 


LaRioja... 


1,242 
2,500 


Cataraarca 


" 


333 

3,306 

5,613 

20 

74 
807 




Salta 




997 
2 3 H3 
1,005 

513 

870 


500 


Corrientes . _ . 


3,366 
10 

80 
189 




Formosa 




Chaco 












Total 


23,765 


12, 696 


46,088 


44,330 



Sugar cane. — In 1890 there were 28,750 hectares planted with sugar 
cane-, and 67,218 in 1900. The yield per hectare is, in rough soil, from 
23,000 to 35,000 kilos; in gasa ground from 35,000 to 44,000, and in 
especially favored soil more than 45,000. The yield in sugar varies 
from 6 to 12 per cent, and the production, consumption, and export 
for the last five years have been : — 



Years. 


Quantity. 


1897 


Tons. 

108,487 

78,963 

92,855 

114,473 

163,695 


Tons. 
72,587 
70,223 

105, 157 
96,655 

159. 660 


Tons. 
41,734 


1898 


20,820 


1899 


26, 701 


1900 


20,010 


1901 


49, 413 







Vines. — The area devoted to vineyards in 1901 and the amount of 
wine produced in 1902 are as follows: 



Provinces. 



Buenos Aires (capital and province) 

Santa Fe 

Cordoba 

Entre Rios 

Mendoza 

San Juan 

Tucuman 

Salta 

San Luis 

Santiago 

Corrientes 

Juuy 

Catamarca 

Rioja 



Total 



Vines. 



Hectan 



43.533 



Wines. 



Hectoliters. 



15.977 

9.064 

1,392,568 

£59,850 

16,367 



2,688 
"""53 



21.128 
17.221 



1.844.196 



The provinces of San Juan, Mendoza, Catamarca, and Rioja are 
especially adapted for vine growing. The yield in grapes from vines 



AGRICULTURE. 119 

of more than six years' growth is from 14,000 to 19,000 kilos per hec- 
tare; the usual yield per hectare of vines in their perfection (or their 
sixth year) is, in gold, from $2,750 to $4,000. 

Vineyards. — In the Province of Mendoza the cost of a vineyard of 
10 hectares is calculated at $17,550, divided as follows: 

Tools and animals , $500 

Value of plants . _ . 500 

Cost of planting 3, 600 

Maintenance of animals - 400 

Posts and fencing 4, 650 

Cultivation during first four years without production _ 7, 900 

Total 17,550 

Therefore one hectare of vinej^ard cost approximately $1,755; the 
yield of grape is on an average 12,000 kilos per hectare, and as the 
price of grape in Mendoza has been as high as $8 per 100 kilos, the 
annual return per hectare would be $960. The value of land that 
can be converted into vineyards has consequently risen since 1885 
very considerably. 

On this basis 20,000 hectares planted during the time mentioned 
represent a cost of $35,100,000. 

Cereals. — The condition under which agriculture has developed, 
both as regards cultivation of cereals and sugar cane, renders it 
extremely difficult to determine the cost. of the economic factors which 
have intervened. In the Province of Buenos Aires the working capi- 
tal required for cultivation is approximately $3,000 per 100 hectares, 
in the following proportions : 

Mud ranch (zinc roof) , well, etc $1, 200 

Wire fence 800 

16 bullocks 800 

4 horses 100 

2 plows and other implements 275 

1 reaper 700 

Various 25 

Total 3, 900 

In the Province of Santa Fe the required working capital for culti- 
vation is estimated at $2,875 per 100 hectares. Taking therefore the 
cost of vineyards and the cultivation of cereals together with the cost 
of other cultivations, the result is arrived at that the cost of each of 
the 5,000.000 hectares cultivated since 1885 is approximately $45 per 
hectare, or, say, a total of $225,000,000. 

The value (in gold) of imports of agricultural machinery and imple- 
ments during the period 1885 to 1899 was as follows: 

1885-1889 $5, 429, 616 

1890-1894 . . 9, 075, 427 

1895-1899 _ 5, 419, 547 

Total 19,924,590 






120 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



During the same period 390,000 tons of wire fencing have been 
employed in the agricultural industries. The linear kilometer of 
fence, composed of seven wires with other necessary material and 
labor, costs on an average $400; and taking the 390,000 tons of 
imported wire as corresponding to 618,576 kilometers of fence, the 
total expenditure under this head would amount to about $248,000,000. 

While in the provinces of Cordoba, Entre Rios, and in the north of 
Santa Fe nearly the whole of the crops of maize, wheat, and linseed 
were lost as the result of a drought of some duration, splendid results 
have been obtained at many points in the Province of Buenos Aires 
and in the south of Santa Fe, the jaeld in some instances amounting 
to 1,200 kilos of wheat, 1,500 kilos of linseed, and 2,800 kilos of maize 
per hectare. Taking these results and the figures from the report of 
Congress in 1898 regarding the cost of production of wheat and maize 
per 100 hectares yielding 1,000 kilos of wheat per hectare and 2,400 
kilos of maize per hectare, and calculating the cost of production of 
linseed as more or less equal to that of wheat, the profits realized in 
1898 in the flourishing regions have been exceedingly large. In one 
case in the Province of Buenos Aires during 1897, where the linseed 
crop yielded as much as 2,000 kilos per hectare, a proprietor with a 
third share obtained as his proportion a net profit of $40 per hectare. 



Agricultural products, 1897-1901. — The following table gives the quantities and 
values of different agricultural products from 1897 to 1901. 

[Value in gold.] 



Year. 


Linseed. 


Maize. 


Wheat. 


Hay. TT . 
Van- 


Total. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. Value. ous - 


1897 .... 
1898 __-. 
1899 ... . 
1900.... 
1901.... 


166,477 
158,904 
217,713 
223,257 

338,828 


$4,996,288 
5,420,031 
7,402,488 
10,674,011 
16,513,263 


374,942 

717,105 
1,116,276 

713,248 
1,122,290 


$5,478,718 
9, 274, 197 
13,042,983 
11,933,747 
18,887,397 


101,845 

645,161 

1,713,429 

1,929,676 

904,289 


$3,470,351 
22,368,900 
38,078,343 
48,627,653 
26,240,733 


103,700 $933,176 $690,454 
113,5341,246,849 165,459 
105,598 1.158,825 236,524 
102.8361.282,620 527,236 
95,120 961,576 501,030 


$15,568,987 
38,475,436 
59.919.163 
73.045.267 
63,103,999 


Total. 




45,006,081 




58,617,042 




138,785,980 




5, 583, 046 2, 120, 703 250. 112. 852 













Year. 


Manufactured vegetable matter. 


Vegetable residues. 


Sugar. 


Flour. 


Vari- 
ous. 


Total. 


Bran. 


Vari- 
ous. 


Total. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


1897-... 
1898.... 
1899---. 
1900.... 
1901.... 


41, 734 

20,820 
26, 701 
15,270 
49,412 


$4,382,936 
1,665,566 
2,136,109 
1,221,633 
3,952,998 


41, 443 
31,933 

59, 464 
51,203 

71,742 


$2,411,719 
1,592,495 
1,938,281 
1,718,085 
2,711,298 


$56,609 

2,631 

44,414 

12, 731 

39, 805 


$6,S51,264 
3,260,692 
4,118,804 
2,952,449 
6,704,101 


53,194 
52,935 
78,890 
73,314 
92,630 


$747,551 

767,972 

922,916 

1,163,120 

1,454,428 


$168,567 
188,822 
195,112 
265.520 
333,571 


$916,118 

956. 794 

1.118,028 

1.428.640 
1.787.999 


Total. 




13,359,242 




10,371,878 


156,190 23.887.310 




5,055.987 


1,151,592 


6.207.579 








' 





Total value of the exports of agricultural products, in gold. 

1897 -. $23,330,369 

1898 42,692,922 

1899 05. 155, 995 

1900 77, 426,356 

1901 71,596.099 

Total 280,207,741 



AGRICULTURE. 



121 



Wheat market. — Argentina, of all the countries in the world, is one 
of the most successful competitors in the wheat market. Her capacity 
to produce wheat may be almost said to have taken the world by sur- 
prise. It is comparatively but a short time ago that little or no con- 
sideration was given to the marvelous fertility of the soil and to the 
great advantages she would naturally develop in the large level 
plains, variety of climate, absence of forests and other obstructions, 
and proximity to the seaboard and navigable rivers. In 1885 the area 
of cultivation did not amount to more than 180,000 acres, and that 
inasmuch as wheat figured among the articles of necessity, it was 
necessaiy to import to the extent of 177,000 tons. But since that 
period agriculture has crept on apace, until the area is now said to 
stand at 3,037,701 hectares. 

Wheat crops, 1881-1901. — The following table shows the increase in 
the development of the wheat crop : 

Tons. 

1881 2,000 

1890 440,000 

1891 504,000 

1892 496, 000 

1893 634,000 

1894 . 1 , 200, 000 

1895 860,000 

1901 2, 871, 440 

Agricultural prosperity. — The year 1899 was one of great agricul- 
tural and commercial prosperity for the Republic. A good harvest 
admitted of an increased exportation of cereals, especially of wheat, 
while the high price of wool in the European markets was in favor of 
the Argentine exporter. 

In this year some 1,068,000 more tons of wheat were exported than 
in the i:>revious year; also 399,000 more tons of maize, 59,000 more 
tons of linseed, and almost double the number of tons of flour (about 
59,500 tons as compared with 32,000 tons). 

The cultivation of wheat and its export from this country is being 
gradually promoted and improved. The extension of railways has 
done much already to assist in transportation facilities. There is still 
an urgent want of grain elevators in different centers of production/' 

Agricultural provinces. — The leading agricultural provinces in the 
Republic are Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Cordoba, and Entre Rios. The 
area sown for the 1900-1901 crop is estimated as follows: 



Province. 


Wheat, 


Linseed. 




Hectares. 

1,482,854 

917,000 

626,600 

281,295 

72,000 


Acres. 
3,664,132 

2,265,907 

1,548,329 

695,080 

177,912 


Hectares. 
348,278 
108.684 
91.520 
58, 800 


Acres. 
860,595 


Santa Fe 


268,558 


Cordoba 


226,146 


Entre Rios 


145,295 


Remainder (10 provinces) 








Total 


3. 379. 749 


8,351,360 


607,352 


1,500,594 







fl British Diplomatic and Consular Reports, 1891-1900. 



122 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



THE MAIZE CROP. 

The maize crop. — Although maize is among the most important of 
the cereal crops of Argentina, official estimates as to the quantity pro- 
duced do not appear to be regularly made. The omission is probably 
due to the fact that returns for this grain can not be obtained by the 
method which is employed by the ministry of agriculture in obtaining 
returns for the small grains and probably also those for linseed, 
namely, the plan of sending out schedules of inquiry to be filled by 
the owners of thrashing machines with statements showing the quan- 
tities thrashed. This method appears well adapted to obtaining good 
approximations to actual results for the crops to which it is applied, 
but it is, of course, inapplicable to a grain like maize, which can not be 
thrashed. The maize crop of Argentina is estimated on commercial 
authority for the five years from 1896 to 1900, inclusive, at the follow- 
ing figures: 1896, 80,000,000 bushels; 1897, 40,000,000 bushels; 1898, 
56,000,000 bushels; 1899, 72,000,000 bushels; 1900, 60,000,000 bushels. 
The crop of 1901 may be estimated in round numbers at about 
75,000,000 bushels. Some months ago the crop of 1902, recently gath- 
ered, was expected to be very abundant, but it afterwards suffered 
severely from drought, and the outlook was seriously impaired. 

CROPS OF CHIEF AGRICULTURAL PROVINCES. 

For the four provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and 
Cordoba, the official estimates are more full and detailed than those for 
the entire Republic. The official figures for wheat, oats, barley, and 
flaxseed for the three years 1898-99 to 1900-1901, reduced to their 
equivalents in acres and bushels, are given below: 



Years. 


Wheat. 


Oats. 


Barley. 


Linseed. 


Acres. 


Bushels, a 


Acres. 


Bushels." 


Acres. 


Bushels.o 


Acres. 


Bushels, a 


1898-99 

1899-1900 

1900-1901 


6,163,979 
7,826,257 
6,793,031 


^85,128,067 
99,450,123 
72,180,684 


30, 796 
32, 756 
29,721 


1,087,827 

1,088,298 

617,983 


25,535 

25,802 
16,037 


506, 446 
434, 866 
263,590 


617,918 

878,018 

1,370,162 


7,207.387 
8, 865; 113 
15.351.807 







a Bushels of 60 pounds for wheat, 56 pounds for flaxseed, 48 pounds for barley, and 32 pounds 
for oats. 

& Increased in final estimate by about 17.000,000 bushels on account of thrashing machines 
which had not reported at the time of this estimate. 

Bye crop. — The rye crop, as far as reported, does not exceed from 
40,000 to 50,000 bushels yearly. Of canary seed there were reported 
for the four provinces 48,107 centals in 1898-99, 90,773 centals in 1899- 
1900, and 61,663 centals in 1900-1901, the cental being 100 pounds. 



AGRICULTURE. 



123 



Linseed crop. — The linseed crop of the four provinces for 1001-2 
has been officially estimated as follows: 



Provinces. 


Metric 

tons. 


Bushels of 
56 pounds. 


Buenos Aires 


154,000 

122.0(H) 
42,000 
9,500 


6,062,71] 

4,802,927 

1,653,466 

373,998 


Santa Fe ... . 


Entre Rios : 


Cordoba 




Total 


327,500 


12,893,102 





The area under wheat in the four provinces was officially estimated 
at 8,144,579 acres, and that under flaxseed at 1,934,497 acres. 

AGRICULTURAL AND PASTORAL EXPORTS. 

Pastoral industry. — The extent to which the Argentine agricul- 
tural and live stock industries contribute to supply the demands of 
the world's markets is, however, the question of chief practical 
importance, and this is best answered by the statistics of exportation. 
The following table shows the quantities of wheat, maize, and flax- 
seed exported from Argentina during the decade from 1891 to 1900, 
inclusive, as stated in the Anuario de la Direccion General de Esta- 
distica for 1900, and the exports of the same products in 1901 as given 
in No. 112 of El Comercio Exterior Argent i no for 1901, both being 
official publications : 

Exports of ivheat, maize, and flaxseed, 

[The official figures for wheat, maize, and flaxseed are reduced from metric tons to bushels of 

56 pounds.] 

From the Crop Reporter, April, 1902. 



Years. 


Wheat. 


Maize. 


Flaxseed. 


1891 


Bushels. 
14,534,154 
17,273,581 
37,042,683 
59,093,019 
37,121,021 
19,547,685 
3, 742, 162 
23,705,602 
62,957,721 
70,903,436 


Bushels. 

2,594,722 

17,555.681 

3,327,168 

2,160,372 

30,404,808 

61,828,506 

14,760,810 

28,231,169 

43,945,833 

28,079,326 


Busliels. 
480,804 


1892 


1 , 692, 323 


1893 


2, 842, 348 


1894 : 


4,111,423 


1895 


10,883,077 


1896 


9,041,903 


1897 


6,396,435 


1898- 


6,255,772 

8,570,980 


1899 


1900 


8,789,237 






Yearly average 


34,592,106 


23,288,840 


5,906,430 






1901 


33,226,924 


43, 788, 911 


13,339,065 







Wool clip, I860 to 1895. 

Pounds. 

1860 45, 000, 000 

1870 137, 000, 000 

1880 . 215, 000, 000 

1891 310, 000, 000 

1892 303, 738, 750 

1893 334,013,400 

1894 423,157,140 

1895 452,025,000 






124 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

ACQUISITION OF LANDS. 

The following laws rule the method and price for the acquisition 
of public lands as described, interested persons having to make 
application to the office for lands and colonies in Buenos Aires. All 
payments on public lands, either by installments or bills, may be 
effected in bonds of the internal debt as per law No. 3684 of May 7, 
1898, which are received at par. 

Law No. 817 of October 19, 1876. — Lands are divided up on the 
following plan : 

Sections of 20 square kilometers = 40,000 hectares, and these into 
lots of 100 hectares each, divided into — 

Hectares. 
4 town lots, subdivided into 526 manzanas of 100 by 100, with streets of 

20 meters •_ 400 

76 lots for public commons _ 7, 600 

320 lots to be sold 32,000 

400 40, 000 

Prices: Each hectare for colonies, $2.06 (national money), and each 
town lot of 50 by 50 meters, $2.06. 

The first are paid for in ten yearly payments, which commence from 
the second year of occupation of the land, for which bills for the ten 
payments are given, without interest. The second are sold for cash, 
the purchaser being obliged to build on and fence in his lot within 
one year, under the penalty of annulment of the concession. There 
are exceptions to the above prices in certain cases, namely: In the 
colonies of Santa Maria, Meliton, and El Dorado, situated in the prov- 
ince of Cordoba, department of the Union, the hectare is sold at 
$18.57 (national money), payable in ten yearly payments; in the Yerua 
colony, Concordia, province of Entre Rios, farms of 100 hectares 
cost, with house and wire fences, $57 the hectare — with only a fence 
$46.57, with neither house nor fence $28.57, also payable in ten yearly 
payments, in the way already explained. 

Law No. 1265 of November 3, 1882. — Lands are divided in accord- 
ance with the following plan : 

Hectares. 

Section of 400 kilometric leagues, say 1, 000, 000 

These in fractions of 100 leagues each 250. 000 

These in lots of 4 leagues each 10, 000 

Prices (sold only by public auction, for pasture lands) : In the 
Pampa and Patagonia, $516.50, in the Chaco, $774.75, per league of 
2,500 hectares. 

These prices serve as a basis at auctions, the following having been 
obtained in the last that have taken place (per league of 2,500 
hectares) : 

In the Pampa 84. 756.16 

In Santa Cruz 4. 274. 40 

In Tierra del Fuego 8. 340. SI 

In Neuquen 2. 318. 0? 

InChubut 1,837.14 



AGEICULTURE. 



125 



It is not permitted to acquire more than four lots under these con- 
ditions, or say 40,000 hectares, it being" compulsory to invest a capital 
of $500 for every 4 leagues in stock and buildings during the first two 
years. 

Payments are made in six installments, the first in cash and the 
five remaining by yearly promissory notes without interest; in case 
of failure in payments it is extended for a year, with 6 per cent inter- 
est per annum added. Should any payment be made in advance, the 
same rate of interest is allowed. 

Agricultural lands are sold direct to the interested party, the charge 
being : 

National money. 

In the Chaco and Misiones per hectare. . $2. 06 

In the Pampa and Patagonia do 1. 54 

Under these terms not more than 400 hectares can be acquired. 
Payments are effected in five annual installments, the first in cash, 
the other four by promissory notes without interest. During the 
first three years at least one-fifth of the land must be cultivated. 

Law No. 1501 of October 2, 1884. — This law authorizes the execu- 
tive power to establish pastoral colonies of 50 leagues each, sub- 
divided into lots of one-fourth of a league (625 hectares), which are 
granted gratuitously to Argentine citizens of age, with the obligation 
of absolutely occupying the land during five consecutive years, put- 
ting in a capital of $250 in stock, cultivating 10 hectares, and planting, 
200 trees. 

Law No. 2875 of November 21, 1891. — By the sixteenth article of 
this law the executive power is authorized to sell or dispose of by 
means of credit 2,500,000 hectares in the Chaco and Misiones, at the 
rate of $1,000 gold for each league of 2,500 hectares. This faculty has 
not been exercised up to the present time. 

Law No. S053 of January 5, 189 4. — Authorizes the executive power 
to sell to the tenants and occupants of the Territories of Santa Cruz 
and Chubut the land occupied by them before July 28, 1892, at the 
rate of $1,000 gold the kilometric league, to be paid the eighth part in 
cash, another eighth at four months, and the balance in four years. 

Summary of public lands, sold and unsold. 



Territories. 



Total area. 



Sold. 



Unsold. 



Hectares. 

Misiones 2,952,000 

Formosa 9,412,000 

Chaco 14,396,000 

Pampa 14,591,300 

Rio Negro 19,872,000 

Neuquen 9,648,000 

Chubut 24,252,000 

Santa Cruz 27,232,000 

Tierradel Fuego 2,081,900 

Los Andes 5,696,600 

Total 130,133,800 



Hectares. 
1,350,516 
1,435,747 
1,485,527 

11,789,308 
5,344,172 
3,525,602 
2,234,039 
2,599,425 
421, 479 



a. c. 

52 25 

79 54 

31 02 

54 80 

51 91 

65 10 

09 41 

67 31 

94 33 



Hectar 
1,601, 
7,976, 

12,910, 
2,801, 

14,527, 
6, 122, 

22,017, 

24,632, 
1,6(50, 
5,696, 



483 47 

252 20 

472 68 

991 -15 

827 48 



420 05 
600 .. 



30.185,820 105 67 



99,947,979 94 33 



l v 2(> • ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

LAND LAW SANCTIONED BY THE ARGENTINE CONGRESS AND PROMUL- 
GATED ON JANUARY 8, 1903. a 

Whereas the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine 
nation in Congress assembled have sanctioned the following law : 

Article 1. The Executive Power shall cause the State lands to be 
explored and surveyed, so as to determine their condition as to irriga- 
tion, their agricultural, pastoral, and forestal aptitudes and their suit- 
ableness for the utilizing of existing yerbales b and the promoting of 
other industries and for the founding of colonies and towns. 

Art. 2. As soon as the explorations shall have been made and the 
topographical statements shall have been drawn up, the Executive 
Power shall determine the several regions which may prove suitable 
for the different purposes mentioned in the preceding article and shall 
reserve such tracts as may be found fit fqr the founding of towns and 
the establishing of agricultural or pastoral colonies. The said tracts 
shall in due course of time be divided into lots according to their 
topographic conditions. The area of each agricultural lot shall not 
exceed one hundred hectares and that of each pastoral lot shall not 
exceed two thousand five hundred hectares, and not more than two 
agricultural lots or one pastoral lot shall be granted to one person or 
corporation. 

The remaining lands shall be let on lease or disposed of by public 
sale, such sales .not to exceed in the aggregate one thousand kilo- 
metric square leagues in each year and to be effected upon such 
terms as to time for payment and other conditions as the Executive 
Power may determine, but the sale price shall not be under forty 
cents gold or one dollar national currency per hectare as a minimum, 
payable within five years as a maximum, with interest at the rate of 
six per cent per annum. No person or corporation shall, either directly 
or by transfer made previous to the payment of the full price, be 
allowed to acquire by purchase or on lease more than four solares c 
or two agricultural lots or one pastoral lot in the reserved lands, nor 
more than 20,000 hectares in the remaining lands. 

Art. 3 The Executive Power is hereby authorized to deliver the 
definitive title to purchasers who shall have paid in cash one-sixth of 
the purchase price and shall have complied with the conditions laid 
down for settling and stocking, the property being charged on mort- 
gage for the amount of the bills to be signed for the instalments due. 
The titles shall be in the form of certificates issued from counter-reg- 
isters to be kept at the proper offices, and such certificates shall have 
the force of public deeds and shall be registered in the respective pub- 
lic registers. The titles to town and colony lots and the leases shall 
be in the same form. 

a Official translation of the Government. 
& Land covered with verba mate shrubbery. 
£ Town lots. 






LAND LAW. 127 

Art. 4. It shall be obligatory for Lessees and acquirers to stock their 
tenements and erect buildings thereon, to the value of at least five 
hundred dollars national currency per kilometric league, within such 
time as the Executive Power maj^ determine. 

Art. 5. The minimum price of each town lot shall be ten dollars 
currency and that of agricultural lots (chacras) and quintas a two dol- 
lars and fifty cents per hectare, payable in six annual instalments. 

Art. 6. It shall be obligatory for acquirers of town lots to fence 
them and to build on them a dwelling and accessories within a 
year. Grantees of chacras and quintas shall within two years build a 
dwelling and cultivate the land in such proportions as the Executive 
Power may determine for each colony. 

Art. 7. The Executive Power is hereby authorized to sell by private 
contract lots not exceeding 2,500 hectares for pastoral colonization 
in the pastoral colonies or outside of them in such lands as are not 
specially intended for agriculture, at not less than the minimum of 
prices and within the terms established in article 2, and upon the con- 
ditions as to settling and stocking established in article 4 hereof. 
This authorization extends likewise to any remainders not exceeding 
one-tenth of the area of the respective lots sold in any form. 

Art. 8. The Executive Power is hereby further authorized to 
make to first settlers gratuitous grants not exceeding one-fifth part 
of the town lots and of those intended for agricultural or pastoral 
colonies. 

Art. 9. Lessees who shall have complied with the conditions of 
the lease will be entitled to purchase up to one- half of the respective 
leasehold at the upset prices hereinbefore determined. 

Art. 10. Any lease of State lands and any grant or sale of town 
or other lots in respect of which default shall have been made in the 
fulfilment of the obligations hereby imposed or of those which the 
Executive Power may establish, is liable to be declared null and void, 
and any improvements made or sums paid will be forfeited to the 
benefit of the State. 

Art. 11. Purchasers at auction not complying with the conditions 
hereby established for settling and stocking shall pay a fine equal to 
twice the amount of the assessed land tax during the time of their 
default in so complying. 

Art. 12. With respect to irrigated or irrigable lands and to those 
which the Executive Power might acquire for agricultural coloniza- 
tion by virtue of special authorization granted by Congress, the sale 
prices will be determined by the respective regulations, but shall not 
be under cost prices. 

Art. 13. The Executive Power is hereby authorized to undertake the 
colonization of lands which the provinces might offer for that purpose 
upon such terms as it may think fit. 



Garden lots. 



128 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Art. 14. Notaries and other officers executing conveyances of lands 
in the national territories shall within three months of each such con- 
veyance inform the Land and Colony Department of the respective 
sales and of the particulars thereof, and failing such information they 
shall be liable to pay a fine equal to the amount of the assessed land 
tax. 

Art. 15. Islands may not be disposed of by sale, but they may be let 
on lease by the Executive Power. The sale of lands known to contain 
deposits of salt, ore, coal, or petroleum, or springs of medicinal waters, 
shall be subject to the provisions of the Mining Code. The Executive 
Power may oppose any mining claims in the territories which it may 
explore. 

Art. 16. Henceforth the occupation of State lands will not be 
recognized as giving any preferential right as to their acquisition. 

Art. 17. The Executive Power shall promote the submission of the 
Indian tribes by means of missions and by grants of land and of means 
of working it. 

Art. 18. Until a special forest law shall have been enacted, the 
Executive Power shall be at liberty to grant up to 10,000 hectares of 
woodland for a consideration of ten per cent of the value of the timber 
at the station or port of shipment, and for a term not exceeding ten 
years. 

Lessees of wooded lands shall not be allowed to fell trees, except in 
so far as may be necessary for fencing purposes or for providing fuel 
for their own use, unless they shall also have obtained the concession 
for the industrial working of the woods and shall, independently from 
the rent, also pay the said ten per cent. This concession shall not be 
granted to any person other than the lessee. 

Lands already granted for the working of woods shall not be leased 
for agricultural or pastoral purposes to any person other than the 
actual lessees. 

The Executive Power shall reserve for the requirements of the dif- 
ferent localities the right of working the woods within such bounda- 
ries as it may determine in each case. 

Art. 19. The concessions for utilizing yerbales on State lands shall 
be governed by such regulations as the Executive Power may dictate. 
An inspection tax of fifty cents national currency per 10 kilos will be 
levied on yerba mate gathered in State tenements and of thirty cents 
per 10 kilos on that gathered in private estates. 

After the yerbales shall have been explored the Executive Power 
may sell or lease the lands containing them, divided into such lots 
and subject to such conditions as may be found conducive to adequate 
settlement thereon, and in the case of leasehold tenures the right to 
utilize and work the yerbales shall include the right to utilize and 
work the woods the land may contain, and vice versa. 

Art 20, From the date of the promulgation hereof all the rural 



LAND LAW. 129 

estates situated in the Provinces or in the National Territories which the 
Banco Nacional en Liquidacion may have received in payment from 
its debtors shall be under the control and management of the Minis- 
ter of Agriculture, who shall cause them to be examined and classified 
in accordance with and for the purposes of this law. 

Art. 21. Save the provisions relating to immigration contained in 
the Law of the 19th of October, 1876, all general land, forest, and 
yebales laws are hereby repealed, and shall only apply in relation to 
matters now pending. 

Art.' 22. Let it be communicated to the Executive Power. 

Given at the Sessions Hall of the Argentine Congress at Buenos 
Aires this thirtieth day of December, one thousand nine hundred 
and two. 

Jose E. Uriburu, 
Adolfo J. Labougle, 

Secretary to the Senate. 

Benito Villanueva. 

Alejandro Sorondo, 
* Secretary to the Chamber of Deputies. 

Now, therefore, let it be observed as a law of the nation, and let it 
be communicated, published, and registered in the National Register. 

Roca, 

w. escalante. 
Registered under No. 4167. 



Buenos Aires, January 28th, 1903. 

By virtue of the land law sanctioned the 8th of January of the 
present year 

The President of the Republic decrees: 

Art. 1. According to article 7th of said law there should be offered 
for sale 400 kilometric square leagues in the following lots situated in 
the Territory of Chubut: 

In Section B, II — The whole of the subdivision A, excepting the 
lots 8 and 18; the whole of the subdivision B, excepting the lots 8 and 
25; in the subdivision C the lots 1, 2, 3, and 10; in the subdivision 
D, the lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, and 23; 

In Section C, I — In the subdivisions A the lots 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 
17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25; and the whole of the subdivision D, 
excepting the lots 8, 14, 16, 17, and 18. 

Art. 2. For the purpose of this sale the Division of Lands and Col- 
onies shall divide each lot into four parts of 2,500 hectares each and 
put at the disposal of the interested parties the description of said 
lands drawn by Don Clemente Onelli. 

Art. 3. The sale price sliall be one dollar national currency per 
hectare, during the present year, to which shall be added six cents 

573a— 03 9 



130 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

per hectare for cost of survey, and shall be paid under the following 
conditions : 

The tenth part of the price of the land and the cost of the survey 
in cash when the provisional bill of sale is made, and the balance in 
five yearly installments bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent per 
annum. 

Art. 4. No person shall be allowed to acquire more than 2,500 hec- 
tares. 

Art. 5. Each buyer must fulfill the following conditions: 

(a). Be an Argentine citizen, native born, or naturalized within two 
years from the date of the sale. 

(b) Be more than 22 years of age, if a man, or, in case of widows, 
there must be a son of at least 16 years of age. 

(c) Colonize the land personally and stock it within the first two 
years with 400 sheep, or one cow for every five sheep, besides the 
necessary dwelling, pens, or enclosures (corrales), and to plant 100 
trees for each 2,500 hectares. 

(d) Until the title of ownership is obtained the woods or forests that 
may exist on the land cannot be utilized, except for the purposes of 
fire wood and fencing. 

Art. 6. All applications for the purchase of lands must be directly 
addressed to the Division of Lands and Colonies, either by registered 
letter or telegram, within thirty days from the 1st day of March of the 
present year; thirty days later another period of equal duration will 
be opened for the sale of the remaining lots, and this arrangement 
will continue until the end of the year. The application shall con- 
tain the name, residence, age, nationality, civil state, number and sex 
of the children, and previous occupation of the applicant. 

Art. 7. The Division of Lands and Colonies shall provide to the 
proposed purchaser a provisional bill of sale stating the situation, 
area and boundaries of the land allotted, and his corresponding obli- 
gations. In case the purchaser does not withdraw his provisional bill 
of sale and make the first payment within sixty days of the sale he 
shall lose his right to the land. Payments can be made by drafts pay- 
able to the order of the Division of Lands and Colonies. 

Art. 8. The Executive Power shall deliver to the purchasers the 
definite title when the first payment is made and the obligations con- 
tained in paragraph c, art. 5, have been fulfilled, the property being 
held in mortgage until the final installments are made. 

Art. 9. If at the end of the second year the purchaser has not ful- 
filled the conditions of colonizing, the sale shall be declared null and 
void and any improvements made or installments paid shall be for- 
feited to the benefit of the State. The same applies to the nonpay- 
ment of any of the installments due before the title of ownership has 
been obtained, 



PUBLIC LANDS. 



131 



Art. 10. The lands purchased cannot be transferred until the last 
installment has been paid. 

Art. 11. Let it be communicated, published, and registered in the 
National Register. 

Roca, 

\V. ESCALANTB. 

Prices of private lands.— The prices at which private lands have 
been sold can be estimated from the following table (in dollars gold 
per hectare) : 



Locality. 


North. 


Northeast. 


Northwest. 


Buenos Aires: 

50 kilos from C. F... 






$100.00 to $350. 00 
60.00 to 250.00 
50.00 to 100.00 
30.00 to 50.00 


50 to 100 kilos from C. F 






100 to 200 kilos from C. F 






200 to 400 kilos from C. F . . . 






Santa Fe 


$1. 00 to $12. 00 

6.00 to 25.00 

.50 to 4.00 




Entre Rios 






Cordoba 






Pampa 


$5. 00 to $10. 00 

200. 00 to 400. 00 
70. 00 to 2.50. 00 
50. 00 to 100. 00 
15.00 to 40.00 
7.00 to 12.00 


2.00 to 7.00 

150.00 to 300.00 
50. 00 to 100. (X) 
15. 00 to 50. 00 
12. 00 to 50.00 
15.00 to 50.00 
12.00 to 70. (K) 

8.00 to 40.00 
10.00 to 20.00 

5.00 to 12.00 


Buenos Aires: 

50 kilos from C.F.... 




50 to 100 kilos from C. F 




100 to 200 kilos from C. F... 




200 to 400 kilos from C. P... 




Over 400 kilos from C. F 




Santa Fe. 




Entre Rios 






Cordoba 




.25 to 2.00 


Corrientes 




Buenos Aires: 

50 kilos from C. F 


190. 00 to 300. 00 
40.00 to 100.00 

100. 00 to 300. 00 
10.00 to 40.00 
15. 00 to 40. 00 
12.00 to 40.00 
8. 00 to 40. 00 


200.00 to 350.00 
50. 00 to 120. 00 
200. 00 to 350. 00 
15. 00 to 50. 00 
5.00 to 12.00 
10. 00 to 20.00 
8. 00 to 40. 00 


50 to 100*kilos from C. F 




50 to 200 kilos from C. F 




200 to 400 kilos from C. F 




Over 400 kilos from C. F 




Santa Fe... 


12.00 to 70.00 

12.00 to 40.00 

2.00 to 10.00 

.25 to 3.00 


Entre Rios 


Cordoba 


Pampa 


2 to 5.00 




| 







Irrigated valleys: 

Chubut §(50 to $100 

Rio Negro ao to 60 

Highlands: 

Rio Negro and Neuquen i to 4 

Santa Cruz _ 1 to 6 

Public lands available. — The fiscal lands which can be purchased 
or rented are the following: 

Hectares. 

In Santa Cruz 24, 949, 976 

In Chubut 22, 545, 742 

In Rio Negro 15,087,470 

In Chaco 13, 025, 450 

In Neuquen 6, 174, 158 

In Formosa 8, 676, 180 

InPampa 3,124,802 

In Tierra del Fuego 1, 886, 809 

In Misiones 792, 000 

Total ; 96,262,487 



132 



AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 



Land investments- 



[Santa Cruz, east of Neuquen, Rio Negro, and Chubut.] 
[Values in gold.] 





Land bought with a capital of— 


Formation of the capital. 


$10,000. 


$25,000. 


$50,000. 




Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Land at $2.50 per hectare 


1,400 

2,800 

10 

10 


$3,500 

4,200 

120 

200 

1,930 


3,200 

6,000 

50 

20 


$8,000 

9,000 

500 

400 

7,000 


6,800 

13,000 

50 

30 


$17,000 




19,500 


Cows at $12 each 


600 


Horses at|20each 


600 




12,000 








Totals 




10,000 




25,000 




50,000 









[Center, north, and south of Pampa, south of San Luis Neuquen and Rio Negro.] 



Land at $1.25 per hectare. .. 

Cows at $8 each 

Sheep at $1 each 

Horses at $15 each. 

Houses, wirings, wells, etc 

Totals 



1,800 

700 

1,000 

10 



$2,250 

5,600 

1,000 

150 

1,000 



10,000 



4,000 

1,500 

1,000 

20 



$5,000 
12,000 

1,000 
300 

6,700 



25,000 



8,000 

3,300 

1,000 

30 



$10,000 

26,400 

1,000 

450 

11,650 



50,000 



[East, southeast, and nor 


rtieast of Pampa/ 










1,000 

350 

1,000 

10 


$5,000 

2,800 

1,000 

200 

1,000 


2,000 

850 

2,000 

15 


$10,000 

6,800 

2,000 

300 

5,900 


4,400 

1,800 

4,000 

30 


$22,000 


Cows at $8 each . --. 


14,400 




4,000 


Horses at $20 each 


600 




9,000 








Totals 




10,000 




25,000 




50,000 




* 





[West and southeast part of Buenos Aires, southwest of Santa Fe, 


and south of Cordoba.] 


Land at $10 per hectare . 


520 
350 

1,000 
10 


$5,200 

2,800 

1,000 

200 

800 


1,400 

700 

1,500 

10 


$14,000 

5,600 

1,500 

200 

3,700 


2,800 

1,500 

2,000 

20 


$28,000 


Cows at $8 each a 


12,000 


Sheep at $1 each . 


2.000 


Horses at $20 each 


'400 




7,600 








Totals 




10,000 




25,000 




50,000 









[Territories of Santa Cruz, east of Neuquen, Rio Negro or Chubut, Pampa, Buenos Aires or 

Santa Fe.] 





Land rented with a capital of— 


Formation of the capital. . 


$10,000. 


$25,000. 


$50,000. 




Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Sheep at $1.50 each 


5,800 


$8,700 


14,500 
50 

20 


$21,750 

600 

400 

2,250 


30,000 
50 
40 


$45,000 


Cows at $12 each 


600 




15 


300 
1,000 


800 




3,600 








Totals 




10,000 




25,000 


50,000 













[Center, north and south of Pampa, south of San Luis, Neuquen and Rio Negro, extreme west 
and southwest of Buenos Aires, south of Santa Fe and Cordoba, east, southeast, and northeast 
of Pampa.] 





950 

1,000 

20 


$7,600 

1,000 

300 

1,100 


2,700 

1,000 

20 


$21,600 

1,000 

300 

2,100 


5.600 

1,500 

40 


$44,800 




1.500 




600 




3, 100 








Totals 




10,000 




25,000 




50.000 









WAGES. 133 

Wages of laborers. — The salaries for hired labor are the following: 

The wages per day of laborers in places far removed from the towns are — 

Agricultural laborers, per day, with food and lodging $1. 00 to $1. 50 

Agricultural laborers, per day, with food and lodging, during the 

harvest months 1. 50 to 3. 00 

Laborers in towns and villages 1 . 50 to 3. 00 

Railway and Government laborers 1. 00 to 2. 50 

Factory laborers 2. 00 to 4. 00 

Camp laborers, with horses, including food and lodging 1 . 00 to 1 . 50 

Camp laborers, without horses, including food and lodging, per 

month 12. 00 to 22. 00 

Gardeners, smiths, coachmen, and mechanical laborers, with food 

and lodging, per month 20. 00 to 40. 00 

Shearers, with food and lodging, per 100 sheep 2. 00 to 3. 50 

Cattle drivers, per kilometer . 10 to .12 

Excavators, per cubic meter . . 10 to .20 



CHAPTER VI. 

STOCK RAISING. 

Favorable conditions. — There is perhaps no other country in the 
world possessing so vast an area of rich land on which, owing to the 
exceptionally favorable climatic conditions, live stock is born, bred, 
and fattened entirely in the prairie without need of artificial shelter, 
and there is certainly no other where animals feed exclusively on 
natural grasses the soil of which can be tilled at any time of the year. 

Arable land.— -The 728,680,000 acres (2,950,120 square kilometers) 
constituting Argentine territory are divided into 253,195,000 acres of 
arable land and 475,485,000 acres under forest are covered ~by moun- 
tains, lakes, rivers, arid regions, towns, and cities. About 240,000,000 
acres may be utilized for agriculture and animal industry without 
irrigation-, and over 10,000,000 can be irrigated. 

Soil. — Three-fourths of the arable land is formed of vast plains — 
crossed by low hillocks — of alluvial deposits of recent volcanic and 
granitic origin, composed of fine, light, often loose and seldom stiff, 
siliceous soils, free from stones, generally permeable — as are also their 
subsoils — of a depth varying from 2-| to 12^ centimeters, which nearly 
always contain a considerable proportion of vegetable earth. They 
are therefore in the highest degree excellent for agriculture and for 
growing the most refined species of forage plants. The land in the 
east, north, center, and west of Buenos Aires, and in the southern 
part of Cordoba and Santa Fe has a light, pumiceous soil, often form- 
ing downs which allow an easy drainage and may be considered as 
the very best in the world. In the southern part of Buenos Aires 
the soil becomes lighter and more sandy. Toward the west stretch 
the extensive plains of the Pampa, formed of a light, sandy, humif- 
erous soil, which becomes more fertile in Mendoza and San Juan, 
where it is very deep, often mixed with pebbles, and rests on a sub- 
soil formed exclusively of shingle, which favors the natural drainage 
and thus facilitates irrigation. The province of San Luis is similarly 
formed, but in general the soil is not so deep and is less humiferous 
than in the two former provinces. In the mountainous provinces of 
the north — Tucuman, Salta, Jujuy, and Catamarca — black vegetable 
soil of great fertilit}^, which in the bottom of the valleys sometimes 
attains a depth of 1 meter 20 centimeters to 1 meter 50 centimeters, is 
the rule. The soil of Rioja is similar though slightly less fertile than 
the former, and that of Chaco and Formosa is lighter but quite as fer- 
134 




>* 




m 



LIVE STOCK. 



135 



tile. The soil of Santiago is almost identical with that of the north of 
Cordoba and Santa Fe, where the table lands are sandy, somewhat 
dry, and wooded. In Entre Rios and in the south of Corrientes the 
soil is sandy, sometimes clayey, and often light. The north of Corri- 
entes and the greater part of Misiones have very rich, slightly clayey, 
and ferruginous soils. Finally, in the southern territories, Rio Negro, 
Neuquen, Chubut, Santa Crnz, and Tierra del Fnego, the soil has the 
same physical features as in the Pampa, and is generally light and 
sandy, with the exception, however, of the bottom of the valleys, where 
clayey and hnmiferous rich soil is always found. 

Sheep and cattle. — In round numbers there are about 100,000,000 
sheep and 30,000,000 cattle in the Argentine. Near the cities many 
large farms are occupied by the dairjnnen, who provide the cit} x with 
milk and butter. They have some very fine breeds of cattle, which 
they milk at all times of the day. The cattle wander over a large 
area of grazing ground and remain in the open air day and night, 
summer and winter. It is not uncommon for one of these large dairy 
establishments to have from 4,000 to 5,000 cows. 

Live stock. — The live stock (horned cattle, horses, sheep, swine, 
and goats) owned in the Republic in 1895 is stated as follows: 



Provinces. 


Horned 
cattle. 


Horses. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 


C4oats. 


East or Littoral 


15,755,368 
2,956,192 
860,299 
1,106,823 
1,022,844 


3,038,619 
673,190 
195,795 
163,531 
375, 724 


62,241,586 

3,570,868 

427, 762 

1,036,867 

7,102,479 


416,442 
96,642 
52,890 
65,252 
21,540 


92,817 

1,534,164 

580, 229 


Central ... 


West or Andean. 




&58, 014 




183, 636 






Total 


21,701,526 
21,961,657 


4,446,859 
4,234,032 


74,379,562 
66,706,095 


652,766 
393,758 


2, 748, K60 


Total in 1888 


1,884,755 







The total sheej) stock of the Republic in 1809 is estimated at about 
85,000,000, and its wool parcel at 200,000 tons. 

The provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, and Corrientes are the 
principal live-stock raisers. 

Live-stock investments from 1888 to 1901. — The following table gives 
the amount of capital invested in live stock from 1888 to 1901, the 
actual number of stock, and the species per kilometer: 

[A, census of 1888; B, calculated in 1901; C, actual number; D, probable number.] 





Number of heads. 


Species per 
kilometer. 




A. 


B. 


C. 


D - 


Cattle.. 


21,961,657 

4,234,032 

417,494 

66,706,099 

393,758 
1,894,386 


30,000,000 

5,6(X),0<)<> 

500, (XX) 

120,000,000 

800,000 

3,100,000 


10 

2 

. 26 

40 

.30 

1 


40 




20 




10 


Sheep. 


250 


Pigs 


lit 


Goats 


15 







136 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Current prices of live stock on the estancia (these do not include 
prices for especially raised cattle which would naturally he much 
higher than those quoted) : 

Current prices, per head (gold) , of cattle on an estancia. 

[Not including prices of breeding stock.] 

Cows, averaging from calves of 12 months to cows of 3 to 8 years- $7. 00 to $12. 00 

Cows from 8 to 9 years, for fattening 8. 00 to 10. 00 

Fat steers of over 600 kilos 30. 00 to 35. 00 

Fat steers, 550 to 600 kilos 25.00 to 30.00 

Fat steers, 500 to 550 kilos 18. 00 to 25.00 

Lean steers for fattening * 12. 00 to 25. 00 

Draft oxen 20. 00 to 25. 00 

Sheep, averaging 2£ kilos wool . 90 to 2. 00 

Fat wethers from 18 to 36 months and weighing more than 65 kilos _ 3. 00 to 4. 50 

Fat wethers from 55 to 63 kilos 2.50to 3.00 

Mares, at an average 7. 00 to 15. 00 

Young saddle horses from 3 to 4 years '. 10. 00 to 20. 00 

Young draft horses 30. 00 to 70.00 

Saddle horses ._ 15. 00 to 25.00 

Draft horses ' 60.00 to 100.00 

The live-stock industry is, for Argentina, its most lucrative busi- 
ness, principally owing to the cheapness of land, whether purchased 
or rented, the price of cattle, and the economical means of fattening 
them from natural grasses. The interests yields depends largety on 
the amount of capital invested, as owing to the system of breeding, 
the cost of maintenance does not always bear the same proportion 
to the amount of live stock kept, since the expenses are relatively less 
as the number of cattle increases. Thus the cost of tending 500 or 1,000 
head of cattle would be practically the same, and to tend 2,000 the 
expense would be scarcely 50 per cent more than that required for 
1,000. Consequently it is an advantageous arrangement for persons 
with small capital to combine, as in this way the expenses are lessened. 

The animal industry is carried on in three different ways, namely: 
(a) On purchased land, (b) on rented land, (c) in partnership with the 
landowner. 

The amount of stock, land, etc., that can be worked according to 
the capital invested — taking the same basis in different regions, but 
leaving out the richest grounds in the provinces of Buenos Ayres, 
Entre Rios, and Santa Fe, where on purchased land the net profits 
from breeding and fattening are considerable — is estimated at from 
12 to 15 per cent and on rented lands from 20 to 25 per cent. 

When persons of limited capital are desirous of starting pastoral 
farming, it is usually done in partnership with the landowner in the 
following manner: The landowner provides a house, pens, and fences, 
or inclosure, besides the necessary land for carrying a flock of S00 
sheep. The farmer, on the other hand, is obliged to provide another 



LIVE STOCK. 



137 



800 sheep and to his account corresponds their care, the accruing 
profits being equally divided between them, after deducting the cost 
of clipping and shearing, which is advanced by the landowner. 
These contracts are usually made for three years, but at the end of 
every year there is a settlement from the profits made on the sales of 
wool, sheep, and skins, and at the end of three years the increase in 
animals is divided equally. 

The necessary capital required for a farmer to go into the business 
under the above conditions is : 

Gold. 

800 sheep, at $1 $800 

6 horses, at $15 90 

For furniture, implements, keep, etc 250 

Total 1,140 

With this capital and with sheep capable of producing from 2{- to 3 
kilograms of wool, the net profits corresponding to the farmer may be 
estimated from $500 to $700. 

Imports of live stock. — The imports of fine live stock (which are 
admitted duty free) have been heavy for the past few years, as Argen- 
tine cattle raisers have spent large sums of money in improving their 
stock. Argentine ports were closed to the importation of fine live 
stock from England, France, and other countries in 1900, on account 
of several shipments having arrived with foot-and-mouth disease 
among the cattle. 

The imports during the past five years have been : 





1896. 


1897. 


1898. 


1899. 


1900. 


Cattle 


1,023 

111,809 

190 


1,336 

57,400 
257 


957 

31,015 

298 


2,183 

42,614 

202 


732 


Sheep _ 


10, 898 




280 







The above figures include every class of animals. 

The export trade in live stock (no export duty) has become very 
important, but the outbreak of the foot-and-mouth disease closed 
English and European ports to Argentine live stock. 

The Minister of Agriculture published a decree on February 19, 
1902, reopening the Argentine ports to British cattle. For a number 
of months past such animals have been excluded by the authorities 
because of the prevalence of tubercular diseases among them. 

Export of live stock, 1898-1900. — According to figures published in 
1898 the number of cattle was 20,779,109, so that the increase for the 
two years was 5,355,787. 

The export of live stock in 1898, 1899, and 1900 was as follows: 





Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Horses. 


Mules. 


1898 


121,329 
106,346 
39,626 


574, 285 
500,855 
169,514 


5,037 
4,394 
27,660 


2,109 


1899... - 


865 


1900 


849 







138 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

1 The large export of horses was principally for the British Govern- 
ment, in South Africa, the average price being between $30 and $35 
gold. 

Butcher industry. — The butcher industry is also a very important 
one. The principal products are jerked beef (exported to Brazil and 
Cuba), and preserved meat and extract of meat, which are exported 
to Europe. 

Argentina is one of the principal wool-producing countries of the 
world. The clip commences in September and the exports in October. 

The raising of stock for market purposes is becoming a very impor- 
tant industry. The Argentine " estancieros " have caref ully bred 
stock of all kinds and make constant efforts to preserve the purity of 
the breeds. Great emulation exists among the stock raisers. 

Water supply. — Good water may be easily obtained throughout 
nine-tenths of the territorial area. In the other tenth the benefit 
derived would not warrant the expense entailed by irrigation. Water 
is generally extracted from ordinal wells at a depth varying from 
1 meter 50 centimeters to 28 meters 50 centimeters, the average being 
about 7 meters 50 centimeters. In the majority of cases in which 
artesian and semiartesian wells have been sunk springs have been 
found at the following depths : 

Meters. 

Buenos Aires 12 to 245 

Entre Rios 4 to 85 

Santa Fe 4 to 72 

Corrientes 5 to 67 

Cordoba 32 to 322 

San Luis . '. 150 to 415 

Santiago del Estero 60 to 500 

Catamarca 85 to 500 

Rioja 11 to 126 

Tucuman 60 to 310 

Pampa 44 to 84 

Misiones, Formosa, Chaco _ 7 to 265 

Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz ■_ _,. 56 to 175 

Wells. — Over 3,000 of these wells have been sunk and 400 of them 
are artesian, the rest being semiartesian. 

Indigenous and acclimatized grasses. — The principal acclimatized 
grasses and forage plants are : 

In the Antarctic and Southern Andine region : Lathyrus magellani- 
cus, Lathyrus nervosus, Hierochloe redoleus, Deschampsia kingii, 
Poa csespitosa, Poa robusta, Yicia graminea, Vicia patagonica, 
Adesmia lotoides, Alopecurns alpinus, Phleum alpinum, Agrostis 
magellanica, Deschampsia flexuosa, Crisetum parvulam, Festuea 
purpurascens, Festuea f ueguiana, Bromus coloratus, Bronius macran- 
thus, Tristicum magellanicum, Elimus antarticus, Yicia negricans. 






GRASSES. 139 

In the Patagonian region: Lahyrus cericeus, Phacelia cercinata, 
Bromus pictus, Tristicum magellanicum, Vicia patagonica, Stipa 
patagonica, Danthonia picta, Distichlis scoparia, Poa lanuginosa, Poa 
pallens, Poa patagonica, Hordeum eompressum, Elymus agropyroid.es, 
Erodium geoides, Erodium cicutarium. 

In the Pampean region : Triticum repens, Bromus umioloides, 
Bromus mollis; Lolium brasilianum, Medicago maculata, Medicago 
denticulata, Medicago lupulina, Melilotus parriflora, Trifolium math- 
ewsii, Trifolium polymorphum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, 
Adesmia gresea, Vicia Montevideensis, Vicia nana, Lathyrus pubes- 
cens, Echium plantageneum, Paspalum notatum, Paspalum platycau- 
ton, Paspalum distehyrum, Paspalum pumilum, Paspalum dilitatum, 
Panicum colonum, Panicum capillare, Panicum najadum, Panicum 
sanguinali, Bromus antelicus, Bromus mollis, Bromus inioloides, 
Avena scabrivalvis, Boutelona multiseta, Briza elegans, Chloriscitiata, 
Chloris distichophylla, Eleusine indica, Hordeum murinum, Piptochac- 
tium tuberculatem, Poa bonariensis, Poa lanigera, Polypogon inter- 
ruptus, Polypogon mompliensis, Setaria gracilis, Setaria geniculata, 
Stipa hyalina, Stipa papposa, Andropogon mitans, Erodium geoides, 
Erodium cicutarium, Erodium mochatum, Erodium malachoides. 

Subtropical region: Desmodium adscendens, Chloris berychiana, 
Chloris polydactyla, Desmodium unicinatum, Fornia diphylla, Rhyn- 
chosia monosperma, Bromus unioloides, Andropogon loliaceus, Andro- 
pogon saccharoides. 

Northern Andine region: Glyejrrhiza astragalina, Tripolium math- 
ewsii, Lathyrus macropus, Heliotropum chrysanthum, Ipsum mendo- 
cinum, Monroa mendocina, Tillandsia. 

In the rougher camps of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Cordoba, San 
Luis, and Pampa and Rio Negro alfalfa {Medicago sativa) and other 
perennial fine grasses are sown on a large scale, the cost of sowing 
being practically insignificant, as the grass seeds are put down with 
wheat, oats, or maize and the land used for pasturage after the crops 
are gathered. 

Feeding capacity. — The prairies of Buenos Aires, EntreRios, Santa 
Fe, and south of Cordoba have a feeding capacity of from four to five 
sheep per acre, and those of Pampa, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa 
Cruz, and Corrientes from one-half to four sheep per acre. Bueuos 
Aires, Entre Rios, Santa Fe, Cordoba, Corrientes, San Luis, Pampa, 
Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, and Santa Cruz are especially adapted 
for breeding cattle, sheep, and horses. Pigs can be advantageously 
bred in all the southern territories, and goats in the northern, central, 
and Andine provinces and territories. In Mendoza, San Juan, Salta, 
Jujuy, and Catamarca cattle are pastured on irrigated camps sown 
with "alfalfa," where from three to six head are pastured per acre, 
with a fattening capacity of three to four steers per acre. 



140 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Average price of the principal agricultural and pastoral products during the five 

years 1896-1900. 

[In gold, Buenos Aires market.] 



Products. 


Quantity. 


1896. 


1897. 


1898. 


1899. 


1900. 


Wool 


10 kilograms 

. .do .. 


$1.86 

2.85 

17.27 
.13 

1.72 
2.83 
4.61 
46.98 
3.73 
2.71 
1.00 
2.80 
3.70 
7.82 


$1.86 

2.98 

15.26 

.11 

1.26 
3.01 
5.09 
41.11 
4.49 
3.64 
1.81 
3.30 
5.90 
8.79 


$2.08 

2.90 

18.75 
.14 

1.71 
3.26 
5.89 

46.25 
4.15 
3.39 
1.40 
3.50 
5.00 

11.10 


$2.88 

3.29 

18.97 
.21 

1.59 
3.43 
3.74 

49.71 
4.53 
2.23 
1.24 
3.60 
3.40 

10.98 


$2.56 


Cowhides: 


3.32 


Salted 


100 kilograms 

1 kilogram.. 

Each 


19.90 


Sheepskins 


.21 


Mare hides: 


1.75 


Salted 


.do . 


3.20 


Goatskins 


10 kilograms 

Per 1,000 


6.37 


Horns . . 


67.23 


Horsehair 


10 kilograms 

100 kilograms 

do .. 


5.02 


Wheat 


2.67 


Maize 


1.62 


Linseed 


do 


5.40 


Flour 


do 


3.20 


Alfalfa 


1,000 kilograms.. 


12.70 







Export of cattle and sheep to various countries during the five years 1897-1901. 

CATTLE. 



SHEEP. 



Country. 


1897. 


1898. 


1899. 


1900. 


1901. 




5,647 
24,612 
54,929 

1,455 
62,537 


4,882 

46,016 

40,512 

370 

167,960 


4,399 

22,325 

16,748 

146 

174,217 


5,732 
24,113 
22,501 
16 
60,699 




Brazil 




Chile... 








Uruguay , 










149,180 


259,740 


217,835 


113,061 










334 
1,985 


59 
773 
543 
3 
976 


1,758 

87 
585 


2,960 
286 
186 












Italy 


343 
3,196 






621 


31 










83,083 


96,903 
299 


91,264 


34,026 




Various 
















88,941 


99,556 


94,315 


37,489 








Total 


238,121 


359,296 


312,150 


150,550 


a 119, 189 






Value (gold) 


$5,018,222 


$7,690,450 


$6,824,010 


$3,678,150 


$1. 980. 372 







Bolivia 


10,568 
1,461 

12,774 

131 

4,643 


3,794 
1,856 
3,909 


6,794 
4,654 

856 


5,310 

757 

2,293 




Brazil 




Chile 




Paraguay 




Uruguay 


5,076 


24,756 


2,005 










29,577 


14,635 


37,060 


10,365 








Africa 


4,626 

16,885 


5,362 

9,152 

1,911 

14 

89,509 


3,776 
1.900 
2,295 


7.502 

1.220 

799 












Italy 








99,849 


91,680 


14,900 










353,191 


455,728 
1,502 


406,747 


160.316 
3,000 




Various 














474,551 


563,178 


506,398 


187. 737 








Total 


504,128 


577,813 


543.458 


198.102 


a 25. 746 






Value (gold) 


$1,512,684 


$1,733,963 


$1,631,041 


$594. 675 


$78,248 







«No details available. 



CATTLE IMPOETS. 

Live-stock industry. 



141 





Cattle. 


Horses. 


Mules. 


Sheep. 


Pigs. 


PROVINCES. 


16,399 
7,745,896 

2,315,007 

2,784,810 

2,893,256 

1,884,926 

479,964 

591,302 

268,746 

69,288 

246,750 

275,515 

426,869 

550,599 

129,355 

70,259 

41,424 

83,952 

530,162 

173,706 

82,050 

29,944 

10,551 

796 


35,190 

1,675,385 

404,356 

514,597 

409,091 

418,434 

142,809 

111,497 

80,590 

38,161 

38,803 

38,241 

68,944 

72,000 

32,587 

21,516 

3,136 

4,427 

229,003 

57,015 

39,599 

12,907 

7,858 

263 


1,025 
10,273 
17,745 

9,720 
15,392 
71,492 
33,113 
39,833 
18,838 
29,797 
43,625 
38,815 
44,981 
38,035 
54,953 

3,486 

634 

976 

3,486 

4,927 

888 

265 

8 

62 


7,072 

52,630,451 

1,988,777 

6,210,185 

1,405,101 

2,594,662 

552,977 

423,229 

169,937 

59,583 

72,812 

125,430 

99, 114 

272,956 

664,797 

6,251 

2,439 

7,671 

5,295,177 

357,429 

1,009,777 

47,306 

369,264 

7,165 


6,870 




248,720 




82,366 




53,810 




24,676 




51,607 




6,534 




38,501 




22,069 




11,211 




8,887 




10,723 




31,272 


Salta... -- 


23,009 




10,971 


TERRITORIES. 


8,809 




826 




5,332 




3,326 




1,486 




563 


Chubut 


1,138 




7 




63 






Total 


21,701,526 


4,446,859 


483,369 


74,379,562 


652,766 







Imports and exports of fine live stock during the five years 1897-1901. 

IMPORTS. 

[Value in gold.] 



Year. 


Asses. 


Horses. 


Sheep. 


Cattle. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


1897 


71 
31 

7 

74 
20 


$8,550 

4,800 

360 

10,500 


211 
170 
129 
203 
122 


$54,780 
39,553 
32,630 
37,000 


7,390 
7,023 
4,839 
9,165 
61 


$530,242 
370, 107 
180,510 
101,977 


932 

707 

1,561 

938 


$274,892 


1898 


126,583 


1899... 


218, 210 


1900 


150, 490 


1901 

















EXPORTS. 



Year. 


Asses. 


Horses. 


Sheep. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value 


1897 


16,390 
7,534 
6,234 

10,252 
8,793 


$164,000 
150,680 
124,680 
205,040 
175,860 


13,615 
14,360 

7,259 
32,969 

9,761 


$243,967 

243,600 

188,605 

1,068,295 

232,475 


504, 128 
577,813 
543,458 
198,102 
25,746 


$1,512,684 
1 733 963 


1898 


1899 


1,631,041 
594, 675 


1900 


1901 i 


78, 248 






Total 




820,260 




1,976,942 




5,550,611 










Year . 


Mules. 


Cattle. 


value, j exports. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


1897 


16,317 
10,205 

7,740 
13,179 
20,468 


$261,094 
306,150 
232,200 
395,370 
614,040 


238, 121 
359,296 
312,150 
150,550 
119, 189 


$5,018,222 
7,690,450 
6,824,010 
3,678,1.50 
1,980,372 


$8,166 $7,208,133 
9,025 10,133,868 


1898 


1899 


27,460 9,027,996 
600 5,942 130 


1900 


1901 


3,760 3,084^755 




Total 




1,808,854 




25,191,204 


49,011 35. 896. 882 
















142 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Beef -salting factories. — Before the establishment of beef -salting fac- 
tories or "saladeros," grease from "boiled-down" animals, tallow, 
and hides were the only exportable animal products. The first " sala- 
dero " was established in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, 
and since then this industry has been so steadily increasing that the 
15 factories existing have slaughtered in the last four years the fol- 
lowing cattle for preparing "tasajo" (jerked salt beef): 

1898 340,100 

1899 „- 315,400 

1900 329,400 

1901 :_. 403,000 

The " saladero " was the only means of exportation until freezing 
factories were established in 1883, and the export of live stock began 
to be pushed on in 1892. 

The "saladero" can not be done away with or excluded by the 
exportation of cattle or frozen or chilled beef, as the consumer 
markets of Brazil and Cuba must have " tasajo," or jerked salt beef, 
which, being a monopoly of Argentina, Uruguay, and Rio Grande 
(Brazil), can only be produced at the "saladero," which buys much 
lighter and leaner cattle than exporters and freezers buy. 

The total production of "tasajo" since 1898 has been: 



Countries. 


1898. 


1899. 


1900. 


1901. 


Argentina 


340,100 
673,000 
340,000 


315,400 

828,200 
270,000 


329,400 

747, 700 
232,000 


403,000 




684,600 




210,000 






Total 


1,353,100 


1,413,600 


1,309,100 


1,297,600 





The "saladeros" of Uruguay and Rio Grande (Brazil) slaughter 
annually from 100,000 to 250,000 steers imported by them from 
Argentina. 

Dairying. — Dairying was carried out on a very limited scale until 
recent years. Since 1890 it has commenced to develop, owing prin- 
cipally to the efforts of the "Lecheria La Martona" and the "Lecheria 
Granja Blanca," which have energetically pushed the business and 
demonstrated its importance, leaving little doubt that in a short time 
it will become one of the most important branches of the animal 
industry. 

Butter and cheese factories. — There are at present eleven great 
butter and cheese factories which buy the milk and cream from the 
farmer, and after covering internal consumption turn the balance 
into butter for export, competing favorably with Danish and Dutch 
butter. 

Efforts to develop dairying. — Great efforts are being made at the 
present moment to develop dairying. Farmers are rapidly turning 
their best cattle into dairy cows; creameries are being established 
daily in the Provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, Santa Fe, and 




Electrotype furnished by The World's Work. 



INOCULATING CATTLE ON THE PAMPAS AGAINST 
CARBUNCLE. 



SANITARY REGULATIONS. 143 

Cordoba; and cooperative dairying societies, which yield very fair 
profits, are being constantly formed. The export of butter, which in 
1895 was only 880,070 pounds, has risen to 3,322,391 pounds in 1901 
and will certainly be more than ten times that amount in a very few 
years. 

Nature has undoubtedly endowed Argentina with advantages for 
agricultural and pastoral farming not to be found in any other coun- 
try of the world ; and it is not too bold a forecast to say that if the 
country continues to improve her natural gifts in the same degree in 
which they have been cared for and improved up to the present time, 
the day will come when the Argentine farmers will have absolute con- 
trol of the world's food markets. 

Animal sanitary law and regulations. — In view of the vast impor- 
tance to the world at large of the effects of the spread of exotic con- 
tagious diseases in animals, we present herewith a resume of the 
Animal Sanitary Laws and Regulations existing and carried out in the 
Argentine Republic. The difficulties formerly experienced in Argen- 
tina in legislating upon this vital question were largely due to a con- 
flict of constitutional authority between the national and provincial 
governments of the Republic. These, however, have been entirely 
overcome by the "Animal Sanitary Law of October 10, 1900," which 
vests complete control in the National Executive power. 

The following are the principal clauses and regulations, all of which 
are vigorously enforced : 

A. (1) In all places subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the 
National Government; (2) in every matter connected with the impor- 
tation or exportation of live stock; (3) in all that may concern live- 
stock traffic or trade between one province and another, or with any 
of the places mentioned in clause 1 ; (4) in all cases in which the pro- 
vincial governments may demand its aid within the limits of their 
jurisdiction; and (5) in the event of a contagious disease existing in 
more than one province, or when, though prevalent in but one prov- 
ince, a disease shall assume an epizootic character and threaten to 
extend. 

B. The governors of provinces, acting as natural agents of the 
Federal Government, shall aid in carrying out the provisions of the 
law, but the National Executive shall, notwithstanding, employ its 
own staff when considered necessary, and is hereby empowered (1) to 
set forth the nomenclature of the diseases upon which its action is to 
be exercised; (2) to modify such nomenclatures when it shall see fit 
to do so; (3) to declare infected any province, territory, or part of a 
province or territory where a contagious disease is prevalent; to quar- 
antine, segregate, and to prohibit the transit and sale of animals from 
or in infected zones; (4) to disinfect and, if necessary, to destroy the 
animals and things that may transmit or perpetuate contagion; (5) to 



144 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

prohibit the transport or sale of animal products prepared from dis- 
eased or unhealthy beasts ; (6) to disinfect all cars, boats, yards, pens, 
gangways, wharves, or any other vehicles or places in winch live 
stock has been transported or kept; (7) to permanently inspect all 
establishments which elaborate animal products for international, 
interprovincial, or territorial consumption; and (8) to adopt such 
measures as in each case the nature and character of the diseases may 
suggest. 

C. The importation of diseased animals, of the products of same, 
and things having been in contact with infected or suspected stock, 
is prohibited, and the Executive is empowered (1) to quarantine all 
live stock imported; (2) to slaughter all imported animals affected by 
a contagious disease, without payment of indemnity; (3) to prohibit 
the importation of animals proceeding from countries where any of 
the diseases it shall set forth may exist; and (4) to prohibit the im- 
portation of animals coming from countries which do not sufficiently 
guard themselves against the introduction of contagious diseases 
prevalent in other countries. 

D. The exportation of animals infected with any contagious dis- 
ease, or suspected of being so infected, is prohibited. Any animals 
intended for export shall be quarantined, inspected, isolated, disin- 
fected, or rejected, as the inspectors may consider necessary. No 
vessel shall be allowed to load animals unless her sanitary conditions 
shall fulfill the requirements of the regulations made by the Execu- 
tive, which is authorized to withhold for a term of from six months 
to two years its permit to load animals in any vessel, which, during 
the previous voyage, should not have complied with the provisions of 
the regulations specified herein. The Executive is likewise authorized 
to suspend the exportation of animals proceeding from an infected 
district and to disinfect all things intended for export, proceeding 
from the same district. 

E. The owners of such animals, fixtures, and things as the Execu- 
tive may order to be destroyed, shall be entitled to demand an 
ndemnity, in cash, equal to the actual value of such animals, fix- 
tures, or things at the moment the measure may have been executed. 
No claim for compensation shall lie (1) if the disease affecting the 
animals slaughtered should be fatal; (2) when imported stock is 
slaughtered; or (3) when owners have failed to comply with the pro- 
visions of this law, or of the regulations made in pursuance thereof. 

F. Ever}^ violation of the provisions of this law, and of the regula- 
tions of the Executive, shall be punished with a fine of from 8100 to 
$1,000, or with imprisonment for a term of not less than thirty days 
nor more than six months, according to the nature of the offense. 
Every animal that has been imported in violation of the quarantine 
established by the regulations shall be confiscated, and its owner or 
importer shall be rendered liable to a fine of from $200 to 81.000. 



SANITARY REGULATIONS. 145 

Regulations. — A. The regulations m force by virtue of this law 
establish the diseases which shall require the application of the fol- 
lowing sanitary measures: 

Cattle plague, or rinderpest in cattle. 

Contagious pleuropneumonia in cattle. 

Foot and mouth disease in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. 

Glanders in its various forms in horses, mules, and asses. 

Equine syphilis, or mal de coit. 

Variola, or sheep pox, in sheep. 

Hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas in swine. 

Hydrophobia in every species. 

Anthrax in every species. 

Blackleg in cattle. 

Tristeza, or Texas fever, in cattle. 

Tuberculosis in every species. 

Scab in sheep and goats. 

B. Every owner, keeper, or person who may have charge of or 
attend animals affected by any of the above-mentioned diseases, or 
of those existing in the country, is bound to immediately advise the 
nearest local authority, who shall forthwith report the facts to the 
Division of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture. If 
through the information so obtained, or on the advice of its own 
inspectors, the Division of Animal Indusiry should find that the 
animals suffer or appear to suffer from any exotic diseases not preva- 
lent in the Republic, such as cattle plague, contagious pleuro- 
pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders or farcy, variola or 
mal de coit, or from enzootic diseases such as anthrax, tristeza or 
Texas fever, or any other disease that may become epizootic, the said 
Division shall immediately declare the farm, district, department, or 
province where the disease exists to be an infected area, and shall 
apply such sanitary measures as the case may justify or demand. 
Such declaration of infection shall give place to and authorize the 
application of any or of all of the following measures: (1) Place the 
transit of persons or animals, the transport of things existing or being 
within the limits of the infected region, and the communication with 
other regions under the immediate supervision of the veterinary 
inspectors; (2) isolation, embargo, quarantine, medication, disin- 
fection, vaccination, tagging, marking, and counting of the animals, 
herds, or flocks in the infected zone; (3) partial or total quarantine of 
the infected zone and prohibition of persons leaving the same, or 
objects being removed without previous disinfection when such 
persons or objects may be the means of transmitting contagion; (4) 
absolute or conditional prohibition to hold exhibitions and fairs; (5) 
destruction or disinfection of stables, barns, sheds, vehicles, yards, 
pens, and of every object that, according to the nature of the disease, 

573a— 03 10 



146 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

may have Deen in contact with infected animals, or that may be the 
means of perpetuating contagion; (6) evacuation of stock from pad- 
docks or camps for a given space of time, disinfection of such camps 
by fire, and temporary prohibition of using troughs and watering 
places; (7) prohibition from selling, consuming, or otherwise utilizing 
in any form infected or suspected animals, their products, hides, skins, 
hair, or other parts of remains, and (8) preventive vaccination or 
obligatory infection of sound animals when circumstances shall render 
these measures advisable and necessary. 

The transit or transportation of imported animals is prohibited. 
All cars, boats, barges, or other vehicles which have been used for 
transporting stock must be disinfected before stock can be again 
loaded; and no live stock may be kept longer than thirty hours on a 
car or boat without being fed and watered. 

All establishments or factories elaborating animal products in- 
tended for human food and for -international and interprovincial 
trade or for consumption in a Federal Territory are permanently 
inspected by veterinary surgeons of the Division of Animal Indus- 
try, who must roughly inspect the stock before slaughtering; but 
the meats and other products prepared and the use of products from 
diseased animals shall not be considered fit for human food. 

Importation of live stock from all parts of the world, excepting 
Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Chile, is prohibited in all 
ports of the Republic, other than the port of Buenos Aires. Imports 
from Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Chile are only allowed 
via Gualeguaychu, Concepcion del Uruguay, Colon, Concordia, 
Monte Caseros, Paso de los Libres, Alvear, Santo Tome, Barra de la 
Concepcion, Barranqueras, Corrientes, Bermejo, Formosa, Ita-Ibate, 
Ituzaingo, Posadas, Oran, Santa Victoria, Yavi, Quiaca, Ciene- 
guillas, Chachi, Tinogasta, Vinchina, Jachal, La Plata, and Buenos 
Aires. All stock imported from adjoining countries is inspected at 
the above mentioned ports and stations and certified in the same 
manner as animals coming from other parts of the world. 

The importation of animals affected by contagious diseases, their 
products, or any object or thing, liable to cause the propagation 
of an infectious disease, is prohibited; as also of animals exported 
from any country where cattle plague may exist or has existed for 
two years prior to the date of embarkation ; or from countries where 
contagious pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders or 
farcy, and variola or sheep pox, may exist or have existed during 
six months prior to the day of shipment. The regulations likewise 
stipulate that notwithstanding the foregoing fixed terms, the Executive 
is empowered to extend such terms for a determined or unlimited 
period to animals exported from any foreign country that does not 
adopt similar measures to protect itself against the importation of 
these diseases from other foreign countries; and may prohibit importa- 



SANITARY REGULATIONS. 147 

tion from countries which shall not admit Argentine live stock under 
the same conditions as are imposed by Argentine regulations. 

The Division of Animal Industry inspects all ships transporting 
live stock intended for import before being allowed to enter the port 
of Buenos Aires, and must reject any ship which has or may have 
had on board animals affected or suspected of cattle plague, foot-and- 
mouth disease, contagious pleuropneumonia, glanders or farcy, mal 
de coit, or variola or sheep pox, and such ships are forbidden contact 
with any part of the Argentine coast until all animals on board have 
been destroyed and a thorough disinfection effected. 

Owners or captains of ships transporting live stock intended for 
import must exact from shippers and present to the veterinary 
inspector sanitary certificates granted by the Department of Agricul- 
ture — or the office that fulfills its functions — of the country whence 
the stock was imported and legalized by an Argentine consul, certify- 
ing that no cattle plague exists in the country whence the cattle was 
dispatched, or had existed for two years prior to the date of shipment; 
and that no contagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, 
glanders or farcy, variola or sheep pox, or mal de coit exists or had 
existed for six months previous to such date. All stock not so certi- 
fied shall be rejected. Notwithstanding the presentation of such cer- 
tificates, the Executive reserves the right to test the sanitary conditions 
of the country from which live stock intended for importation into 
Argentina has been exported by such means and in such form as it 
may deem* sufficient. 

After a ship transporting live stock intended for import has entered 
the port of Buenos Aires such stock shall be further inspected by a 
veterinary surgeon and not allowed to disembark until found free 
from disease. All animals attacked by or suspected of anthrax, 
blackleg, hog cholera, swine plague, erysipelas, or hydrophobia shall 
be immediately slaughtered. Those suffering from scab shall be seg- 
regated and cured. 

All imported cattle are quarantined for forty days and tuberculin 
tested after passing the quarantine, those found to be affected by 
tuberculosis being slaughtered. Horses are quarantined for fifteen 
days and malsine tested, those reacting being slaughtered. Sheep are 
quarantined for eight days. Quarantine is supervised exclusively by 
the staff of the Division of Animal Industry, all persons not employed 
at the quarantine station being prohibited from entering. 

All ships that have transported import live stock are disinfected 
before leaving the import quarantine station's wharves. 

All persons intending to export live stocK must previously hand to 
the Division of Animal Industry the permit authorizing exportation, 
and the Division shall cause the estancia or farm at which the animals 
are kept to be inspected by a veterinary surgeon, and such permit 
shall be canceled if it should be found that cases of contagious dis- 



148 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

eases have occurred at such estancia or farm. Transport, railway, 
and boat companies are prohibited from loading live stock for export 
quarantine stations without presentation of the veterinary surgeon's 
permit, and such stock shall not be received at quarantine stations 
from transport companies unless duplicates of the permits are exhib- 
ited. Animals arriving at quarantine export stations are quarantined 
for twenty-four hours and are again inspected by a veterinary sur- 
geon, who only allows the shipment of sound and healthy animals and 
prohibits maimed, bruised, or suspicious stock from being placed on 
board. Exported sheep are dipped prior to embarkation in order to 
eradicate possible and invisible germs of scab. 

Captains of vessels transporting Argentine live stock are not allowed 
to load stock at foreign ports, nor to load stock at Argentine ports 
when animals have already been loaded in the same ship of foreign 
ports; and are obliged to inform the Division of Animal Industry if, 
during the voyage to foreign ports with Argentine stock, any conta- 
gious disease should make its appearance. In case of violation of 
these regulations, the Division of Animal Industry is compelled to 
forbid the future loading of live stock on ships in which the violation 
has been committed, or on other ships belonging to the same company, 
or owners, for a period of five years. 

The Division of Animal Industry is further empowered to prohibit 
the loading of live stock, for the term of one year, on anjr ship that 
may have had on her last voyage an excessive rate of mortality, or in 
which stock has considerably diminished in weight, lost in value, or 
become maimed or bruised. 

Other clauses in the regulations relating to the conditions of ship- 
ping of live stock further establish (1) the parts of vessels where 
stock may not be loaded; (2) the conditions to be fulfilled as regards 
ventilation, stability, free-board, watertanks, pumps and pipes, and 
strength of railings and bulwarks; (3) the space live stock is to be 
allowed, according to size, weight, and part of ship where loaded; 
(4) the form in which fittings must be made and dimensions of mate- 
rials employed ; (5) the amount of fodder and water to be loaded accord- 
ing to weight and class of stock and length of voyage; (6) the num- 
ber of men required for minding stock during voyage, the number 
and width of alleyways and the accommodation required for cattle- 
men, etc. 

All ships loading animal products for export must comply with the 
conditions established by the Division of Animal Industry as regards 
inspection, disinfection, cleanliness, and hygienic stowing of cargo. 

Indemnity shall only be paid by the National Government when the 
order to slaughter or destroy any animal, fixture, object, or thing, with 
a view to furthering the application of sanitary measures, has been 
given by the Division of Animal Industry. No claim for compensa- 
tion shall lie when the disease affecting the slaughtered animals snail 



SANITARY REGULATIONS. 149 

be fatal, or, where it is not possible to disinfect the fixtures, objects, 
or thing's destroyed, without their being rendered valueless; or when 
the owners or persons in charge of such fixtures, animals, objects, or 
things should not have complied with any clause or order given in 
pursuance of the animal sanitary law or its regulations. The value 
of animals, fixtures, objects, or things destroyed shall be appraised 
by the Division of Animal Industry and by the owner or his repre- 
sentative; and any difference which may arise shall be submitted 
for immediate adjustment to the Federal judge of the province or 
territory. 

Every violation of the provisions of these regulations shall be pun- 
ished with a fine of from $100 to $1,000, or with imprisonment of from 
thirty days to six months, according to the nature of the offense. All 
animals imported in violation of these regulations shall be confiscated, 
and the owner or person in charge rendered liable to a fine of from 
$200 to $1,000. 



CHAPTER VII. 

MINING DATA, MINERALOGY, MINING LAWS. 
MINERALOGY. 

Mineral regions. — The elevated regions of the Cordillera of the 
Andes, as also the various parallel chains of mountains with the 
numerous and complicated topographical ramifications which exist in 
the Andine provinces, from the limits commencing at the southern 
extremity of Bolivia to the south of Mendoza, as also in the national 
territories of Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra 
del Fuego, to the extreme south of the Republic, i. e., Cape Horn, are 
known to contain economic minerals in lesser or greater abundance, 
as is also the case in the more central provinces of San Luis, Cordoba, 
and Tucuman, and the other national territories of Misiones, Pampa 
Central, and the Andes. 

First mining operations. — From very remote times mining opera- 
tions have been carried on in the various localities and districts in 
the provinces named, and it is well known that during the epoch 
of the domination of the Incas and Aztecs large quantities of gold 
and silver, also copper and other economic minerals, were obtained 
from various mining regions, all of which is easy to prove from the 
extensive subterraneous works which still exist in many places; but 
it is remarkable that up to the present it has not been possible to dis- 
cover the mines from which the enormous quantities of gold known 
to have been possessed were obtained, although there are not wanting 
traditions referring to the localities in which such mines are hidden. 
It would be difficult if not impossible to fix the epoch in which those 
mining operations were first initiated in South America, and in partic- 
ular in the Argentine Republic, but the special class of ancient pot- 
tery remains which still exists demonstrates beyond all doubt a very 
remote antiquity. It is therefore presumed that mining was much 
advanced during that period of civilization, which period may be 
denominated the first epoch of the mining industry. 

Second mining epoch. — For every practical object we may consider 
that the second mining epoch commenced with the Spanish conquest, 
as the works executed by Pizarro in the silver mines of Poreo and 
Potosi clearly show. The Spanish continued to work the mines, and 
so extensive were their operations and so large the benefits derived 
therefrom that the then King of Spain found it necessary to introduce 
the "Ordenanzas de Mexico," which remained in force for two hun- 
dred years. After the independence of the Argentine Republic the 
150 



MINING. 151 

mines were more or less neglected, works being carried on at intervals 
only when the internal peace conditions of the country permitted. 

Mining provinces. — According to the national constitution the pro- 
vincial governments possess the mines with their respective provinces ; 
but the mines in the national territories belong to the National Gov- 
ernment. The mining provinces are those of Mendoza, San Juan, 
La Rioja, Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman, extending to the 
northern portion of the Republic. Those of Cordoba and San Luis 
are central provinces. Except in Tucuman, there exists in all the 
other provinces named a large number of mining concessions granted 
from time to time and possessed by different individuals and com- 
panies; but many of such concessions are subject to become aban- 
doned and to change of proprietorship, the explanation being that 
these concessions of mines are not always obtained with the object of 
a formal exploitation, but for the purpose of speculation. 

Mineral veins. — The principal economic mineral veins found in the 
mines in various districts consist of gold, silver, galena, argentiferous 
lead, iron, bismuth, marble, and, in some few, coal and lignite. The 
same classes of minerals also exist in the national territories with the 
addition of coal, lignite, borate of lime, salt, and various other min- 
erals of commercial value suitable for edifices, pavements, and works 
of art. Many of the mineral veins in the mines of the various dis- 
tricts of the provinces contain a certain percentage of gold and silver, 
and some of these mines have been worked for a considerable time 
with good results. One of the principal companies which has worked 
mines of this class is in the mountains of Capillitas, Province of 
Catamarca, and has conducted operations in this district for at least 
thirty-five years. The mineral from the mines is transported to the 
company's works at Pilcean in the same province, which are the 
largest in the Republic. The gold, silver, and copper contained in 
the mineral is reduced in a concentrated form to math and copper bot- 
toms, and a high price per ton is thus obtained for it in the English 
market. Arrangements have recently been made by a London com- 
pany to take over the mines and establishment from the present com- 
pany. Various other mines in this province have been opened up 
from time to time, but nearly all those to the west of the mountains 
running parallel and to the east of the Andine chain are almost virgin ; 
in fact, no proper exploitation has as yet been attempted. 

The Province of La Rioja, to the south of Catamarca, has always 
been considered to be one of the principal mineral producing prov- 
inces, and contains that famous chain of mountains called Famatina, 
in which numerous mineral veins as those previously described are 
to be found. Some of the districts are known for the large amount of 
native and other classes of silver produced, as also copper containing 
gold and silver. Various companies have engaged in mining in this 
province at different periods. 



152 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The National Government is about to enter into a contract for a 
wire or aerial tramway for the transport of the mineral from the mines 
to the branch railway at Chilecito, and it is believed that this will 
give a great impulse to the mining industry. The next province 
southward is that of San Juan, in which several mining concessions 
have been granted but few exploited, the principal reason being the 
want of cheap and facile means of transport. One gold mine is 
worked by a French engineer who employs the cyanide process and 
has obtained. good results, while some rich copper mines are worked 
high up in the mountains and the product taken to Chile. 

The Province of Mendoza runs southward from San Juan and is 
also notable for the mines it contains, many of which have been ex- 
ploited from time to time. This province contains petroleum and 
coal, but owing to the want of cheap transport neither is worked. 
The coal is of an excellent quality, the ash containing a large percent- 
age of vanadic acid. The northern provinces of Jujuy and Salta con- 
tain a large number of mines of copper, gold, and silver and auriferous 
quartz, and the last named also contain lignite and borate of lime. 
The celebrated mines of San Antonio de los Cobres are in this prov- 
ince. A company was formed to exploit these mines, but for want of 
sufficient capital operations were discontinued. The mineral consists 
of copper of high j)ercentage containing silver. 

In the Province of Tucuman there is evidence of ancient workings 
of gold and silver mines, which in recent times have received no atten- 
tion. The mines of San Luis have also been exploited by foreign 
companies; but here also the cost of transport was too high, difficult 
and uncertain to leave sufficient profit to permit of mining operations. 
Recently a new impulse has been given to the exploitation of marble 
quarries in this province. Considerable attention has likewise been 
directed to the mines of the Province of Cordoba, but no formal work- 
ings upon a large scale have ever been undertaken. 

The national territory of the Andes, recently acquired, contains 
large deposits of borate of lime, and the national department of mines 
and geology have already received 300 applications for concessions in 
that territory. Applications to mine gold and copper have also been 
made. 

The adjoining provinces of Catamarca and Jujuy also contain 
deposits of borate of lime. A company is engaged in the exploitation 
of some of these mines in the latter province. The national terri- 
tory of Neuquen contains extensive auriferous deposits and various 
classes of mines, such as copper, galena, and coal of good quality, the 
ash of which contains vanadic acid of greater value than the coal 
itself. Attempts upon a small scale have been made to work some of 
the auriferous deposits, as also the galena mines. A railway will soon 
reach this territory. 

The same remarks apply to the other national territories more to 



MINING. 153 

the south, such as Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del 
Fuego, in all of which minerals exist in the mountain regions. Many 
concessions of auriferous mines were granted by the national 
department of mines and geology in the territory of Chubut and a 
syndicate was formed to exploit them, but no formal works were 
installed, the larger portion of the capital raised by the syndicate 
having been expended in the employment of engineers, who, so far as 
is known, made no practical examination of the auriferous deposits 
when they visited this territory. None of the mines in the mountain 
regions of these southern territories has been examined officially; 
consequently no reliable information is to be obtained. The rights 
to the gold diggings, so called, occurring along the southeastern 
coast of Santa Cruz and southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, have 
been included in various concessions. 

Deposits of gold were also reported to exist in Sloggett Bay, Tierra 
del Fuego, and the first engineer of mines of the national govern- 
ment examined the place, reporting the existence of small lignite 
deposits. He likewise examined the asphalt deposits of Jujuy, but 
reported that they were of slight importance, although there is every 
reason to believe that there is an extensive petroliferous zone in that 
province. The petroleum wells of the province of Mendoza for 
various reasons never yielded the large amount of oil expected. 

Mineral wealth. — The Argentine Republic extends over an enormous 
area and contains immense mineral riches, which, if developed in a 
proper and economic manner, would produce excellent results. In 
fact it is well known to those persons who have had an opportunity 
of examining the country in a practical and skillful manner that its 
mines are more varied, extensive, and important than in any other 
part of South America. But hitherto the want of cheap, efficient, and 
rapid transport from the mountain regions, where the mines chiefty 
abound, has been a great drawback. The provincial governments 
are unable to lay down a good system of transport; consequently the 
national government has now turned its attention to this most impor- 
tant subject, and is about to provide good and efficient modes of trans- 
port. Shortly branch mineral railways will be constructed from the 
main trunk lines to some of the principal mining districts, and this 
will give a great impetus to the mining and metallurgical industries ; 
but the application of such a system to all the mining districts must 
be a work of time and very costly. 

H. D. Hoskold, 
Director- General National Government, 

Department of Mines and Geology. 

Copper deposits. — The Argentine Republic possesses copper deposits 
of much promise, and several mines, notably the Rosario, Restaura- 
dora, and Carmelita, have been developed. These and several other 
mines are worked intermittently. Lack of railroads and capital are 



154 



AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 



the principal reasons for the small progress made in copper mining, 
as the copper deposits are of considerable extent and carry high values 
in both gold and silver as well as rich ores of copper. 

The departments of San Jnan, Tucuman, Cordoba, La Rioja, and 
others have copper beds of promise. The scene of the most impor- 
tant mining developments of the past is in the Cerro de Capillitas dis- 
trict. The formation is granite, gneiss, and porphyry, overlaid by 
trachyte, with eruptive rocks rising as cones of considerable height 
above the broken surface of the mountainous region. The ores are 
in true tissure veins, which are many in number and interwoven, as 
in Montana. Not only are the surface ores rich in copper, but they 
carry high values in both gold and silver. The copper occurs in a 
considerable variety of ores, mainly as cuprite, malaconite, tetrahe- 
drite, bornite, malachite, and azurite. The richness and variety of 
the ores of this .district, coupled with their large gold and silver values, 
point to the Cerro de Capillitas district of Argentina as one of the 
world's future important fields of copper production/* 

Minerals exported. — The total value of minerals exported has been: 
1900, $262,222 gold; 1899, $238,562; 1895-1899, $1,177,293. Consider- 
able attention was given in 1900 to the borate fields in Jujuy and 
Salta, the former being worked by a syndicate. 

Mineral deposits in provinces and territories. — The following table 
shows the provinces and territories in which the minerals enumerated 
below are found : 



Elements. 


State of. 


Province or territory. 


Aluminum 


Combined 


Cordoba, San Luis, San Juan, Salta, Jujuv, Cata- 


Antimony 

Arsenic 

Sulphur. 


Sulphuret 


marca, Rioja. 
Cordoba, Rioja, Mendoza. 


Combined 

Native 

Sulphate 


Salta, Catamarca. 

San Luis, Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, Neuquen. 


Barium 


Catamarca, Rioja, San Luis, San Juan, Mendoza. 


Boron 


Combined 


Puna de Atacama. 


Lime 


Fluoride, carbonate, sul- 
phate, and phosphate. 
Borate -.. 


Frequent in all provinces and territories. 
Catamarca, Salta. 




Carbon 


Native ( graphite) 


Cordoba, Catamarca, Mendoza. 




Anthracite, lignite, and 

pitch coal. 
Petroleum, asphaltum 


San Luis, Rioja, Mendoza. Neuquen, Tierra del 

Fuego. 
Jujuy, Mendoza. 
Catamarca, Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, Salta. 




Oxide . 


Do. 






Cordoba, Catamarca, Salta. Jujuv. Rioja. San 


Iron 


Native . ... . . ... 


Juan, Mendoza. 
Chaco. 




Oxide 


Cordoba, San Juan, San Luis, Rioja, Catamarca, 

Salta, Buenos Ayres. 
Idem, and Mendoza and Jujuy. 
Rioja, San Luis. 
Mendoza. 

San Luis. Cordoba, Rioja, Mendoza. 








Nickel-sulphuret or pent- 
laudite. 


Magnesium 


Sulphate 

Wolf ranate 

Phosphate 

Sulphate (mixed with salt) 
Silicate 


San Luis, Rioja, San Juan. Mendoza, Catamarca. 

Jujuy. 
Cordoba, San Luis. 
Do. 

Cordoba, San Luis, Catamarca. Rioja. Buenos 
Ayres. 



"The Copper Handbook, vol. 11, 1901. Horace J. Stevens. 



MINING. 



155 



Elements. 


State of. 


Province or territory. 


Manganese 




Cordoba, San Luis, San Juan, Catamarca, Jujuy. 






Phosphate 

Arsenate 


Cordoba, San Luis. 
Rioja. 


Gold 


San Luis, Rioja, Catamarca, San Juan, Mendoza, 

Salta, Jujuy, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. 
Cordoba, Rioja, Catamarca, San Juan, Salta. 
Rioja, Cordoba, San Juan, Mendoza, Catamarca. 
Cordoba, Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, San Luis. 

Do. 
Cordoba, Salta, San Juan, Mtaadoza, Rioja. 
Cordoba, Catamarca, Salta, Jujuy, San Juan, 


Silver 




Lead 


Antiinonial-sulphuret 

Arsenical-sulphuret 

Chloride, bromide, iodide . 
Sulphuret 




Antimonial-sulphuret 

Carbonate 


Mendoza, San Luis. 
Rioja. 
Cordoba, Catamarca, Salta, San Luis, San Juan. 




Molybdate - - - 








Cordoba, Mendoza. 


Sodium 


Arsenate 

Chloride (common salt ) . . . 


Cordoba. 

Buenos Ayres, Cordoba, Santiago, Salta, Jujuy, 
Puna, Tucuman, Catamarca, Rioja, San Luis, 
San Juan, Mendoza, Corrientes, Neuquen. 




Sulphate 

Borate 

Sulphuret 


Santiago, San Juan. 
Salta, Catamarca. 

Cordoba, Catamarca, Jujuy, San Luis, Rioja, San 
Juan, Mendoza. 





MINES AND MINING LAWS OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Mineral resources. — The mineral resources of the Argentine Repub- 
lic, according to all accounts, are extremely abundant, but up to the 
present time the} 7 have not received the development of which they 
are capable. 

Mining industry. — The official publication made in Buenos Aires 
in 1889, to be used in the Paris Exhibition of that year, under the 
title of "Memoria general y especial sobre las minas, metalurgia, 
etc., de la Republica Argentina" (General and especial essay on the 
mines, metallurgy, etc., of the Argentine Republic), prepared by Mr. 
H. D. Horkold, the inspector-general of mines of that nation, contains 
full information about the mines of the Argentine Republic and the 
degree of progress which the mining industry had reached there at 
that time. 

Mining facilities. — "The Argentine Republic," says that report 
(p. 374), "is in regard to mining wealth as favorably situated as any 
other country in the world. It may be asked, then, why are we not 
to expect such a development in that respect as has been reached for 
instance in Australia? * * * It can be said in general that the 
Republic affords an ample field for mining enterprise * * * and 
the national Government, always prompt to promote the general inter- 
ests of the Republic, has devoted its whole attention, as far as possi- 
ble under the circumstances through which the country has passed, 
to cause the mining industry to be encouraged and carried on with 
advantage." 

Concessions granted. — In the Province of San Luis, as appears from 
that report, no less than G6 concessions of mines had been granted by 
the Government from September 25, 1872, to April 11, 1888, the mines 
being either of gold, silver, or copper; or gold, silver, and copper; 



156 AKGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

silver and copper; gold and copper; lead and copper; lead and silver. 

In the Province of La Rioja there were 318 mines, of which 212 
were of silver, 28 of gold, 62 of gold, silver, and copper, 15 of silver 
and lead, and 1 of gold and iron. 

In the Province of San Juan there were 1,028 mines, of which 150 
were of gold, 836 of silver, 23 of copper, 2 of iron, and 17 of coal. 

In the Province of Jujuy there were 103 mines, distributed as fol- 
lows: Sixty-one of gold, 30 of silver, 1 of gold and silver, 4 of silver 
and copper, 5 of copper, 1 of quicksilver, and 1 of coal. 

Mines in operation. — Many of these mines are now in operation, 
but many others have been abandoned, the result being, as it appears 
from the report of the United States consul at Buenos Aires, dated 
June 8, 1891, and submitted in answer to a circular of the State 
Department asking for information on the subject of mines and min- 
ing laws, that although considerable amounts of money have been 
invested in costly machinery for the purpose of working the mines, 
the profits derived up to 1889 had scarcely corresponded to the efforts 
and sacrifices made. Official statistics show that in 1888 the whole 
output of the mines in the whole Republic Avas valued at only 
$1,526,057, and that in the following year, 1889, it had increased to 
no more than $1,629,160. 

At Santa Catalina, at about 1,000 yards above the ordinary level of 
the Rio Grande there are three mines, known by the names of Eureka, 
Belga, and Suripugio. 

Two great veins, 5 feet wide, now worked at a place called Timon 
Cruz, which, while yielding at present only $2 per ton, will, if worked 
by electricity at a greater depth, afford occupation to 10,000 laborers 
for many years. 

Bureau of mines. — Among the many measures which the Govern- 
ment has taken to develop the mineral resources of the country prom- 
inently appear the organization of the bureau of mines and geology 
established at Buenos Aires, the creation of a school of mines, which 
seems to have attracted considerable attention and enjoys great repu- 
tation, the orders given for an official mineralogical survey of the 
country, and the promulgation of the new mining code (Codigo de 
Mineria), which has superseded, with advantage, as it is claimed, the 
laws previously in force. 

New mining code. — The new mining code was put in force on the 
1st of May, 1887, and it is claimed that it has taken advantage of all 
the laws on the subject promulgated in the rest of the world and 
has incorporated all their best and wisest provisions. 

The following extract appears to be sufficient: 

Classification of mines. — Mines in the Argentine Republic are 
divided into three classes, as follows: 

I. Mines which exclusively belong to the nation and can not be 
worked by private parties, except upon a concession made in their 



MINING LAWS. 157 

favor by a competent authority. In mines of this class the ownership 
of the soil in which they are found is entirely independent of the 
ownership of the mine and constitutes a secondary or accessorial 
thing. 

II. Mines which, owing to their importance, are to be granted in 
preference to the owner of the soil in which they are found, and also 
mines which, on account of the peculiar manner in which the material 
of which they consist is found to have been deposited, are permitted 
to be of common use. 

III. Mines which belong exclusively to the owner of the soil in 
which they are found, and which can not therefore be worked or 
utilized in any manner by strangers, unless upon permission of the 
said owner and with his consent, except in those cases in which con- 
demnation of private property for public use may take place. 

Mines of the first class. — The mines of the first class are described 
by the law as follows: 

(a) Mines of gold, silver, platinum, quicksilver, copper, iron, lead, 
tin, zinc, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, manganese, antimony, and arsenic. 

(b) Mines of hard and bituminous coal, lignite, and anthracite. 

(c) Wells, pits, and deposits of all kinds of bitumen in whatever 
form, and of mineral oils. 

(d) Mines of precious stones. 

Mines of the second class. — The mines of the second class, which 
must be granted to the owner of the soil in preference to any other 
person, are the following : 

(a) The deposits of borates and nitrates. 

(6) The deposits of salt on maritime shores (salinas) and the turf 
or loam deposits (turberas). 

(c) The mines of some metal not mentioned in the description of 
the mines of the first class. 

(d) The pyritous, vitriolic, aluminous, and magnesian earths, the 
earths called de batdn, the deposits of emery, all kind of ochers, 
almagra, resins, esteatite, phosphate of lime, sulphur, barytine, fluor- 
spar, sulphates of iron, zinc, and copper, graphite, kaolin, and alka- 
line or terrous-alkaline salts. 

The mines of the second class, which must be set apart for the 
common use and allowed to be worked by whomsoever wishes to do 
so, under the provisions of the law, are the following: 

(a) All kinds of metalliferous sands, and precious stones, carried 
by the rivers or found in their beds. 

(b) The placers or placer mines. 

(c) The tailings, rewashings, and refuse and slag heaps of mines 
abandoned, or of abandoned smelting and reducing establishments — 
as long as they are not claimed or recovered by the lawful owner. 

Mines of the third class. — The mines of the third class are the quar- 



158 AKGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 

ries of building stone, marble, granite, etc. , and all other deposits of 
rocky or earthy material for architectural purposes. 

Mines of all classes are declared to be real estate. The engines, 
and all kinds of appurtenances permanently attached to them and 
necessary to their proper working, are also real estate. 

Ownership of a mine. — The ownership of a mine, wnen created or 
vested in conformity with the law, is as perfect and as solemnly 
guaranteed and protected as the ownership of any other property 
whatsoever. 

The Government can not interfere with the business of a mine, or 
interrupt its labors, or mingle in its management, unless it be in 
some extreme case in which public safety justifies the interference, 
or when such interference is necessary for the preservation either of 
the mine itself or of the lives of the laborers. 

Mines, by the reason of the benefit which the public derives from 
their proper operation, are privileged property, in so far as their 
owners, the same as the State, can take all kinds of private property 
for their own use, under proceedings of condemnation and when 
necessity justifies the taking. But the mines also may be taken under 
the same proceedings whenever the public benefit to be derived there- 
from is greater or of a higher character than the advantage which 
they afford. 

Right of way. — Under the same principle a number of easements 
are created in favor of the mines on and against the property adjoin- 
ing them. These easements are substantially governed by the same 
rules which are observed in all countries since the days of the Roman 
law. The owner of a mine has always, for instance, the right of way 
through the lands of his neighbor, or the right to use the water which 
he needs for his works, or for his people, or his animals, which is 
found in the adjoining estates, and the right to take advantage of 
the pastures therein situated, when so needed; also, the right to take 
material for building railroads, canals, etc., and the right to cut down 
timber and use it for fuel, for building, or other purposes, etc. 

In all cases, however, proper compensation must be paid. 

Mining concession. — The concession of a mine carries with it the 
right to compel the owner of the soil on which the mine is situated to 
sell it to the miner. If the soil belongs to the State, the province, or 
the tow r n, the conveyance of all the title and right in and to it is to be 
made gratuitously; but if it belongs to private individuals the miner 
must pay for it the full value, according to appraisement. 

A mine is an entirety which does not admit of actual material divi- 
sion. Each one has to be worked and dealt with in every respect as a 
whole of the same dimensions and with the same limits as appear 
from the concession and registry. 

If, however, it should be found that two or more pertenencias (units 
of mining property which form one mine) can be worked with advan- 



MINING LAWS. 159 

tage independently of the others and without doing injury to them, 
permission can be asked and granted to make the division. But in 
that case each one of the portions made must be registered and con- 
sidered in all respects and for all the purposes of law as a new mine. 

Prospecting permits. — The law provides with care and minuteness 
for all that is to be done in regard to searching and prospecting for 
mines. All persons are entitled to make searches of this kind either 
in public or private lands, but always on condition that they apply 
to the proper authorities for permission to do so and that they bind 
themselves to pay the proper indemnification for all damages caused. 
They have also to subject themselves to all the rules established for 
these investigations. 

In case the one who wishes to undertake these searches should be 
the owner of the land, permission from the Government is not required. 
But it will be of advantage for him to apply for such permission, 
because otherwise he may run the risk of losing his right to claim 
preference against outside applicants, either as the owner of the land 
or as the first explorer of the mine. 

Persons exercising authority in mining matters and their near rela- 
tives are forbidden to make these searches within the limits of their 
respective districts. 

Applications for permissions of this kind are to be made in writing 
and addressed to the local mining authority. They must describe as 
accurately as possible the tract of land to be searched and the precise 
purposes of the search. 

No permission of this kind will be granted without first serving a 
copy of the application upon the owner of the land and publishing the 
same in the newspapers and otherwise for a certain time. If no oppo- 
sition is made during the period allowed for that purpose, or if the 
opposition proves unsuccessful, the permission is granted. 

The field for the explorations to be undertaken under this permission 
is limited to an area of 500 hectares, equivalent to 1,250 acres, more 
or less. 

This searching can not last, under ordinary circumstances, more 
than one hundred and forty days at the most, but this time may be 
extended, upon sufficient reason, by order of the authority. 

The owner of the soil has the right, under all circumstances, to 
cause the applicant to give bonds before commencing operations. 

When the searching is finished, or when no searching is necessary, 
the miner may ask for the concession of the mining properties (per- 
tenencias) which he wishes to obtain. 

A pertenencia, or unit of mining property, is usually in the shape 
of a prism, cut through the ground perpendicularly to its surface by 
imaginary planes of indefinite length. This prism is generally of 
rectangular bases, 200 meters in length by 300 in width, and its depth 
or altitude, m a vertical direction, is indefinite. But in some cases, 



160 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

as required by the topographical conditions of the locality, the bases 
of this prism may be square, or of some other geometrical form. 

Application for concession. — The application for the concession 
must be filed in duplicate and shall set forth the name, occupation, 
etc., of both the applicant and the owner of the soil. It must contain 
also a description, as accurate and precise as possible, of the locality 
where the mine is to be situated. The clerk of the court, on receiving 
both copies, shall certify at the foot of each the day and hour in which 
they were handed to him, and also whether or not any other petition 
relative to the same locality has been filed there. One of the copies 
shall be returned to the petitioner, who must sign the certificate 
together with the clerk, and the other shall be laid before the court, 
by whose order it shall then be registered or entered in full in a book 
kept for this purpose. It must be subsequently published for a cer- 
tain number of days in the usual manner, either in the newspapers, if 
there be any, or otherwise. 

The object of this publication is to give an opportunity to anyone 
having a right to the mine to come before the proper authority and 
show his reasons why the concession should not be granted. The 
opposition must be made within sixty days immediately following 
the date of registration. 

Allotments. — As a general rule the discoverer of a mine is entitled 
to three pertenencias or units, which can be either contiguous or sep- 
arated from each other by spaces of no lesser extent than what is 
required to constitute a unit. ' 

Legal labor. — An important requisite which must be complied with 
previous to the concession, in cases of discovery — thafc is to say, when 
the mine is located in places where no others had been found before — 
consists of what is called "the legal labor" (la labor legal), and is as 
follows: The applicant for the concession is bound to make, within 
one hundred days subsequent to the date of the registration of his 
petition, some mining work, to the depth of 10 meters or less, sufficient 
to show the position and thickness of the vein and the nature and 
quality of the ores. This period may be extended, upon good and 
sufficient reasons, for one hundred days more. 

Survey. — The next step to be taken, the survey of the mine, is offi- 
cially made, upon petition in writing of the interested party and a 
notice thereof served upon the owners of the adjoining mines or 
estates, besides a publication by the newspapers or otherwise, stating 
the date in which the operation shall take place. 

The opposition, if any, shall be briefly disposed of, and in case the 
decision is adverse to the opponent, or when there is no opposition, 
the survey shall be made under the personal supervision of the local 
authority and of the clerk of the court of mines, by the official engi- 
neer, and if there is none, by any engineer or expert appointed then 
for that purpose. 



MINING LAWS. 161 

Limits. — The limits must be marked, and substantial and lasting 
monuments fixed to designate the angles. 

A complete record of all that has occurred during the operations 
shall be made, and it shall be signed by the authority, the interested 
parties, the engineer, and the clerk of the court of mines. This rec- 
ord shall be entered in full on the registry of mines, elsewhere referred 
to, and a certified copy, or transcript, of all that appears from the 
said registry in relation to the mine in question shall be given to the 
interested party, and it shall constitute his title and complete the 
concession. 

Mines of the second class, first subdivision, may be granted to 
strangers if the owner of the soil on which they are situated does not 
work or benefit them within the period of one hundred days subse- 
quent to the date in which they received from the authorities a notice 
to that effect. 

The mines of the second class, second subdivision, do not require 
any formal concession on the part of the Government to become com- 
mon property. It is necessary, however, for those who wish to take 
advantage of them to constitute pertenencias, or mining properties, 
which in this case consist of an area of rectangular form, varying 
according to circumstances from 10,000 to 60,000 square meters. 
These areas are to be surveyed with the intervention of the authori- 
ties, and according to certain rules intended to avoid confusion and 
conflicts of rights. 

As soon as the owner of an abandoned mine or smelting establish- 
ment resumes work the tailings, re washings, etc. , cease to be common 
property and revert to the owner. 

No mine or mining establishment shall be considered abandoned 
when being worked by a number of laborers, which may vary from two 
to six, according to circumstances. 

Mines of the third class are private property and belong to the 
owner of the soil. They are subject, however, like all other private 
property, to the eminent domain of the State, and can be taken for 
public use upon indemnification and according to the rules for such 
cases generally made and provided. 

Sales. — Mines can be sold and transferred and conveyed in the same 
manner and by the same methods as all other real property. 

573a— 03 11 



CHAPTER VIII. 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES— THEIR DEVELOPMENT, PRODUC- 
TION—LAWS GOVERNING TAXES. 

BREWERIES. 

According to the census of 1895, there were 61 breweries in the 
country, with a capital of $8,843,589. In 1894 156,414 hectoliters 
(4,128,330 gallons) of beer were brewed. Twelve breweries belonged 
to Argentines and 49 to foreigners. The machinery amounted to 1,120 
horsepower, and the capacity of the vats was 2,220 hectoliters (58,608 
gallons). Eleven of the breweries had freezing machinery. 

Four of the breweries are situated in the city of Buenos Aires and 
33 in the province of Buenos Aires. 

DAIRY INDUSTRY. 

It is only of late years that this industry has come to the front, and 
now it is extending rapidly. Large dairies are being established in the 
principal pastoral provinces ; numerous milk shops are to be found in 
the city of Buenos Aires, and the system of taking the cow around to 
the house to be milked is only followed in the suburbs and provincial 
towns. The dairies prepare pasteurized, maternized, and sterilized 
milk. 

The export of dairy products has been as follows : 



Produce. 


1900. 


1899. 


1895-1899. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Butter tons.. 

Cheese kilos. . 


1,056 
856 


$263,939 
171 


1,779 
8,526 


$294,874 
1,651 


4.103 
a 105 


$1,025,799 
20,957 



a Tons. 



DISTILLERIES. 

There are three classes of distilleries in Argentina — (a) those dis- 
tilling from cereals, (b) those distilling from molasses, and (c) those 
producing from wine residues. Of the first class there are 42, repre- 
senting a capital of $20,000,000; of the second class there are 79, 
representing a capital of $3,500,000; and some hundreds of the third 
degree. 

The grain distilleries in Argentina are regarded as model establish- 
ments by foreign visitors, owing to the excellent plants in use and 
the high quality of their products. The latest mechanical and chem- 
ical improvements have been introduced and considerable advance 
162 



FLOUR. 



163 



has been made in the application of the Pasteur system to the recti- 
fying of the spirit and in the treatment of microbes. 

In its first stages the local distilling industry was favored by the 
exemption from duty of all alcohol manufactured in the country, but 
a heavy internal tax was subsequently imposed upon both manufac- 
tured and imported alcohol. Since 1891 the following rates of taxa- 
tion have been imposed on alcohol of 95° Gay-Lussac: 

Per liter. 

1891 $0.07 

1893 

1895 (January) 

1895 (October) 

1897 (January) . . . 

1897 (November) 



.20 

.15 

.30 

.35 

.60 

1898 (October) _. 1.00 

Home made alcohols produced from wine, which for some time were 
exempt from taxation, are now subject to a tax of 30 cents per liter 
of 55° Gay-Lussac, and on imported liquors there is an internal tax 
of 65 cents per liter of 95° Gay-Lussac in proportion to their alcoholic 
graduation. 

The following table shows the rate of taxation on national produc- 
tion and importation of alcohol from the last six months of 1891 to 
the end of 1901: 



Year. 


Rate of 
taxation. 


Quantity of alcohol, in 
liters of 100°. 


National 
production. 


Imported. 


1891 


0.07 

.07 

.20 

.20 

0.15-0.30 

.30 

.35-0.60 

. 60-1. 00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 


15,614,734 
30,314,992 
27,160,600 
24,885,472 
31, 787, 836 
21,656,904 
20,003,922 
17,972,515 
9,862,411 
13,198,521 
11,824,072 


137,714 

648,122 

1,286,502 

1,214,720 
1, 836, 387 


1892 


1893- 


1894... 


1895 


1896... ____., 


1,714,458 


1897.. 


1,693,508 
1,945,023 


1898.. 


1899 1 


1,311,694 


1900.. 


1,229,236 


1901 


1,762,430 





It will thus be seen that while the imports of alcohol show an almost 
progressive increase from year to year, the consumption of the national 
product shows alternative rises and falls according to the rate of 
taxation imposed and is lowest in the year in which the rate taxation 
is highest. 

FLOUR. 

In 1895 there were 659 mills of all kinds of systems, distributed 
throughout the country in the following proportions : 

River provinces: Capital, Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and Corrientes- 270 

Provinces of the interior: Cordoba, San Luis, and Santiago del Estero 93 

Andine provinces: Mendoza, San Juan, La Rioja, and Catamarca 160 

Northern provinces: Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy 117 

National territories: Neuquen and Rio Negro 19 

Total ._ 659 



164 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The great development of the milling business may be said to date 
from 1880, from which period to that of the census of 1895 there were 
built 306 additional mills, distributed as follows: 

River provinces 190 

Provinces of the interior 33 

Northern provinces 33 

Andine provinces 41 

National territories 9 

Total . 306 

The 659 mills subdivided are formed of: 

Steam mills 234 

Hydraulic mills _•_ _ 303 

Mixed power (steam and water) 17 

Animal power mills 105 

Total 659 

The motive power of mills run by steam, water, or mixed amounts 
to 10,500 horse power. The census valuation of the mills, including 
buildings, sites, machinery, and accessories is about $27,000,000, an 
estimate which may be regarded as very conservative when the cost 
of modern machinery is taken into consideration. The general 
figures given by the census as to the number of mills have not varied 
much since 1895, as during the intervening period very few installa- 
tions of mills have taken place, and the small increase there may have 
been is more than, counterbalanced by the closure of others. The 
nearest estimates made by those who at different times have made a 
study of the situation of the milling industry, agree that the total 
productive power per annum is between 1,000,000 and 1,200,000 tons, 
of 1,000 kilogrammes to the ton. The figures relating to the con- 
sumption of flour, and which may be accepted as correct, show approx- 
imately 450,000 tons of 1,000 kilos, in which amount is included the 
home consumption and exportation equal to that of 1901, which 
reached approximately 72,000 tons. The great difference between 
the consumption and the productive capacity is the cause of the diffi- 
culties through which the milling industry is now passing. The mills 
are mostly equipped with excellent machinery of the latest types 
imported from. England, France, Germany, and Austria; and these 
facilitate the production of a first-rate article, to which the good 
quality of the wheat harvested in the Republic largely contributes. 
The systems in use for milling are those employed by similar estab- 
lishments in other countries using modern machinery. The three 
following grades of flour are usually manufactured for consumption : 

Flour No. 0, that is made from coarse groats, and fine from the 
first broken wheat and from reground groats. 



FLOUE. 165 

Special flour, the remainder of the ground wheat without the 
"tails" of the bran, the latter reground, taking out also the flour 
from the last passage of the bran. 

Second flour, consisting of what is taken out of the reground spe- 
cial flour and the last passage. 

Some mills also prepare a class of flour known as whole, which is a 
mixture of "0" and special, taking out the second and the residue. 

The flour is supplied for home consumption, put up in bags holding 
90 kilos each, the bags being made in Argentina of imported canvas. 
In the accompanying tables is given the development attained in the 
exportation of Argentine flour during the last ten years. As will be 
seen, the exportation has greatly increased, rising from 18,849 tons 
in the year 1892 to 71,742 tons exported in 1901. The principal con- 
suming market, in fact the only one for quantities of any importance 
for Argentine flours, is the Republic of Brazil, as is shown hy the 
tables set out. Small quantities, which are sent to Europe, are 
really of an experimental character. There are no regular grades 
for the quality of flour for export, but they correspond more or less 
to those fixed for home consumption. The export business is not 
usually carried out by the miller who sells his flour for cash to the 
exporting houses and supplies the particular grade they require. 
There are, however, a few millers who export direct to Brazil. The 
usual package for exportation is a bag made of hempen canvas of 
special quality, with a capacity of 22 and 44 kilos. This applies 
more particularly to the Brazilian market. 

It is impossible to prognosticate the future of Argentine wheat 
exportation, but it is possible that exportation to Brazil will fall 
off owing to the protective measures extended to the mills of that 
country, where the flour is almost entirety made from Argentine 
wheat. Diminution, however, in exports to Brazil, will no doubt be 
covered by a greater impulse to exportation to Europe. A new mill 
on an extensive scale is now being erected on a site in the port of 
Buenos Aires by the Belgian company of mills and elevators. This 
mill, which will be the largest in South America, will turn out 2,500 
sacks of flour, of 90 kilograms each, every twenty-four working hours, 
and the reduced cost which larger production means, combined with 
its position in the port, will certainly enable it to compete with similar 
products from other sources in the European markets. 

Production is expensive in the Argentine Republic, owing chiefly 
to the cost of installation and fuel and the high price of lubricating 
material, in addition to the heavy taxes imposed on mills. All these 
react on a limited production, as generally speaking the output of the 
mills is not more than 350 bags of 90 kilograms, per day, and conse- 
quently place Argentine flours at a disadvantage in competing with 
other kinds in Europe and the United States. 






166 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

In Buenos Aires a mill with a capacity of 200 bags of flour per day 
pays the following amount annually in taxes : 

Direct tax $720 

License 500 

Duty on analysis 400 

Drains and water supply 336 

Tax on carts 615 

Cleaning and lighting 336 

Tax on steam engine 80 

Inspection of stables 18 

Testing weights and measures . _ _ 1 60 

Total 3,065 

to which may be added sundry other small taxes. 

The railway companies do not give facilities for the exportation of 
flour, as is the case in other countries, so that the flour for export 
can only be furnished by mills in the Federal Capital and vicinity, 
and those in Rosario de Santa Fe, and a few other places in that 
province. In Bahia Blanca there are two modern mills from which 
direct exportation to Europe is feasible. 

As regards the selling price of flour, it is subject to constant fluctua- 
tion and the relative value of wheats for consumption; but, on an 
average, the price for grade " " may be taken as 20 national cents, 
for 10 kilograms higher than the current price for the "special." 
For example, at present the " special " is sold at about 95 cents the 10 
kilograms and the " 0" at $1.12 to $1.15. Argentine flour generally 
combines in one class the two qualities of whiteness and strength, 
subject of course to the varied quality of the wheat used. Millers 
usually get from 67 to 73 per cent of flour from each 100 kilograms 
ground. The remaining ingredients of the milled stuff, coarse and 
fine bran, etc., command, as a rule, a good price for exportation to 
Europe, South Africa, etc. The exportation of flour to Brazil is fre- 
quently hampered by the sanitary regulations adopted by that country 
against Argentine products. During the year 1900, for a period of 
four months, not a single bag of flour was allowed to be imported from 
the Argentine. Carriage by sea is expensive, considering the short 
distance separating the two countries. Hitherto there has been no 
regular line of vessels, but recently the Brazilian Lloyd has been 
established, with fixed sailings from Rosario de Santa Fe and Buenos 
Aires. 



FROZEN MEAT. 

Exportation of flour during the ten years 1892-1901. 
[Value in gold.] 



167 



Destination. 


1892. 


1893. 


1894. 


1895. 


1896. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Antilles .. 


137 

2,074 

63 

10,362 


$7,875 

113,616 

3,455 

564,534 


70 

1,936 

101 

24,453 

6 

822 

751 

173 


$2,520 

69,684 

3,448 

913,076 

208 

29,593 

27,026 

6,146 


714 

1,514 

157 

32,582 


$17,557 

37,060 

3,812 

815, 116 


1,063 

826 
109 
47,632 
3 
27 
319 
447 


$42,086 

24,648 

3,685 

1,663,145 

114 

975 

11,725 

15,498 








176 

72 

49,129 

55 

21 

671 

328 


$6,295 

2,700 

1,858,549 

2,075 

758 


Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile . 




681 
5 
19 


35,445 
294 
960 


496 

482 
682 


12,536 
11,880 
16,930 


Germany 


27,005 
11,821 


Italy 


Netherlands 


Paraguay 

Peru. 


1,730 


90,119 


2,763 


94,507 


2,561 


65,706 


194 


5,596 


490 


18,669 








250 


9,000 


20 


544 










South Africa 










73 


2,548 


Spain 

United. Kingdom. _ 


312 
1,300 


18,269 
72,346 


536 
240 
260 
531 
3,029 


18,799 

8,604 

8,320 

18,630 

109,029 


99 
659 
239 
547 
6 


2,561 

16,202 

6,444 

13,423 

160 


44 

3,061 

9 

158 

43 


1,760 

105,141 

225 

6,072 

1,696 


225 


4,537 




800 
1,366 


41,994 
75,134 


429 
163 


15,279 
6,320 


Various 




Total 


18,849 


1,024,041 


37,921 


1,318,590 


40, 758 


1,019,931 


53,935 


1,882,366 


51,732 


1,949,556 


Destination, 


1897. 


1898. 


1899. 


1900. 


1901. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


























5 
111 

40,097 

1 

190 

10 

207 


$300 

6,564 

2,336,395 

61 

9,571 

602 

12,408 


10 

66 

30,586 

2 

132 


$480 

3,329 

1,524,004 

94 

6,600 


ii 

60 

53,900 

66 

280 

42 

1,093 


$430 
1,949 
1,759,971 
1,948 
9,555 
1,389 
40,930 


676 

50 

37,938 

34 

30 

579 

15 

126 

807 

120 


$23,398 

1,669 

1,321,549 

1,107 

864 

17,807 

540 

4,532 

27,119 

3,120 






Bolivia 


86 

68,119 

128 

213 

2 

5 

5 

948 


$3,144 


Brazil 


2,573,529 


Chile 


4,755 


France 


7,893 




73 


Italy.. 

Netherlands _. 


166 


7,922 


179 
195 


Paraguay 


335 


19,758 


426 


22,628 


716 


22,851 


35,999 


Peru 




Portugal 


















South Africa. 

Spain 


302 


15,536 


3 


144 


678 

20 

2,366 


21,014 

583 

70,865 


4,445 
216 

4,458 

92 

1,244 

373 


117,215 

6,207 

136, 761 

3,326 

42,558 

10,313 


350 

51 

304 


13,300 
1,970 


United Kingdom.. 
United States 


11 


696 


206 


10,340 


11,637 


Uruguay . . 


146 

28 


8,139 
1,689 


143 
193 


6,760 
10,194 


68 
161 


2,011 

4,785 


1,084 

447 


41,539 


Various 


17,085 






Total 


41,443 


2,411,719 


31,933 


1,592,495 


59,464 


1,938,281 


51,203 


1,718,085 


71,742 


2,711,298 



FROZEN MEAT INDUSTRY. 

The Belgian legation at Buenos Aires writes to the "Bulletin Com- 
mercial" that the total commercial movement of the saladeros of the 
Rio de la Plata and Rio Grande was as follows for 1901, compared 
with the two years preceding : 

Number of animals slaughtered. 



Establishments. 


1901. 


1900. 


1899. 


Buenos Aires (Province) 


73,300 

39, 700 

115,800 

50,000 


39,000 
22,000 
88,400 


19,500 


Rivers of the Argentine Republic and Uruguay _ 

Montevideo 


8,600 
86,200 


Rio Grande . . 


3,000 








Total .. 


278,800 


150,100 


117,300 







168 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



As is shown by the above figures, it is especially in the Province of 
Buenos Aires that the progress of the meat-packing industry is the 
most remarkable. 

The "Review of the River Plate," of the same city, published the 
following resume of the exports of frozen meat from the Argentine 
Republic during the last three years : 



Year. 


Sheep. 


Quarters 
of beef. 


1899 I.... 


2,485,949 
2,385,214 

2,722,727 


113, 431 


1900 - - 


265,965 


1901 


497, 375 







The large increase in the exports of beef is due especially to the 
prohibiting of the importation in England of Argentine live stock, on 
account of the foot-and-mouth disease which prevailed in the latter 
country in 1900 and which now has completely disappeared. 

The first meat-freezing station was started by the River Plate 
Fresh Meat Company in the year 1883, at Campana, Buenos Aires. 
The following year the works of the Compania Sansinena de Carnes 
Congeladas were started at Barracas, Buenos Aires, and in 1886 the 
Las Palmas Produce Company erected another station at Zarate, 
Buenos Aires. These three companies have handled the frozen- 
meat trade of Argentina. From the year 1883, when 17,165 frozen 
sheep were exported, until 1901 the meat exported has increased 
steadily, and 1901 saw a higher export than any preceding year, about 
100,000 tons of frozen meat having been shipped. 

Animal products. 



Year. 


Frozen meat. 


Preserved meat. 


Horns. 


Hides. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


1897 


55,833 
66,671 
66,628 
82,091 
109,327 


$2,233,325 
2,666,878 
2,665,073 
7,042,727 
9,623,118 


36,803 
22,802 
19,747 
17,128 
24,987 


$2,578,543 
2,228,512 
2,154,852 
2,183,453 
3,084,980 


2,009 
1,685 
1,700 
1,463 
1,904 


$100,447 

84,259 

85,022 

117,078 

152,328 


98,340 
99,583 
98,404 
93,406 
100,613 


$19, 485. 108 


1898 .- 


20. 786. 767 


1899 


25.090.526 


1900 


22, 613. 020 


1901 


23.250.475 






Total 




24, 231, 121 




12,230,640 




539,134 




111.225.896 











Year. 


Wool. 


Horsehair. 


Vari- 
ous. 


Total 
value. 


Manufac- 
tured ani- 
mal mat- 
ter. 


Animal 
residue. 


Total 
value of 

exports of 
pastoral 

products. 




Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Value. 


Value. 


Value. 


1897 

1898 

1899 

1900... 

1901 


205,571 
221,286 
237, 110 
101, 113 

228,358 


$37,450,244 
45,584,603 
71,283,619 
27,991,561 
44,666,483 


2,580 
2,514 
2,500 
2,272 
2,563 


$980,650 
1,099,465 
1,129,912 
1,136,107 
1,004,677 


$25 
60 

"""304" 
395 


$62,828,342 
72,450,544 

102.409,004 
61,084.550 
81,782,456 


$3,294,919 
4,012,S65 
3,542.077 
3.568,189 
5,154.226 


$713,131 $74,044,525 
784,348 87.381,625 
567.829 115.546.9lXi 
659,017 71.253,886 
624.974 90.646,411 


Total. 




226,976,510 




5,350,811 


784 


380,554,896 


19,572,276 


3.349.299 


438. 873. 353 









IRON AND STEEL. 



169 



IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES. 

These are among the principal industries of the country. Accord- 
ing to the census returns of 1895, there were 154 iron foundries in the 
country, with a capital of $7,635,823, and 166 repair shops, with a 
capital of $6,818,178. Every class of machinery is manufactured, 
and there are several establishments which turn out small steam 
engines and boilers. 

The imports of raw material have been : 





Description. 




1900. 


■ 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Steel ingots and sheets 

Iron ingots and sheets 

Iron columns and beams. . . 




tons.- 

do.... 

do.... 


672 

36,708 
14,919 


$67,247 

1,435,991 

598,327 



Several of the railway and tramway companies construct their pas- 
senger and freight cars in the country, the wheels being the only parts 
that are imported. 

The local safe makers command nearly the entire trade, and imports 
in this line, which were 55 tons in 1899, were only 32 tons in 1900. 

MATCH FACTORIES. 

There were in 1900 seven match factories in the country, of which 
four are working and three shut down. Matches have to pay an excise 
tax. Those known as wax matches, national or imported, pay for 
each box containing not more than seven dozen matches, one cent 
paper. Boxes containing a greater number pay a proportionate tax. 
Wood matches pay half a cent per box containing not more than 
seven dozen. 

In 1900 the imports of special thread for match making ainounted 
to 124,448 kilograms (274, 358 pounds), and the matches imported 
amounted to 28 kilograms (62 pounds) of wax and 6,273 kilograms 
(13,829 pounds) of wood matches, as against none of wax in 1899 and 
339 kilograms (747 pounds) of wood matches in 1899. The imports 
for five years, 1895-1899, were 115,670 kilograms (255,000 pounds) of 
wax and 33,234 kilograms (73,268 pounds) of wood matches. From 
these figures it is seen that wood matches are coming more into use. 
There is one factory of wood matches in the country. 

QUARRIES. 

To the south of the Province of Buenos Aires there are several 
stone quarries, many of which are being successfully worked, while 
in the Chubut Territory good stone for paving purposes is found 
in large quantities. The famous marble and onyx quarries, from 



170 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

which the material for the magnificent staircases of the Bnenos 
Aires Jockey Clnb and the New York Life Company's building in 
Paris was supplied, are situated in the upper provinces of the 
Republic and only need careful development to open up a large and 
profitable industry. 

SUGAR. 

The production of sugar from cane has hitherto constituted an 
important industry in the Republic, and more particularly in the 
provinces of Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy and the National Territories 
of Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones. In view, however,, of the conclu- 
sions arrived at by the Sugar Conference recently held in Brussels, a 
critical position has arisen in the Province of Tucuman, from which 
district most of the sugar produced was exported. The leaders of the 
industry and the Provincial Government are now discussing a 
project whereby the future production and cultivation will be limited 
and proportionate compensation given to the growers in the various 
districts. Legislation to this end has already been submitted to the 
Provincial Congress and Senate. 

The province of Tucuman has more than 60,000 hectares under cane, 
and in the event of a cessation of the export of sugar it will be nec- 
essary to destroy or abandon cultivation of at least one-third of the 
area mentioned, the remaining 40,000 hectares being more than suffi- 
cient to meet the internal requirements of the country. The produc- 
tion of sugar in Argentina has risen from about 1,000 tons in 1870 to 
151,639 tons in 1901. According to the census of 1895 there were 51 
sugar mills, representing a capital of $52,417,984, with a capacity for 
crushing 66,552 tons of cane and for producing 4,445 tons of sugar 
per twenty-four hours. As a consequence of overproduction, manu- 
facturers had recourse to export, which amounted in 1897 to 41,734 
tons and in 1901 to 58,000 tons; and as the home consumption does 
not exceed 80,000 tons Congress voted bounties to manufacturers 
exporting their produce. The refinery at Rosario, which is the largest 
in the country, alone placed 150,000 tons of sugar in the market in 
1901. From 1897 to 1901 the bounties paid on sugar exported have 
amounted to $30,794,000. The customs duty on imported sugar is 9 
cents gold per kilogram refined and 7 cents gold for other classes. 

TEXTILE FABRICS. 

In 1900 there were 16 weaving factories in the Republic, with a 
capital of $10,000,000 paper, giving employment to 6,200 persons, of 
whom 5,200 were women and 600 children under 14 years of age. 
There are 5 canvas factories in Buenos Aires, with a capital of 
$2,500,000, giving employment to 2,000 persons, of whom 1,800 are 



TEXTILE LNDUSTKIES. 



171 



women and children. The yearly output is 4,500,000 meters. The 
imports in 1899 and 1900 of raw material for textile industries were: 

[Value in gold.] 



Felt for hats dozen . . 

Spun wool kilos. . 

Washed wool do 

Spun cotton tons. . 

Cotton, raw Mlos.. 

Hessians tons. _ 

Agave, thread kilos. . 

Agave, raw do 



1900. 



Quantity. Value. 



2,603 
308,260 
24,182 
2,431 
119,380 
22, 165 
169, 103 
845,015 



$24,630 

299,392 

4,835 

865,013 

35,814 

3,368,547 

13,342 

58,416 



1899. 



Quantity. Value 



5,698 
325, 120 
10,371 
2,547 
96,716 
31,580 
292,531 
977,192 



$56,464 

221,743 

1,794 

1,018,837 

24,180 

6,315,999 

20,478 

58,631 



In 1899 a tax was placed on all hats made in the country, but it 
was removed in 1900. The hat factories in Argentina are represented 
by a capital of $10,000,000, and give employment to 6,700 hands, of 
whom 2,300 are women and children. There are 227 factories in the 
country, of which only 30 employ steam power. 

Although numerous plants suitable for textile industries are to be 
found, so far but little application has been made of them. Hemp is 
plentiful in Mendoza and cotton in Tucuman, and ramie and jute in 
both provinces. In the Province of Mendoza the municipality of Guai- 
mallen has established small works for preparing the raw material. 

The following figures give some idea of the bags and raw material 
required for agricultural and pastoral industries: 

Imports. 

[Value in gold.] 



Bagr: 

Hessians .tons. 

Tarred kilos. 

Hessians tons - 

Twine: 

For binders.. do... 

For binding wool kilos . 

Various tons . 

Spun jute do... 

Cotton bags ..do. . 



1900. 



X"" 



6,484 
59,749 
22,165 

3,123 

315,561 

523 

636 

424 



$1,014,337 

14,936 

3,368,547 

624,608 
31,792 

153,917 
50,732 

212,140 



1899. 



Quan- 
tity. 



691 

48,285 
31,580 

3,954 

189,514 
222 
416 

187 



Value. 



$138,202 

12,071 

631,999 

790,871 
22,742 

834,983 
32,604 
93,578 



1895-1899. 



Quan- 
tity. 



2,610 
126,148 
109,950 

11,165 

1,581,352 

2,071 

1,876 

1,412 



Value. 



$494,244 

30,134 

21,990,013 

2, 233,059 

189,763 

67,921 

135,590 

685,827 



TOBACCO. 

Tobacco has been grown in the provinces of Tucuman and 
Corrientes for many years. In 1872 the hectares under cultiva- 
tion throughout the Republic were 3,461; in 1888 these were reduced 
to 3,234, but in 1895 had increased to 15,795, distributed as follows: 

Hectares. 

Corrientes 6, 598 

Tucuman 2,749 

Misiones 2,310 



172 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Hectares. 

Cordoba . 1,222 

Salta . 922 

Jujuy 520 

Catamarca 518 

Chaco 422 

SantaFe 184 

Entre Rios , 130 

Buenos Aires 112 

Formosa 102 

San Juan _- _ _ _ 3 

San Luis 1 

Mendoza 1 

Rioja 1 

In 1895 there were 584 tobacco factories in the Republic, with a capi- 
tal of $14,433,435, and at the end of 1900 there were 1,187 factories 
inscribed in the inland revenue department, of which 210 were classi- 
fied as first category and 977 as second category. The excise tax on 
tobacco has produced the following amounts : 

1896 $4,580,732 

1897 4,750,699 

1898 8, 331 , 340 

1899 . 10,752,409 

1900 11,141,441 

1901 10,599,659 

WINE INDUSTRY. 

Although there has been a considerable increase in the manufacture 
of wines in the Argentine Republic during recent years, the total pro- 
duction does not exceed 40 per cent of the internal consumption, which 
last year amounted to 2,500,000 hectoliters, whereof 500,000 hectoliters 
were imported and 800,000 hectoliters were manufactured from arti- 
ficial ingredients in imitation of French and Spanish wines. The 
latter figure in the official returns as "artificial production," but in 
view of the numerous complaints as to the laxity in the administra- 
tion of the law for the repression of frauds of this character the Gov- 
ernment has adopted stringent measures to avoid a continuance of the 
traffic. 

Mendoza and San Juan are the most important centers of the wine 
industry. In these two provinces there are respectively 450 and 240 
bodegas out of a total of 1,000 in the whole Republic, the remainder 
being distributed over Cordoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, Entre Rios, and 
other provinces and territories. Recent statistics in relation to the 
Andine provinces (Mendoza and San Juan) show a decided increase 
in the number and extent of vineyards and in the quantity of wine 
produced, the number and area of the vineyards extracted from the 



WINE INDUSTKY. 



173 



official register of the province of Mendoza alone at December 31, 



1901, being as follows 



Capital 

Guaimallen 

Maipu 

San Martin 

Junin 

Rivadavia . 
Santa Rosa 

La Paz 

Lavalle 

Las Heras . 
Belgrano . . 

Lujan 

Tupungato 
Tunuyan . . 
San Carlos. 
San Rafael 

Total 



Hec- 
tares. 



,306 

,558 

3 

60 

94 

472 



17,149 



Meters. 



2,214 
7,277 
2,887 

407 
2,778 
3,170 
5,104 
8,079 
1,039 
4,850 
5,839 

336 
4,452 
6,319 

347 
5,717 



60,815 



Number of vines. 



First class. 



648,347 

6,998,986 

16,138,669 

11,925,394 

1,816,767 

1,752,636 

255,696 

408 

22,404 

1,396,065 

3,151,234 

8,304,327 



199,488 
856,337 



43,456,758 



Second 
class. 



437,735 
1,633,148 
1,285,724 

1,080,565 

496,488 

376,901 

219,258 

70,980 

92,683 

555,208 

641,075 

555.505 

9,440 

62,270 

73,851 

384,883 



7,975,714 



The vines which come under the heading of first class in the above 
table have an aggregate value of $32,592,568 and the plants of the 
second class a total value of $4,785,428, being respectively appraised 
at the rate of 75 and 60 cents per vine. 

The subjoined table gives the quantity of wine forwarded by rail to 
other parts of the country from the Andine provinces for the period 
1894-1901, inclusive: 



Year. 


Mendoza. 


San Juan. 


1894 


Hectoliters. 
227,613 
344,947 
496,207 
476, 314 
625,914 
882,801 
848,506 
982,098 


Hectoliters. 
135,242 


1895 


443,429 


1896 


196,605 

208,386 


1897 . 


1898 


176,834 


1899 


248,591 
322,736 


1900 


1901.. . . 


267,027 







In the eight years 1888-1895 the area planted with vineyards increased 
from 25,654 hectares to 33,459; in 1900 it was 36,000 hectares, valued 
at $9,500,000 in gold. There is a school of viti- viniculture in Mendoza, 
which is supported by the National Government. Phylloxera has 
not spread among the vines. The total capital represented in 1895 
amounted to $25,529,808, and in 1901 to $36,000,000. 

The tax on natural wines is 2 cents per liter, and in 1899, 121,200,- 
652 liters paid this duty, and in 1900, 125,076,954 liters. The tax on 
artificial wines is from 4 cents to 14 cents per liter; in 1899, 1,621,075 
liters paid duty, and 833,776 in 1900. The total amount received by 
the Government was $3,692,467.81 in 1899, and $3,624,805 in 1900. 

Stock of wine in 1901. — On January 1, 1901, the stock of wine in the 
bodegas was 32,952,819 liters. The price of land in the wine-growing 
districts, the small cost of planting and fencing, and the cheapness 



174 ARGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 

of labor open out a wide field for a profitable and extensive develop- 
ment of the wine industry. 

ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIES. 

Industrial resume. — The resume of industrial statistics deals with 
data obtained from the census of 1895, compared with the statistics 
of industries taken in the capital by the "Direction of Commerce and 
Industries," and from other sources of information brought down to 
1901. 

The manufacturing interest has advanced considerably since 1895, 
but the greatest increase has been in the capital of the Republic, 
which is practically the manufacturing center of the country. The 
resume embraces the following industries and products : 

Alimentary substances. — Oil, nourishing preparations, preserves of 
all kinds, starch, confectionery, chocolate, sausages, macaroni, bis- 
cuits and cakes, ice, liqueurs, cheese, and butter. 

Wearing apparel and dress. — Shirts, ties, gloves, laundries, corsets, 
tailoring, hats, walking sticks, umbrellas, textures, linen, laces, boots, 
and shoes. 

Construction. — Pottery, sawmills, shipbuilding yards, lime and 
cement works, carpenter shops, various constructions, bricks, kilns, 
marble work, tiles, mosaic pavements, waxwork, plaster of paris, and 
repairing shops. 

Furniture and adjuncts. — Billiard tables, bags, baskets, carriages, 
carts, mattresses, gilding, cabinetmaking, brushes, brooms, feather 
dusters, furniture, musical instruments, saddlery, tapestry, awnings 
and sails, cooperage, and turnery. 

Artistic work and decorations. — Sculpture, pictures, seals, jewelry, 
watches, silver work, metal lattice work, ornamental gas fittings. 

Metallurgy and branches. — Knife grinding, gunsmithing, brass 
work, sanitary appliances, casting metal, machine shops, wire netting, 
blacksmithing, etc. 

Chemical products. — Soap making, tallow, gunpowder, glycerin, 
candles, acids, and chemical products in general. 

Descriptive art and branches. — Bookbinding, cardboards, photo- 
graphs, printing, and lithography. 

Various. — Electricity, optics, lamps, cigars, matches, blacking, 
paints and varnishes, tanning, enamel work, iron safes, etc. 

Industrial development. — The industries which have attained the 
greatest development are generally those using the home-grown raw 
materials. Some of them have for years past competed favorably 
with the imported article, and in many cases the latter has been 
driven out of the market. This applies especially to articles of food . 
Factories producing articles for wear have increased in number, and 
notably those making boots, shoes, hats, and woven goods. In the 
making of pottery, limes, cement, and tiles, the output has greatly in- 



INDUSTEIAL RESUME. 



175 



creased, the materials used being chiefly home products. Hydraulic 
cement is almost entirely an imported article. Artistic and ornate 
work, excepting that of jewelers, watchmakers, and silversmiths, is a 
new industry. Medal casting has much improved, and lighting appa- 
ratus of all kinds are well made. In metal work Argentina has some 
good artisans, but the material has to be imported. There are mines 
of iron, copper, lead, etc., but hitherto these have not been extensively 
exploited. The leading manufacturers of chemical products employ 
elements produced in the country, as in candles, soap, glycerin, and 
sheep dips ; and these are beginning to be exported. There are two 
factories making sulphuric acid, and another for various acids and 
salts. Boric acid and carbonate of soda are also made in small quan- 
tities. In artistic engraving very great strides have been made, and 
the work in many cases will bear comparison with similar produc- 
tions. The tanning industry has grown considerably, particularly in 
the direction of shoe leather, which hitherto was mostly imported. 

There are no precise data showing the increase of the various 
industries, except those referring to the capital of the Republic; but 
as the manufacturing interests are almost confined to the capital, the 
following figures will convey some idea of industrial development 
since the year 1822 to 1901. The numbers are those of factories 
established, according to classification, in the different years. 





Capital of the Republic. 


Classification of factories. 


1822. 


1855. 


1895. 


1901. 


Foodstuffs 


45 

185 

177 

78 

38 

98 

8 

3 

42 


223 

278 

247 

157 

72 

143 

39 

14 

92 


1,253 

2,703 
1,098 
1,193 
421 
944 
132 
233 
462 


1,548 


Clothes and wearing apparel 

Construction 


3,307 
1,254 


Furniture . . 


1,568 


Artistic and ornamental 


488 


Metallurgy 


1,185 




236 




488 


Various 


892 








674 


1,265 


8,439 


10,966 



National consumption. — At present there are no statistics affording 
a clear insight into the effect on national consumption caused by the 
growth of the various industries; but the annual reduction in imports 
testifies to the importance of home production. Taking the value of 
importations for the two last decades, 1881-1890 and 1891-1900, and 
the number of inhabitants for the same period, we have the following 
results : 



Decades. 


Inhabitants. 


Importa- 
tions (gold). 


1881-1890. 


2,900,000 
4,100,000 


$103,200,000 


1891-1900 - 


99,100,000 







176 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

This is evidently out of proportion, as the last decade ought to show 
an average importation of $146,000,000 for an increase of population 
of 41 per cent, and allowing for a reduction in consumption, due to 
general depression since 1890, it must also be remembered that among 
the imports of the last ten years there appears in greater proportion 
than in the previous decade so-called reproductive consumption, 
embracing machinery and materials for the several industries. 

The difference between the average of importation for the decade 
1881-1890 of $103,200,000 gold and the calculated average for 1891- 
1900 of $146,000,000 gold, namely, $47,000,000, may be reckoned as 
the value of the yearly home manufactured products divided between 
large and small industries. 

It is contended that this difference of $47,000,000 gold less in the 
annual imports is the result of reduced consumption. But the values 
of exports during those periods average $77,378,000 gold for 1881-1890; 
$122,375,000 for 1891-1900, or an average increase of 58 per cent in the 
exports during the latter ten years, and these results could hardly 
have been attained without the aid of all the industrial forces of the 
country. If from the $47,000,000 taken as the average annual decrease 
in imports, due to the influence of manufacture or diminished con- 
sumption of imported goods, we separate the amount represented by 
tobacco, sugar, wines, beer, and alcohol, which averages about 
$12,000,000 gold for the ten years, we find that the manufacturing in- 
dustries have contributed to the decrease of importation by $35,000,000 
gold, which fact may be accepted as evidence of their progress and 
importance. The industries that develop most and are consequently 
the chief factors in the falling off of the importation are those of hats, 
cotton textures, woolen fabrics, conserved articles, boots and shoes, 
saddlery and skins, tanning, and furniture. There is, however, a vast 
field still for the development of these and other industries not yet 
touched, as is evidenced by the following returns of imports for the 
five years 1896-1900: 

Gold. 

Textiles and manufactured goods $1 80 > 193 - 868 

Preserved provisions 54 - 6 ~0' 945 

Timber, and manufactured goods 3 -> 698 > 58 ? 

Stone, earthenware, and glass "- 44, 590, 005 

Or $312,103,405 gold in these four items, although the necessary 
raw material for the production of most of them abounds in the 
country. There are no cotton mills. The eight cotton textile factories 
only make the stuffs from imported thread to the value of $1,500,000 
gold; both sailcloth and finer canvas of excellent quality are manu- 
factured. 



INDUSTRIAL RESUME. 



177 



Resume of the number of industrial establishments, persons employed, nationality 

of owners, and capital. 



No. 


Classification. 


Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Nationality of 
owners. 


Persons 

em- 
ployed. 


Capital 
(paper). 


Number of machines 
in use. 


Argen- 
tines. 


For- 
eign- 
ers. 


Steam. 


Horse- 
power. 


Other 
kinds. 


1 


Foods 


4,377 
6,317 
4,211 
2,634 

1,016 

3,404 

421 

682 

1,769 


598 

757 

1,108 

476 

190 
436 
73 
145 
462 


3,779 
5,566 
3,143 
2,158 

826 

2,968 

348 

437 

1,307 


29,209 
36,304 
32,560 
18,346 

3,130 
16,137 
5,731 
6,115 

18,845 




35,500 




2 
3 


Wearing apparel 

Construction 


52,014,307 i 
50,951,000 ! 
26,715,000 

9,971,046 i 
28,114,000 
15,217,310 
13,217,504 
52,641,713 


• 2,758 




4 
5 


Furniture, etc 

Artistic and decora- 
tive 


33,200 


6 


Metallurgy 


7 
8 


Chemical products . . . 
Engraving 




9 


Various 






Total 






24,831 


4,245 


20,532 


166,377 


321,276,785 


2,758 


35,500 








33,200 



573a— 03- 



■12 



CHAPTER IX. 

COMMERCE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN— STATISTICAL DATA- 
CUSTOMS TARIFFS, STAMP AND INTERNAL TAX LAWS. 

Administration. — The Departments of National Commerce and 
Industries are under the administration and direct control of the 
Minister of Agriculture, who, by reason of the law which includes com- 
merce, industries, and agriculture in one portfolio, has so extended 
the commercial divisions as to render them practically an entirely 
separate organization. 

Commercial conditions. — The commercial conditions of the Repub- 
lic are highly favorable. Argentina has immense areas at present 
unpopulated and uncultivated, with an excellent climate and excep- 
tional productive powers. Her splendid ports, large rivers, and 
relative proximity to Europe, Africa, and the Pacific enable her to 
successfully compete with other countries in the supply of raw mate- 
rials, live stock, frozen meat, cereals, timber, etc. During the month 
of April, 1900, the Minister of Marine placed two Government trans- 
ports at the disposal of the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce 
for the purpose of carrying consignments of Argentine products to 
South Africa and elsewhere as a test in the matter of opening up new 
markets. 

Values. — The official statistics relating to value, particularly in 
regard to exports, are necessarily to some extent inconsistent, as in 
many cases the duties imposed are simply ad valorem, the values 
being fixed by the Argentine Customs Commission, and these are fre- 
quently extremely wide. For example, flour is valued in the tariff 
law at $10 gold per ton, upon which basis the ad valorem duty is 
established although its real value is perhaps four times greater. 
The same principle is applied to hides and wool, while, in the matter 
of imports, articles which vary largely in quality and cost are set 
down under one valuation. 

Tariffs. — Commerce in Argentina is governed by a series of tariffs 
and laws of a protective character which are so drafted that they 
may be applied to meet the changed circumstances arising out of the 
adoption of a more stringent protective policy in any other country, 
having reference to the products of the Argentine Republic. As an 
illustration of this form of legislation we cite article 69 of the custom- 
house law now in force, which provides as follows: 
178 



IMPORT DUTIES. 179 

Import duties. — "The duties on imports established in this law con- 
stitute the minimum tariff for merchandise or products of any nation 
which applies a similar tariff and does not augment its duties on 
imports from Argentina or establish duties on articles which at 
present are free of duty, or largely reduces the tariff at present in 
force regarding similar articles from other countries, or finally places 
obstacles in the way of importation of Argentine products by reason 
of restrictive measures; then, in any of the above cases the Execu- 
tive Power is authorized to apply to the merchandise or products pro- 
ceeding from any such nation the maximum tariff, the duties fixed 
therein being 50 per cent higher than those stipulated in the mini- 
mum tariff; and 15 per cent on articles which at present are imported 
free of duty. 

Special reduction. — "The Executive Power is likewise authorized 
to grant special reductions, not exceeding 50 per cent of the tariff in 
force at the time, on articles from countries which in the opinion of 
the Executive Power accord equivalent advantages to this country. 
This concession, however, can only be granted on the condition that 
the Argentine Government reserves the right to cancel the same at 
any time, giving six months' notice to that effect." 

Value of imports and exports, 1902. — The value of the imported and 
exported produce during 1902 has been: 

[Values expi'essed in gold.] 
Imports: 

Livestock $463,605 

Eatables 10,626,004 

Tobacco 3,229,647 

Dyes and colors . 699, 931 

Textiles 29,744,239 

Mineral oils, etc 3,982,800 

Chemical products 1 3, 697, 800 

Tints and colors 699, 93 1 

Lumber and manufactures 6, 856, 776 

Paper and manufactures 962, 661 

Leather and manufactures _ ... ■ 962, 661 

Iron and manufactures - - 17, 916, 082 

Other metals and manufactures 2, 733, 902 

Stones, earth, crystals, and ceramic products 10, 908, 694 

Various articles 3, 076, 547 

Total 103,039,256 

Exports: 

Cattle trade 104, 539, 139 

Agricultural products . 68, 171, 332 

Timber products 3,649,208 

Mining products 327,006 

Game products 718, 449 

Various products - .. ... 2,081,593 

Total........ _. .- 179,486,727 



180 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Value of imports and exports, 1902. — Comparative tables of dutia- 
ble and nondutiable imports and exports during the first three months 
of 1901 and 1902: 

IMPORTS. 





1902. 


1901. 


Compari- 
son, 1902. 


1902. 


Bullion, 
1901. 


Com- 
parison, 
1902. 




$22,667,792 
4,916,483 


$24,559,723 

5,470,880 


-$1,891,931 
- 554,397 








Free of duty 


$5,358 


$897,872 


-$892,514 






Total 


27,584,275 


30,030,603 


- 2,446,328 

















EXPORTS. 





$28,813,586 
27,898,362 


$18,748,661 
29,040,623 


+$10,064,925 
- 1,141,261 










$866,660 


$296,034 


+$570, 626 






Total 


56,711,948 


47,788,284 


+ 8,923,664 














. 



Balance of trade, 1893-1902. a 



Year. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Balance in favor of — 


Imports. 


Exports. 


1893 ... 


Gold. 
$92,337,333 
101,512,885 
118,936,838 
115,505,000 
101,169,299 
133,829,458 
184,917,531 
154,600,412 
167,716,102 
181,069,916 


Gold. 

$100,843,209 

95,911,054 

94,855,732 

111,800,000 

98,288,948 

107,428,900 

116,850,671 

113,485,069 

113,959,749 

104,394,931 


Gold. 

$8,505,876 


Gold. 


1894. 


$5,601,831 


1895 




24,081,106 


1896 




3, 705; 000 


1897 




2,880,351 


1898 




26,400,558 


1899 




68,066,860 


1900 




41,115.343 


1901 . 




53,756,353 
76,674,985 


1902& 











a Report of Foreign Bondholders, London, 1901-2. 
b La Prensa, January 1, 1903. 



Import and export of specie in 1902. 

Imports $5, 977, 000 

Exports 2,575,000 



Balance 2,402,000 

Foreign Trade in 1902. 

The Buenos Aires " Handels-Zeitung" (Revista Financier ay Comer- 
cial) of February 6, 1903, published interesting data concerning the 
commerce of the Argentine Republic during the twelve months of 
1902, covering the following information: 

The imports during the period amounted to $103,039,256 gold, as 
against $113,959,749 gold in 1901, or a decrease in 1902, as compared 
with the preceding year, of $10,920,493 gold. 

The exports during the twelve months of 1902 were $179,486,727 
gold, as compared with $167,716,102 gold during the same period of 
1901, or an increase in 1902 of $11,770,625 gold. 



FOREIGN TRADE. 



181 



The following table gives the imports in detail : 

[Amounts expressed in gold.] 



Articles. 


1902. 


1901. 


Articles. 


1902. 


1901. 


Live stock 


$463,605 

10,626,004 

3,229,647 

5,583,549 

29,744,239 

3,982,800 

3,697,800 

699,931 

6,856,776 


$202,648 

10,954,487 

3,037,287 

7,090,563 

32,947,808 

4,503,658 

4,114,802 

843,003 

7,399,578 


Paper and paper 

manufactures 

Leather manufac- 


$2,557,019 

962,661 
17,916,082 

2,733,902 
10, 908,6114 
3,076,547 






$3,043,329 






1,141,806 
21,724,443 


T ex tile manufac- 
tures - 


Iron manufactures _ . 
Other metal manu- 
factures. 

Pottery 

Various articles 

Total 


Oils 


3,355,852 




10,155,132 




3, 445, 353 


Wood and wood 
manufactures 




« 103, 039, 256 


113,959,749 



"$99,432,882 United States currency. 

Imports from different countries 3 1902-1901. — The different countries 
from which these products were imported are as follows: 

[Amounts expressed in gold.] 



Countries. 


1902. 


1901. 


1 

Countries. 


1902. 


1901. 


Great Britain . 


$36,995,460 

13,229,275 

13,303,504 

12,265,003 

9,243,071 

5,484,233 

4,583,645 

3,166,902 

1,469,510 


$36,460,808 

16,724,549 

15,533,639 

14,736,103 

9,959,541 

8,688,657 

4,386,047 

3,912,536 

1,767,644 


Uruguay . 


$744,694 
622,359 
213,189 
122,015 
106,781 
1,485,124 


$679,236 
573,419 
111,076 
138,732 




Netherlands 

Chile 


United States 


Italy 






Cuba 


Belgium 


Other countries 

Total 


244,073 




103,039,216 


113,959,749 











Exports to different countries, 1902-1901. — The 
exports to the dirY erent countries are as follows : 



figures 



showing 



[Amounts expressed in gold.] 



Countries. 


1902. 


1901. 


Countries. 


1902. 


1901. 


Great Britain 

France 


$35,084,066 

29,587,457 

22,939,881 

13,760,219 

10,037,576 

8,368,742 

8,285,387 

4,215,756 

3,673,633 

2,834,288 


$29,920,759 
28,637,121 
21,479,882 
13,457,731 
9,296,454 
9,702,488 
2,891,259 
4,318,950 
3,710,663 
1,753,931 


Spain 

Chile. 


$2,025,428 
684,113 
600,368 
470,991 
212,212 
10,196,675 
26,509,935 


$2,131,713 
568, 173 


Germany.. 


Bolivia 


541,049 


Belgium 

United States 

Brazil 


Cuba.. 




Paraguay 

Other countries 

Orders 


216,053 
8,915,913 

29,807,780 


Africa . 


Italy 


Total 




Uruguay 

Netherlands 


"179,486,727 


167,716,102 







"$173,204,692 United States currency. 



182 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Exports from Buenos Aires, 1902-1901. — The exports from the port 
of Buenos Aires during the years 1902 and 1901 were as follows: 



Articles. 



Corn sacks. 

Wheat do... 

Linseed do . . . 

Flour do... 

Wool bales. 

Sheepskins do... 

Oxhides: 

Dry 

Salted. 

Horsehides: 

Dry 

Salted 

Calfskins bales. 

Various hides. -do... 

Hair . do... 

Flax cakes sacks . 

Barley do... 

Bran.. do... 

Seeds do... 

Sugar. do... 

Bone and bone ash 

tons 

Horns 

Butter boxes. 

Ostrich plumes do. . . 
Quebracho tons. 

Do .rolls. 

Do sacks. 



1902. 



7,059,611 

2,171,560 

2,099,137 

676,194 

360,562 

84,242 



1,234,239 

160,572 

135,692 

136,786 

28,830 

3,837 

180,391 

22,393 

1,502,074 

2,195 

30, 151 

21,504 

3,722 

131, 452 

92 

62, 486 

1,313 

207,950 



1901. 



5,583,512 
2,611,017 
1,121,766 
1,021,324 

398,025 
72,586 

1,510,648 
1,200,231 

130,548 

133,374 

135,215 

10,163 

3,734 

120,087 

15,898 

1,144,939 

1,697 

93,846 

23,792 

2,785 

45,199 

166 

62,699 

167 

148,140 



Articles. 



Minerals sacks . 

Guts barrels. 

Turnip seed, .sacks. 

Cattle 

Sheep 

Horses 

Mules 

Hogs 

Tallow pipes. 

Do casks. 

Dried meat ..bales. 

Frozen meat, quar- 
ters 

Frozen mutton . 

Frozen sheep, quar- 
ters 

Frozen lamb. 

Conserved meat, 
boxes 

Tongues boxes. 

Hay bales. 

Various meats, pack- 
ages 

Tobacco bales . 

Meat flour . . .sacks. 

Meat broth . .boxes. 

Meat extract. .do... 

Blood, dry .. .sacks . 



1902. 



9,776 
9,874 
25,511 
24,100 
86,472 
13,088 
58,573 
602 
33,912 
144,372 



317,371 
1,191,232 

466,428 
54,688 

57,416 

14,098 

539,192 



28,576 

7,759 

2,021 

13,199 

14,224 



1901. 



17,150 

7,846 

29,535 

16,650 

4,862 

1,437 

9,400 

250 

26,824 

72,177 

290,288 

49,773 
903,835 

181,229 
4,059 



14,054 
175,368 

22,119 
25,183 
12,031 
368 
3,275 
13,318 



Commercial statistics. — Most of the commercial statistics for the 
Argentine Republic during 1902 show excess valuations over those of 
1901. These excesses include all kinds of hides and skins, hair, horns, 
intestines, cattle, horses, mules, hogs, sheep, frozen meat of all kinds, 
conserved meat, meat broth and extract, dried blood, tobacco, flax 
cakes, barley, bran, seeds, maize, linseed, hay, and butter. On the 
other hand, there were decreases in the exports for 1902 in the following 
articles: Flour, wheat, wool, dried meat, meat flour, sugar, bone and 
bone ash, ostrich plumes, minerals, and turnip seed. 

Cattle imports. — Uruguay heads the list in cattle importation from 
the Argentine Republic, Brazil ranking next, with Spain and France 
to follow. In the case of sheep, Brazil leads, with Spain, France, and 
Uruguay ranking next. 

Cattle exports. — The exports of frozen meat in 1902 were considerably 
more than double the corresponding total of 1899, which was the last 
complete year before the British ports were closed to live animals from 
the River Plate. The exports of frozen beef in 1902 were nearly 
treble those in 1900, the United Kingdom alone receiving from Argen- 
tine fully two-thirds of the total shipments from the River Plate. The 
shipments of butter were nearly three times as much as in 1901, of 
which the greater part went to England. 

Export of farm crops. — The principal farm crops exported are wheat, 
maize, linseed, and hay. Of these, 129,867 tons of wheat were sent to 
Brazil, 80,346 tons to Belgium, 70,427 tons to the United Kingdom, 
18,233 tons to Germany, 15,464 tons to Italy, 6,103 tons to France, 2,409 



FOREIGN TRADE. 



183 



tons to Spain, 966 tons to the United States, 1 ton to Uruguay, and the 
remainder to other countries. Of the exports of maize in 1902, 296,143 
tons were sent to the United Kingdom, 120,377 tons to Germany, 108,029 
tons to Belgium, 51,973 tons to France, 24,307 tons to Italy, 7,766 tons to 
Spain, 9 tons to Uruguay, and the remainder to other countries. The 
United Kingdom received 63,888 tons, or nearly one-fifth of the total 
exports of linseed in 1902, while 42,770 tons went to Germany, 32,997 
tons to Belgium, 26,556 tons to France, 14,113 tons to the United States, 
2,981 tons to Italy, 64 tons to Spain, 17 tons to Brazil, 10 tons to 
Uruguay, and the rest to other countries. Of the exported hay, 23,717 
tons were sent to Brazil and 1,176 tons to the United Kingdom. 

<l El Diario" of Buenos Aires, under date of January 29, 1902, pub- 
lishes an interesting article upon the foreign commerce of the Argen- 
tine Republic for 1901, compiled from data taken from the advance 
sheets of the Bulletin of Statistics. 



Foreign Trade in 1901. 

Imports, 1901. — The imports of the Republic for the twelve months 
were valued at $113,959,749 gold, of which $95,252,275 were subject to 
the payment of duty and $18, 707, 474 were admitted free. A comparison 
of these figures with the imports of 1900 shows that there has been a 
decrease of $1, 250, 177 gold in the imports of merchandise that paid duty, 
and an increase of $1,724,857 gold in the import of articles not subject 
to duty — that is to say, a net increase in the imports of 1901, as com- 
pared with those of 1900, of $474,680 gold. 

Exports, 1901. — The exports from the Argentine Republic in 1901 
aggregated $167,716,102 gold, consisting of $93,342,581 worth of nondu- 
rable products and $74,373,521 worth subject to export duties. The 
exportation of dutiable articles in 1901 , as compared with 1 900, increased 
in the sum of $18, 204, 144, while those not subject to export duties dimin- 
ished to the amount of $5,088,454. The total value of the exports, 
however, were $13,115,690 more in 1901 than in 1900. 

Import and export of specie in 1901. — The imports of specie in 1901 
rose to $2,383,120, and the exports of the same to $2,376,270. 

International trade, 1901. — The commerce of the Argentine Republic 
in 1901 with the nations of the world is shown in the following table: 



Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Africa 


Gold. 


Gold. 
$2,891,259 
13,457,731 
541,049 

9,702,488 
568, 173 
28,637,121 
21,479,883 
29,920,759 

4,318,950 


Netherlands 


Gold. 

$573,409 

1,767,644 

3,912,536 

15,533,639 

679,236 

43, 679 

244,083 


Gold. 
$1,753,931 




$8,688,657 
138, 732 
4,386,047 
111,076 
9,959,541 
16,724,549 
36,460,808 
14,736,103 


216,053 


Bolivia 


Spain 

United States 


2,131,713 


Brazil 


9,296,454 


Chile 


3,710,663 


France ... 




366, 782 


Germany 


Other countries 

Total 


38,723,093 


Great Britain 

Italy 




113,959,749 


167,716,102 







184 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports from the United States, 1901. — There was a notable increase 
in the value of the imports from the United States, which nation now 
ranks third in the list of importing countries, Great Britain and Ger- 
many occupying the first and second places, in the order named. The 
following tables show the increase and decrease, respectively, in 1901, 
of articles entering into the foreign commerce of the Argentine Repub- 
lic, as compared with 1900: 

INCREASE. 

[Values in gold.] 



Chemical products $354, 208 

Foodstuffs 501,561 

Iron 2,670,392 

Other metals . 12,680 



Lumber and its manufactures $358, 724 
Paper and paper products. _ _ 117, 125 

Stone, earthenware, etc 1, 261, 762 

Sundry manufactures 123, 820 



DECREASE. 



[Values in gold.] 



Beverages $187,278 

Leather and leather products . 1 02 , 952 
Live animals 161,623 



Paints and dyes $22, 724 

Textiles and textile products- 4, 650, 039 
Tobacco 109,874 



Value of exports, 1901. — The following table shows the values of the 
principal articles exported in 1901 : 

[Values in gold.] 



Bran $1,454,428 

Corn 18,887,397 

Linseed 16, 515, 263 

Flour 2,711,298 

Hides: 

Salted 5, 281 , 756 

Dry 8,848,438 

Jerked beef 2, 879, 455 

Tallow and grease 3 , 902 , 909 

Livestock 3,084,755 



Quebracho: 

Ties $1 , 989, 195 

Extract 451,004 

Refrigerated beef 4, 490, 447 

Frozen wethers 5, 041 , 023 

Sheepskins 7, 339, 811 

Sugar 3, 952. 998 

Wheat 26,240,755 

Wool 44,666.483 



Live-stock products, 1901. — The stock products exported amounted 
to $90,646,411 gold in 1901, an increase over the previous year of 
$19,392,125. A considerable portion of this increase was caused by 
the large exports of wool in 1901, due principally to delay in market- 
ing the output of the previous year. The total value of the exports of 
wool during the year referred to was $16,646,411 gold. The other 
principal articles of this class the exportation of which increased in 
1901 are shown by the following statistics : 

[Values in gold.] 

Frozen meats $2,559,540 j Jerked beef SS99.S6S 

Hides 688,826 | Tallow 1,097.238 



COMPARATIVE TABLES. 185 

Comparative data. 

Export of live stock, 1892-1902.— Export of live stock in the follow- 
ing years : 



Years. 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


1892 


125,458 
281,645 
220,490 
408, 126 
382,539 
231,121 
&59, 296 
312,150 
150, 550 
119, 189 
118,303 


40,100 
71, 167 


1893 


1894 


122, 218 


1895 - 


429,946 
512,216 
504, 128 


1896 _. P -.- 


1897 


1898 


577,813 


1899 


543,458 


1900 


198, 102 


1901 


25,746 


1902 


112,501 





The appearance of the foot-and-mouth disease in March, 1900, caused 
a sensible decrease in the exportation for 1900 and 1901 , which, however, 
was partially compensated for by an increase in the amount of frozen 
meat. The export of jerked beef, preserved meat, and meat extract 
supplied by the salting factories and slaughter houses was as follows : 



1898 340,100 

1899 315,400 

1900 329,400 



1901 . 403,000 

1902 454,900 



The freezing establishments first started an export business in 1883 
with 17,165 wethers, but soon increased to the following proportions: 



Year. 


Frozen 

wethers. 


Frozen 

steers. 


1896 


1,768,206 
2,095.196 
2,397,387 
2,394,718 
2,332,837 
2,634,105 
3,429,275 


7,092 


1897 


11,468 
16,500 


1898 


1899 . 


27,000 


1900 


62,266 


1901 


116,445 


1902. - 


207,775 







The total consumption of frozen meat in England is 185,484£ bul- 
locks, 59^ per cent of which Argentina supplies; 21.60 per cent, Aus- 
tralia; and 18.90 per cent, New Zealand. Besides frozen meat, the 
export of chilled beef in 1901 was 29,919 quarters. 

Imports from 1892 to 1901. — The total imports into the Argentine 
Republic from the year 1892 to June 30, 1901, were: 

1892 $91 , 482, 163 

1893 96, 223, 628 

1894 92,778,625 

1895 95,096,438 

1896 112,163,591 



1897 $98,288,948 

1898 107,428,900 

1899 116,850,671 

1900 113,485,069 

1901 (six months) 56, 619, 775 



Exports from 1892 to 1901. — The total exports from the Argentine 
Republic from the year 1892 to June 30, 1901, were: 



1892 $113,370,337 

1893 94,090,159 

1894.. _ 101,687,986 

1895 120,067,790 

1896 116,802,016 



1897 $101,169,531 

1898. 133,829,458 

1899 184, 917, 531 

1900 154, 600, 412 

1901 (six months) 97, 776, 764 



186 



AKGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 



At the present time Argentina's wool production is one-fourth that 
of the whole world, and the increase in export for decades since the 
year 1850 has "been : 



Kilos. 

1849-50 7,681,000 

1859-60 17, 366, 900 

1869-70 65,704,214 



Kilos. 

1879-80 97,518,089 

1889-90 118, 405, 600 

1899-1900 237,110,510 



The world's production is calculated at 1,050,000,000 kilos. 
The yield of Argentine washed wool is : 



From- 



Merino. 



Lincoln. 



Buenos Aires, north 

Buenos Aires, west 

Buenos Aires, southwest 

Buenos Aires, south .. 

Buenos Aires, east 

Rio Negro 

Pampa, Nuequen, Chubut, Santa Cruz 

Santa Fe _. 

Cordoba, San Luis, Santiago 

Entre Rios 

Corrientes 



Per cent. 
34 to 40 
32 to 42 

34 to 42 
36 to 46 
40 to 46 
30 to 34 
32 to 42 
30 to 42 
32 to 42 

35 to 46 
35 to 46 



Per cent. 
48 to 60 
50 to 58 
50 to 60 
50 to 75 
52 to 75 
38 to 48 
40 to 60 
40 to 58 
40 to 65 
50 to 85 
43 to 67 



Agricultural products, 1900-1901. — There was a decrease in 1901, as 
compared with 1900, in the exports of live stock of $2,857,375. The 
total value of the agricultural products exported during the } T ear 
amounted to $71,596,099 gold, or $5,830,257 less than the exports of 
the same products in 1900. The exports of wheat diminished during 
the same period in the amount of $22,386,820. There was also a 
decrease in the exportation of hay in 1901 to the amount of $321,044. 
There was an increase in 1901 in the exports of the following articles: 



[Values in gold.] 

Linseed $5,859,542 

Corn 6,694,650 

Peanuts 153, 438 



Sugar $2,751,375 

Flour 939,213 

Bran 291,508 



Prices of agricultural products, 1896-1901. — The prices paid for the 
principal products of agriculture and cattle raising from 1896 to 1901, 
in dollars gold, have been: 



1897. 



1900. 



1901. 



Wool, per 1,000 kilos 

Dry cowhides, per 1,000 kilos . . 
Salted cowhides, per 1,000 kilos 

Dry potro hides, each 

Salted potro hides, each 

Sheepskins, per 1,000 kilos 

Goatskins, per 1,000 kilos 

Horns, per 1,000 kilos 

Hair, per 1,000 kilos. 

Wheat, per 1,000 kilos. 

Maize, per 1,000 kilos 

Linseed ( per 1,000 kilos 

Flour, per 1,000 kilos 

Alfalfa, per 1,000 kilos 



$186. 00 

285.00 

173.00 

1.72 

2.83 

130.00 

461.00 

46. 98 

373. 00 

27.10 

10.00 

28.00 

37.00 

7.82 



$186.00 

298.00 

153.00 

1.26 

3.01 

110.00 

411.10 

41.11 

449.00 

36.40 

18. 10 

33.00 

59.00 

8.79 



$203.00 
290.00 
188.00 j 
1.71 | 
3.26 
140.00 ' 
462. 50 
46.25 
415.00 
33.90 
14.00 
25.00 
50.00 
11.10 



$288.00 

329.00 

190.00 

1.59 

3.43 

210. 00 

497. 50 

49.71 

453.00 

22.30 

12. 40 

36.00 

34.00 

10.98 



$256.00 

332. a) 

199.00 

1.75 

3.20 

210.00 

672. 30 

67. 23 

502. 00 

26.70 

16. 20 

54. 00 

32. 00 

12 70 



$174.00 

332.00 

191.20 

1.13 

2.90 

200.00 

458. CXI 

57.25 

440. IX) 

27.90 

19.80 

54.10 

41. 00 

12. 35 



FOREIGN TKADE. 



187 



Consumption of principal food stuffs compared ivith other countries. 



Countries. 



Meat. 



Argentina 

Germany 

Austria-Hungary 

Spain 

United States . . . 

France 

England 

Italy 

Canada 

Australia 



Kilos. 
157 
39 



33 
65 
15 
L27 
127 



Wheat. 


Sugar. 


"Wine. 


Kilos. 


Kilos. 


Liters. 


172 


12 


22 


183 


9 


5 


183 


8 


21 


200 


3 


79 


188 


20 


2 


216 


10 


102 


193 


30 


2 


138 


3 


21 


200 


22 


3 


220 


31 


3 



Beer. 



Liter; 



3 
3 

32 

1 

39 
21 

122 

1 
4 



Import duties, 1901. — The duties on imports in 1901 amounted to 
$32,188,032. The export duties, owing to the abnormally heavy 
shipments of wool, rose to $3,107,660, while the export duties col- 
lected on other products amounted to $2,734,559 gold and $878,716 
national currency, respectively. The total customs duties collected 
during the year 1901 aggregated $38,130,251 gold and $138,615 national 
currency. These duties, compared with those collected in 1900, show 
a decrease in 1901 in the gold receipts of $479,320, and an increase in 
the receipts payable in paper money of $138,615. 

Exports in 1901. — During 1901 the Argentine Republic exported the 
following commodities (which represent the principal exports), as 
compared with the exports of similar articles in 1900: 



Articles. 


1901. 


1900. 


Dry oxhides . 




2,421,957 

1,082,111 

125, 745 

135,615 

74,799 

4,354 

5,159 

532,942 

2,722,727 

497,375 

257,744 

55,696 

972,514 

1,129,431 

63,464 

96,932 

371,599 

108, 132 

1,844,423 

309,676 

184,654 

17,087 

57,931 


2,308,726 
1,050,737 


Salt oxhides 


do.... 


Dry horsehides 


...do... 


81,658 
38,445 


Salt horsehides 


...do.... 


Sheepskins . . 


... bales.. 


63,806 


Goatskins 


do.... 


3,507 


Hair... 


do.... 


4,727 


Wool 


do.... 


253,633 


Frozen wethers. 


n amber. . 

do.... 


2,372,969 
261,365 


Tallow 


casks. . 


177,021 


Butter 


cases.. 


40,487 


Wheat 


. _ _ tons . . 


2,042,167 


Maize 


do.... 


740,685 


Flour 


do.... 


37,916 


Bran . 


do.... 


68,915 




do.... 


201,093 


Oilseed 


bags . . 


112,123 


Hay 


... bales. . 


1,423,967 




bags.. 


154,821 




tons . . 


221,223 




bales. . 


14,887 






17,855 





A bale of sheepskins, wool, or hair in the Argentine Republic weighs 
450 kilograms (992.07 pounds); a bale of goatskins, 370 kilograms 
(815.7 pounds); a bale of hay, 50 kilograms (110.23 pounds); a cask 
of tallow, 100 kilograms (220.46 pounds), and a case of butter, 25 
kilograms (55.115 pounds). The tons referred to are metric tons, 
representing 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds. 



188 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Destination of exports. — The destinations of the exports were as 
follows, only the principal countries being considered : 

United States. — Dry oxhides, 1,096,563; salt oxhides, 48,496; dry 
horsehides, 550; sheepskins, 254 bales; wool, 27,198 bales; hair, 802 
bales; tallow, 59 casks; goatskins, 2,455 bales; linseed, 33,335 tons; 
quebracho, 4,647 tons, and sugar, 11 tons. 

United Kingdom. — Dry oxhides, 59,784; salt oxhides, 47,035; salt 
horsehides, 1,013; sheepskins, 8,502 bales; goatskins, 70 bales; hair, 
288 bales; wool, 57,252 bales; tallow, 178,133 casks; frozen wethers, 
2,722,727; frozen beef, 480,101 quarters; wheat, 120,031 tons; maize, 
258,357 tons; linseed, 63,027 tons; flour, 355 tons; bran, 7,884 tons; 
oilseed, 14,457 bags; pollards, 41,601 bags; hay, 3,085 bales; quebracho, 
1,342 tons; butter, 55,356 cases, and sugar, 57,081 tons. 

Germany. — Dry oxhides, 228,258; salt oxhides, 447,474; dry horse- 
hides, 119,582; sheepskins, 2,947 bales; hair, 368 bales; wool, 97,881 
bales; tallow, 4,700 casks; wheat, 35,589 tons; maize, 106,963 tons; 
linseed, 59,347 tons; flour, 2 tons; bran, 44,719 tons; pollards, 1,580 
bags; oilseed, 52,343 bags; hay, 237 bales; quebracho, 81,840 tons; 
tobacco, 5,255 bales, and butter, 15 cases. 

France. — Dry oxhides, 97,993; salt oxhides, 145,019; dry horsehides, 
1,791; salt horsehides, 134,602; sheepskins, 52,679 bales; goatskins, 
1,664 bales; hair, 541 bales; wool, 248,042 bales; wheat, 8,919 tons; 
maize, 67,389 tons; linseed, 29,840 tons; bran, 10,557 tons; pollards, 
261,329 bags; oilseed, 13,143 bags; quebracho, 14,020 tons; and sugar, 
659 tons. 

Belgium. — Dry oxhides, 128,981; salt oxhides, 369,522; dry horse- 
hides, 2,557; sheepskins, 699 bales; goatskins, 151 bales; wool, 95,044 
bales; hair, 2,189 bales; tallow, 10,369 casks; wheat, 127,576 tons; 
maize, 136,857 tons; linseed, 37,534 tons; flour, 292 tons; bran, 4,998 
tons; pollards, 2,882 bags; oilseed, 26,362 bags; hay, 5,503 bales; 
quebracho, 23,016 tons; and tobacco, 11,664 bales. 

Italy. — Dry oxhides, 286,605; diy horsehides, 50; sheepskins, 9,469 
bales; goatskins, 7 bales; wool, 7,430 bales; hair, 936 bales; tallow, 
46,618 casks; wheat, 35,772 tons; maize, 29,026 tons; linseed, 8,906 
tons; flour, 100 tons; and tobacco, 1 bale. 

Brazil. — Diy oxhides, 5,836; sheepskins, 21 bales; tallow, 24,915 
casks; wheat, 126,093 tons; maize, 14,532 tons; linseed, 5 tons; flour, 
61,212 tons; bran, 1,302 tons; pollards, 1,312 bags; hay, 410,906 bales; 
and butter, 325 cases. 



FOREIGN TRADE. 



189 



Gold. 



Foreign Trade in 1900. 

Imports and exports for year 1900. {Countries and values.) 

Total imports $113, 485, 069 

Total exports . 154, 600, 412 

These were distributed as follows: 



Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Africa 




$3,240,270 

20,070,133 

438,251 

17,980,885 

578,646 

870,003 

6,185,507 

2,699,391 

6,882,763 

19,007,960 


Italy 

Holland 


$14,924,498 

173,833 

1,860,948 

38,682,753 

520, 449 

219,550 


$4,304,154 

3,906,082 

161,613 

23,890,686 
2,302,599 
7,562,347 

34,519,122 




$i6,635,6i3 

19,639 

8,430,880 

122,422 

124,214 

3,741,877 

3,691,998 

13,438,529 

10,897,866 




Belgium. 

Bolivia 


United Kingdom 

Uruguay 


Chile 


Other countries 






Total. 




United States 


113,485,069 


154,600,412 







The United States sold $2,028,317 less goods than in 1899, and the 
exports thither from the Argentine Republic in 1900 were $784,760 
less than in 1899. 

The countries showing an increase in imports and exports in 1900 are : 



Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Africa 




$2,286,905 


Italy 


$1,144,426 

30,777 
489,299 






$2,655,676 


Holland. 


$2,424,556 


West Indies 


172,312 

246,517 
210,079 
934,000 




Bolivia 


44,037 
18,095 
494,116 


United Kingdom . . . 


2,169,095 


Chile 


Uruguay 


13,482 


Spain 


To order 


5,975,747 









Imports, 1900. {Articles and values.) 



Livestock '.__ $364,271 

Foodstuffs 10,453,326 

Tobacco 3, 147, 161 

Wine, spirits, etc 7, 277, 851 

Textile materials _ , 37, 597, 847 

Oils 4,194,342 

Drugs and chemicals 3, 760, 594 

Dyes and colors 865, 727 

Lumber 7 , 040 , 854 



Paper goods $2, 926, 206 

Leather goods 1, 244, 764 

Hardware (iron and steel) - 19, 054. 051 

Other metals 3,343,172 

Pottery and glassware 8, 893, 370 

Various manufactures 3, 321 , 533 



Total 113,485,069 



Exports, 1900. {Articles and values.) 



Pastoral products $71, 253, 886 

Agricultural products 77, 426, 356 

Forest products .. . 3, 508, 915 

Mineral products 262, 222 



Products of the chase _ . 
Miscellaneous products. 



$990, 594 
1,158,439 



Total 154,600,412 

The foreign trade for 1900, compared with that of 1899, was : 



Description. 


1899. 


1900. 


Imports . . 


$116,850,671 
184,917,531 


$113,485,069 


Exports 


154,600,412 






Total 


301,768,202 


268,085,481 





190 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



The following table shows the chief countries participating in the 
commerce : 



Country. 



Germany 

West Indies 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Spain 

United States . . . 

France... 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Paraguay 

United Kingdom 
Uruguay 



Exports 
to— 



$20, 

17, 

6. 



070,133 

438,251 

980,883 

578,646 

185,507 

870,003 

2,697,391 

6,882,763 

19,007,960 

4,304,154 

3,906,082 

161,613 

23,890,686 

2,302,599 



Imports 
from— 



$16, 



635,613 
19,639 
430,880 
122,422 
741,877 
124,214 
691,998 
438,529 
897,866 
924,498 
173,833 
860,948 
682,753 
520,449 



Foreign trade January to June, 1900 and 1901. — The following 
figures are relative to the foreign trade of the Argentine Republic in 
the first six months of 1901, as compared with the same period in 
1900: 



Description. 


January-June, 1900. 


January-June, 1901. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 




$49,791,537 
6,736,156 


$34,896,321 
59,202,830 


$47,036,774 
9,583,001 


$41,598,260 


Free 


56, 178, 504 






Total 


56,527,693 


94,099,151 


56,619,775 


97. 776, 764 







According to these figures, the increase of imports for the first six 
months of the year 1901, compared with the same period of 1900, 
amounts to $92,082, and that of exports to $3,677,613, or a total 
increase in foreign trade of $3,769,695 during this period. 

The following paragraph is taken from the British Board of Trade 
Journal, June 20, 1901: 

' ' Harvesting machinery and windmills are almost entirely, if not 
exclusively, supplied to Argentina by the United States. The impor- 
tation of toys comes from Germany and France. The Germans send 
their circulars in Spanish, reducing their prices and weights to the 
decimal system." 

The countries showing a decrease in imports and exports in 1900 are : 



Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 






$9,363,530 


France 


$81,824 


$22, 438. 787 




$24,459 

979,599 

1,064,239 

2,028,317 


Italy 


682, 458 




6,497,485 
856,161 

784, 760 


United Kingdom . . . 
Other countries 


4.988,668 
52, 214 






2,978.039 




1,178.749 











COMPARATIVE TABLES. 



The exports, by articles, for the year 1900 were 



Oxhides: 

Dry number- . 1, 050, 737 

Salt do.... 2,308,726 

Horsehides: 

Dry do.... 81,658 

Salt do.... 38,445 

Sheepskins bales. _ 63, 866 

Hair do 4,727 

( Pipes 23,868 

Tallow ■] Casks 36,213 

(Hogsheads-. 22,638 

Goatskins bales. _ 3, 507 

Wool do 253,633 

Frozen wethers _ - -number- _ 2, 327, 969 



Wheat tons. 

Maize do... 

Linseed do.. . 

Flour do_ . . 

Bran do... 

Pollards do _ . . 

Oilseed bags. 

Quarters beef . r__ .number. 

Hay bales. 

Quebracho wood . tons. 

Tobacco bales. 

Butter cases. 

Sugar tons. 



191 



2, 042, 167 

740,685 

201,093 

37,916 

68,915 

154, 821 

112,123 

261,365 

1,423,967 

221,223 

14,887 

40, 487 

17,855 



COMPARATIVE TABLES. 



The foreign commerce of the Argentine Republic during the calen- 
dar year 1900, as compared with 1901, was: 





1900. 


1901. 




Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 




$96,502,452 
16,982,617 


$56,169,377 
98,431,035 


$95,252,275 
18,707,474 


$74,373,521 




93,342,581 






Total 


113,485,069 


154,600,412 


113,959,749 


167,716,102 







Increase of imports. — According to the above figures, the increase 
of imports for the year 1901 amounted to $474,680 and that of exports 
to $13,115,690, or a total increase in the foreign trade of the Republic 
of $13,590,370. 

The following table shows the countries which participated in the 
imports of the Argentine Republic during the two years under com- 
parison : 



Count ry. 


1900. 


1901. 


Increase. 


Decrease. 




$16,6.35,613 

19,639 

8,430,880 

122,422 

3,741,877 

124,214 

3,691,998 

13,438,529 

10,897,866 

14,924,498 

173,833 

1,860,948 

38,682,753 

520, 449 

219,550 


$16,724,549 

43,679 

8,688,657 

138,732 

4,386,047 

111,076 

3,912,536 

15,533,639 

9,959,541 

14,736,103 

573, 419 

1,767,644 

36,460,808 

679,236 

244,083 


$88,936 
24,040 

657, 777 
16,310 

444, 170 








Belgium 










Chile 


$13, 138 




220,538 
2,095,110 










938, 325 


Italy 




188,395 


Netherlands 


399,586 


93,~304 


United Kingdom 




2,221,945 




41,213 




24,533 








Total 


113,485,069 


113,959,749 


3,971,000 


3,496,320 



Net increase, $474, 



192 



AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 



Classified imports, 1900-1901.— The classes of imports for the two 
years were : 



Articles. 



Live animals . 
Food stuffs: 

Animal . . . 

Vegetable 
Tobacco 



Beverages: 

Wines 

Spirits and liquors 

Other beverages 

Textiles and manufactures of: 
Silk. 



Woolen 

Cotton 

Other textile fabrics. 



Oils. 

Chemicals and drugs 

Dyes and colors 

Lumber 



Manufactured wood . 



Paper 

Manufactured paper 

Leather, and manufactures of. 
Iron, and manufactures of: 

Raw 



Machinery and tools ..- 

Other manufactures of iron and steel 
Other metals: 

Raw 



Manufactured.. 

Crockery and ceramic products: 

Raw 

Manufactured 

Miscellaneous 



Total 113,485, 



1901. 



$364,271 


$202,648 


1,755,243 


1,565,788 


8,698,083 


9,388,699 


3,147,161 


3,037,287 


5,637,234 


5,474,628 


1,284,285 


1,260,499 


356,332 


a<55,436 


2,485,598 


1,732,575 


7,141,534 


6,180,813 


19,536,926 


16,924,002 


8,433,789 


8,109,818 


4,194,342 


4,503,658 


3,760.594 


4,114.802 


865,727 


843,003 


5,500,485 


5,795,192 


1,540,369 


1,604,386 


1,924,533 


2,083,012 


1,001,673 


960,317 


1,244,764 


1,141,806 


9,088,374 


11,798,022 


1,861,137 


2,436,901 


8,104,540 


7,489,520 


1,262,704 


1,308,642 


2,080,468 


2,047,210 


7,120,884 


8,400,647 


1,772,486 


1, 754, 485 


3,321,533 


3,445,353 



113,959,749 



Exports by countries, 1900-1901. — The following table shows the 
countries participating in the exports during the years 1900 and 1901: 



Country. 



1900. 



1901. 



Increase. 



Africa 

Germany 

West Indies 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Spain 

United States 

France 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Paraguay 

United Kingdom 

Uruguay 

Other countries 

To orders 

Total 

Net increase, $13, 115, 



$3,240,270 

20,070,133 

438,251 

17,980,885 

578,646 

6,185,507 

870,003 

2,699,391 

6,882,763 

19,007,960 

4,304,154 

3.906,082 

161,613 

23,890,686 

2,302,599 

7,562,347 

34,519,122 



479. 
366. 
457, 
541. 
702. 
568. 
131. 

2.M1, 

637. 
318, 
7^3. 
216, 

920. 
710. 
915. 
807. 



$1,409,749 



3,516,981 



2,413.691 
9,629,161 

14,796 



54.440 
6.030.073 
li 408, 064 
1.353,566 



154, 



),412 



167,716.102 ! 25,830,521 



$349,011 



72,068 

4.523.154 

37, 597 



301,830 
567,678 



2,152,151 



4,711.342 



12, 714. 831 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 



193 



Agricultural and pastoral exports, 1900-1901. — The classes of exports 
for the two years were: 



Articles. 



Pastoral products: 

Live stock. . 

Wool, hides, etc 

Manufactured articles from animal products 

Animal refuse 

Agricultural products: 

Raw materials (wheat, corn, etc.) 

Manufactured materials 

Vegetable refuse 

Woods, and products therefrom 

Minerals 

Hunting products 

Miscellaneous 

Total 



1900. 



1901. 



$5,942,130 


$3,084,755 


61,084,550 


81,782,456 


3,568,189 


5,154,226 


659,017 


624,974 


73,045,257 


63,103,999 


2,952,449 


6,704,101 


1,428,640 


1,787,999 


3,508,915 


2,821,496 


262,222 


408,440 


990,594 


940,141 


1,158,439 


1,303,515 


154,600,412 


167,716,102 



The character of the trade of the Argentine Republic may be 
gathered from the list of principal exports, all of which are agricul- 
tural, pastoral, or forest products. There is no export of elaborately 
manufactured articles. 

Principal imports. — The exports of the country being such, the 
imports which bulk most largely are textiles, iron and articles pro- 
duced therefrom, food stuffs, stones, minerals (including coal), glass 
and china, wooden articles, and drinkables. 

Ratio of imports, by articles. — The classes are as follows, the figures 
opposite representing the values of each class and the respective ratio 
that each bears to the total imports: 



Articles. 



Value. 



Ratio to 

total 
imports. 



Live animals 

Foodstuffs 

Tobacco 

Drinkables 

Textiles 

Oils 

Chemical products and drugs 

Colors and paints - 

Wood, and articles made therefrom 

Paper, and articles made therefrom 

Leather, and articles made therefrom 

Iron, and articles made therefrom 

Other metals and their products 

Stones, minerals (including coal), glass, and china 
Sundries 



£40,529 

2,190,897 

607,458 

1,418,112 

6,589,562 

900, 731 

822,960 

168, 601 

1,479,915 

608,665 

228,361 

4,344,889 

671, 170 

2,031,026 

689,071 



Per cent. 
0.18 



6.22 
28.93 
3. 95 
3.61 
.74 
6.49 
2.66 
1 

19.08 
2.94 
8.92 
3.02 



Coal. — The coal imported, which is chiefly for use in the manufac- 
tories and in the railways, amounts to 930,000 tons per annum. 

While imports from Great Britain to the Argentine Republic have 
diminished, exports to Great Britain have increased; both imports 
from and exports to Germany and the United States have increased. 

Additional ad valorem duty. — During the year 1902 imports will 
have to bear an additional ad valorem duty of 5 per cent, and all 

573a— 03 13 






194 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

duties will have to be paid in gold, or in paper at the rate of the 
day; formerly the rate was fixed at $2.27 paper per dollar gold. 

Chilled vieat. — Among new branches of trade inaugurated in 1900 
is that of chilled beef. 

The idea aimed at in this is to maintain the atmosphere in which 
the meat is kept at such a temperature that the meat will keep fresh 
until placed on the market, avoiding, however, actual freezing. 

Chilled-meat process. — The chilled-meat process, when employed 
on board ship, requires more attention than the old process. The 
first shipments were made in August, from which date up to the end 
of 1901, 24,700 quarters have been sent. The results obtained have 
been satisfactory, the chilled meat selling at about 1 cent per pound 
more for forequarters and 2 cents per pound more for hindquarters 
than the frozen article. 

Export of butter. — The manufacture and expert of butter, although 
not exactly a new industry, has made considerable advance during 
the year. There is great room for developing this trade, considering 
that there are 20,000,000 head of cattle in the country. 

Automobiles. — A few motor cars and automobiles have been im- 
ported during the year. 

Electric installed ions. — There is a steadily increasing demand for 
all manner of electric appliances for domestic use, such as lifts, 
automatic and otherwise; fans and ventilators; and also for electric- 
tramway rolling stock and installations. 

Preparation of salt. — A large sum of money has been laid out in 
pipes, pumping, and other machinery, to obtain and utilize the salt 
from the marshes near San Bias, in the southern portion of the 
province of Buenos Aires. There is a large demand for salt, net only 
for personal use but for the dried-meat establishments." 

The source from which the salt is obtained is a huge lake, the water 
of which contains 25 to 30 per cent of salt. Borings have been made 
under and around this lake and have shown that there exists an 
enormous bed of rock salt. Through this several springs force their 
way, the water carrying up the salt with it. The water is run off into 
a large tank, where it is allowed to settle before being lifted and 
forced through cast-iron pipes to the coast, 26 miles off. During the 
latter part of the route the brine runs by gravity. It takes ten days 
to flow from the lake to the coast, where it is deposited in another 
tank, whence it runs into the evaporating pans. The syndicate has 
a capital of $600,000, and at present can turn out 25,000 tons per 
annum, but the output could be increased to 100,0p0 tons. The Bay 
of San Bias is some 800 miles south of Buenos Aires. It has a deep 
channel leading to it and a sheltered anchorage. A pier is being 
erected by the syndicate to facilitate the loading of their wares. 

a Diplomatic and Consular Reports. No. 5767. 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 



195 



Imports of electrical appliance*. — The electrical appliances and 
material imported by the Argentine Republic in 1901, as compared 
with like imports in 1900, were as follows: 



Telephones 

Dynamos ( 184 ) 

Electrical material 

Electric meters (1,529) 

Fittings (gas included) 

Bells (7,796) 

Phonographs and gramophones (2,014) 

Ventilators (3,043) 

Insulators 

Insulators, glass 

Carbons (218 tons) . 

Arc lamps (807) 

Incandescent lamps (37,993) 

Telephone material 

Telegraph material 

Gables 

Total 




1,038,812 



LUMBER IMPORTS. 



The imports of lumber for the year 1900 were: 





Articles. 




Quan- 
tity. 


Value 
(gold), 






square meters. . 


245 

23,590 

26, 779 

180,296 

228 

61,017 

157, 120 

100,421 


$73 






__ cubic; meters. _ 


278, 622 


Oak - -- -- -_■ .sonare meters __ 


13, 156 






number. _ 


196,669 


Walnut 






12, 802 






.. do .. 


942, 507 






...do... 


1,902.520 






do. 


1,004,706 







The imports of lumber for the first six months of 1901 were: 





Articles. 




Quan- 
tity. 


Value 

(gold). 








5,953 

11,468 

3,921 

953 

101,070 

228,570 

247 

26,654 

103,077. 

38,376 


$1, 786 






cubic meters.. 


137,728 


Oak. 




square meters.. 


470 


Oak 






26,701 








106, 485 


Walnut . 






27, 428 


Walnut 






13, 898 






.do.... 


424, 199 






do 


1,236,938 






do 


383, 775 





Export of quebracho 'wood and its products. — The export of que- 
bracho wood for the year 1900 was 239,836 tons, with a value of 
$2,398,362 gold, and for the first six months of 1901, 106,427 tons; 
value, $1,064,427 gold. The export of sawdust of quebracho wood 
for the year 1900 amounted to 10 tons, with a value of $100 gold; for 
the first six months of 1901, there was none exported. Extract of 
quebracho wood exported during the year 1900 amounted to 5,957 
tons; value, $595,701 gold, and for the first six months of 1901 to 
1,349 tons; value, $154,861. 



196 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports of mineral oils.- 
year 1900 were: 

Benzine $6, 530 

Turpentine 138, 646 

Gasoline 2,587 

Colza oil 30,725 



-The total imports of mineral oils for the 



Linseed oil $40, 282 

Lubricating oil 546, 646 

Petroleum 1,117,047 

Naphtha 472, 654 



The total imports of mineral oils for first six months 1901 were: 

Linseed oil $12, 522 

Lubricating oil 207, 875 

Petroleum 567, 353 

Naphtha 300,887 



Benzine $29,088 

Turpentine 495, 769 

Gasoline 12, 522 

Colza oil 84,249 



[From, report of Special Commissioner sent by British. Board of Trade to Argentina, 1898.] 

Trade conditions. — "The import business in Buenos Aires is much 
spread out and carried on through many different channels. Dealers 
are also importers in numberless cases, and merchants sometimes com- 
pete with dealers for their buyers, while local manufacturers, who 
appear to have developed a wonderful trade under the fostering 
influence of a custom-house tariff framed to help them, often compete 
with importers, and in several directions have done so with entire 
success. 

Importers. — " The large importing dealers have their own agents in 
Europe, and often visit producing markets themselves, while smaller 
ones order through agents or travelers what they do not buy in this 
market. Moreover, besides the merchants and wholesale houses, who 
are either entirely or partially importers, there is a large importation 
by large retailers, by local factories, by European manufacturers' 
agents, etc. 

Competition. — "Owing to competition (which entails a thorough 
study of the business engaged in), different trades or groups of trades 
generally keep separate. The old-fashioned importing merchant who 
imported everything is rare, and when he exists he carries on different 
businesses in separate departments. 

Commercial travelers. — "Commercial travelers have a large field, 
both in representation of shipping houses and manufacturers. The 
great bulk of business is financed by means ot credits in Europe or 
the United States, whether in the nature of direct arrangements with 
shippers or by bankers' credits, but there is a certain amount of busi- 
ness done direct by draft on the importer here. By the courtesy of 
four of the leading banks, I obtained their figures of draft collections 
for two years, and from these I estimate the total of such business at 
from £2,000,000 to £2,200,000 per annum. This compares with a total 
custom-house value of goods dispatched of £22,433,000 in 1896 and 
£19,644,000 in 1897. 

Manufacturing industries. — "The majority of the national manu- 
facturing industries are established in, or in the neighborhood of, this 






PORT OF BUENOS AIRES. 197 

city. While some of them are engaged in working the raw material 
of the country, as, for example, the cloth factories and the boot and 
shoe industries, most of them seem to owe their existence chiefly to 
provisions made for their benefit in the custom-house tariff, aided by 
the premium on gold. Those established in recent years, when the 
gold premium was much higher than at present, no doubt feel keenly 
the decline which has taken place. 

Terms of credit. — "The usual terms of credit here are, in the dry 
goods trade, five months' promissory notes signed three months after 
the end of the month in which sale is made, and in the hardware trade 
six months' promissory notes signed at the end of the month following 
that in which sale is made. Prices of imported goods are all quoted 
in gold, and buyers have the option of signing promissory notes in gold 
or of converting to currency at once and signing in the same, leaving 
the risk of gold variation to the seller. The frequent auctions, and the 
endeavor on the part of some sellers to sell for cash or accept pay- 
ment under heavy discount (8| per cent 1 have heard of in dry goods), 
are as much the result of the long credit and risk of gold variation. 
Local factories usually sell in currency at six months, promissory 
notes dating from end of month following that in which sale is made, 
or less 5 per cent for cash in thirty days. 

Customs duties. — "Custom-house duties are payable in gold. The 
percentage rates of duty are charged upon fixed values in most cases, 
which lvalues are subject to revision annually. * * * 

Principal ports. — " The principal ports of the Argentine Republic 
are Buenos Aires, La Plata, Rosario, and Bahia. Blanca. At Buenos 
Aires there are extensive port works; at La Plata there is a fine dock, 
while at Bahia Blanca the great Southern Railway Company is con- 
structing extensive wharves. The Government is calling for tenders 
for the construction of docks and a port at Rosario, The ports of 
secondary importance are Villa Constitution, San Nicolas, Santa Fe, 
and Parana. 

Port of Buenos Aires. — "The majority of the trade of the country 
passes through Buenos Aires, the percentage for the past three years 
being : 

Imports: Per cent. 

1898 85.80 

■ 1899 87.20 

1900 87.10 

Exports: 

1898 53 

1899 54. 50 

1900 . 44.7 

"There are two ports, the inner and the outer. The former com- 
prises the north and south basins, the docks, and the Boca del Ria- 
chuelo, and the latter the outer roads and channels. Work is being 
carried on in another dock, known as the Buenos Aires Southern 



198 AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 

Dock, by the Great Southern Railway Conipan}\ With the present 
accommodation of Buenos Aires, 20,000,000 tons of shipping can be 
dealt with. The south channel has a depth of 5 meters 10 centimeters 
to 6 meters 60 centimeters, and is 17 kilometers long. The north 
channel has a depth of 6 meters to 6 meters 90 centimeters. Both 
channels are 105 meters wide at entrances and are marked by buoys. 
Docks of Buenos Aires. — " The Buenos Aires docks comprise two 
basins and four docks, which are protected by a sea wall 5^ kilometers 
long. There are swing bridges over the channels between the docks, 
a complete service of hydraulic cranes, and a network of railwaj 7 lines, 
which connect with the railway systems of the country. The port is 
fitted with the best modern requirements. At the northern extremity 
are situated the graving docks, two in number; the one on the west 
side being 147 meters long by 19 meters 65 centimeters wide, and the 
other 177 meters long by 19 meters Q5 centimeters wide. The width 
of the entrances is 17 meters 50 centimeters." * * * 

LA PLATA. a 

Port of La Plata. — The port of La Plata has a total length of quays 
of 3,000 meters and is accessible for vessels drawing 7 meters 20 centi- 
meters to 7 meters 50 centimeters. Although the city of La Plata and 
its port constitute the political capital of the province of Buenos Aires, 
its life and movement are at present principally limited to that con- 
ferred by the political elements necessarily existing at the headquar- 
ters of the chief of the fourteen Argentine provinces. According to 
the official estimates, published in a statement of the minister of agri- 
culture relating to the coming crops, they will supply 1,150,000 tons 
of wheat and 154,000 tons of linseed out of the estimated totals of 
1,923,000 and 235,500 tons, respectively, to be produced by the whole 
fourteen provinces together. 

In spite of this vast disproportion in the relative importance of its 
production in an area which extends from San Xicolas in the north 
to Patagones in the south, the chief commercial movement is in the 
city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the Republic, and situated in a 
small Federal territory only some 40 miles away from the capital of 
the province of the same name. The new capital of the province of 
Buenos Aires, the city of La Plata and its port, has been built too 
near its ancient capital, the city of Buenos Aires, which, in its new 
phase as capital of the Argentine Confederation, continues to absorb 
the greater part of the commercial and social movement of the Repub- 
lic, including, of course, that of the province of Buenos Aires. 

Port of transshipment. — La Plata port, from a commercial point of 
view, therefore, serves chiefly as a port of transshipment to and from 
the city of Buenos Aires. It has, however, several coal depots, and 
derives some slight benefit from the entrance of steamers which call to 
coal only. It has latel} T also received some little impetus from the fact 

a Diplomatic and Consular Reports. No. 2767 (1903). 



PORT OF LA PLATA. 199 

that the National Government has decided upon the development of 
the torpedo station installed near the entrance of the La Plata docks. 

The provincial government, with a view to attracting traffic to its 
port, has this year made considerable modifications in the dues. 

The public health of the city and port is excellent. 

Port dues at La Plata/ 1 — According to the Buenos Aires Standard 
the La Plata authorities have materially reduced the port charges at 
that point of entrj^, while the channel of the harbor has been dredged 
so as to permit the entrance of steamers with a draft of 25 feet. The 
port charges, as given by the Standard, are as follows: 

Ten cents currency per ton register for each ocean-going steamer 
or sailing vessel entering to load live stock or cereals, or in ballast to 
secure produce for export. 

Twenty cents currency per ton register for sailing vessels entering 
loaded to take produce on the return voyage. 

Steamers entering with the sole object of loading are to pay entry 
and dock dues only on the basis of the quantity of coal they take, 
without reference to tonnage, fixing 100 tons as a minimum. 

All vessels which have paid dues and have cleared for other Argen- 
tine ports, on returning to complete cargo will pay no additional 
charge. 

Lighters entering* with cargoes for ocean-going vessels pay no dues, 
nor shall vessels which put into port in distress. 

No deposit charge will be collected on domestic produce for thirty 
days, nor on Argentine lumber for sixty days. 

Port of San Nicolas. a — The chief trade of this port is the export of 
grain — principally maize, wheat, and linseed. Wool is also exported, 
but to a limited extent, the surrounding country being devoted more 
to agriculture than to the raising of stock. 

The following table shows the amounts of grain and other produce 
exported during the year 1901 : 



Articles. 


Quantity. 


Linseed. 


Kilos, 
4,340,837 


Wheat 


3,934,204 


Wool. . 


1,619,541 


Horsehair , 


4.078 


Hoofs . . 


4,772 


Cowhides,. 


2,111 


Maize 


128, 400, 901 








Total 


"136,306,444 







a Equivalent to 136,306 metric tons. 

The import trade is practically nil, as articles of consumption from 
abroad are introduced via Buenos Aires and Rosario by rail or 
lighters. 

Owing to the high river banks the process of loading at the various 
grain depots is rendered both easy and rapid, but due to the rapid 

"Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 2767 (1902). 



200 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



silting up of that part of the river this process is becoming more diffi- 
cult when the river is low. A petition has been filed with the National 
Government to dredge the channel, but as yet no steps have been 
taken in this direction. There are no public appliances either for 
loading or unloading. 

This city is not a manufacturing and hardly an industrial center, 
as apart from grain shipping it owes its importance to being the seat 
of the law courts for the northern division of the province. About 6 
miles from town, on the banks of the Arroyo del Medio, the following 
manufactories have been established and are giving very good results, 
viz, paper and cardboard mill, cloth and woolen goods mill, and a 
flour mill. 

Commerce with. Brazil. 

The Argentine Consul at Rio de Janeiro, in a report relative to the 
trade relations between the Argentine Republic and Brazil, calls atten- 
tion to the fact that the figures for the third quarter of 1902 indicate 
a considerable improvement in the commercial intercourse of the two 
countries. Brazil exported to the Argentine Republic during that 
period goods and products to the value of 2,96(3 contos, or more than 
double the exports during the first quarter of 1902. Coffee increased 
by 539,000 kilograms and verba mate by 289,000 kilograms. On the 
other hand, the exports of the Argentine Republic to Brazil exhibit a 
considerable increase, and during the third quarter the value of goods 
and products shipped reached 4,349 contos, against 1,968 contos during 
the second quarter. The principal items of export for the third quar- 
ter were as follows : 



Alfalfa kilos. _ 1 , 395, 332 

Flour do_-_. 8,507.844 

Maize do 1,073,433 

Hay do 84,757 

Tallow do._-. 1,094,800 

Wheat do_... 35,598,569 

Jerked beef do___. 4,309,570 



Sweet potatoes kilos. _ 77. 005 

Beans _ . . j do 97. 330 

Bran do..__ 248.911 

Horses head__ 90 

Sheep do 140 

Mules do 62 

Cattle do_-__ 907 



TARIFF VALUATIONS. 

Valuation of imports. — Argentina is a protectionist country and sus- 
tains several industries, all of which have to import their raw material. 

The imports are valued according to a tariff arranged by a commit- 
tee of merchants appointed by the Government. This tariff of values 
has to be approved by Congress; it has no connection whatever with 
invoice prices or bills of lading, except for goods not mentioned in 
the official tariff. Up to 1900 the tariff was fixed annually, but in that 
year Congress ordained that it should remain in force for three years. 
This is of great importance to importers. 

Valuation of exports. — The valuation of exports subject to duty is 
arrived at in the same manner, and the value of undutiable products 
is taken from average market rates. 



EXPORTS. 



201 



Exportation of products by the principal ports of the Republic during the year 

1901. a 





Agricultural products— raw materials. 


Months. 


Oats. 


^HPtr- 


Flax. 


Corn. 


Peanuts. 


Pota- 
toes. 


Black 

beans. 


Pasture. 


January 

February 


Bags. 

11,364 
6,857 

12, 136 
1,045 


Bags, i Bags. 
368 1 3,313 

50 

3,511 

8,754 1,805 

1,017 1,607 

100 ! 13,834 

159 i 310 

1,759 1 3,961 

710 1 6,749 

1 


Bags. 

1,622,123 

1,347,852 

865, 712 

519, 453 

369, 799 

266,687 

77,196 

24,815 

28,688 

as, 176 

15,074 
76,300 


Bags. 
334,196 
141,6134 
341,083 

340,308 
1,368,489 
2,121,593 
2,783,674 
2,987,315 
1.361,906 
i; 053, 522 
612, 757 
522, 744 


Bags. 


Bags. 


Bags. 
2,965 
1,950 
1 . 632 


Bales. 
35,807 






79,007 




100 


58,013 




""s,m 

11,925 
34, 159 

28,280 
26,972 
1,933 
17,500 
18,859 


200 2,000 

! 302 

800 ! 700 
400 i 3,000 


369,571 


May 


89,596 




2,051 
484 


98,800 


July 


113,657 








138, 993 


September 


911 


""""60o" 
400 


2,100 

660 

2.349 


438,693 
190,009 






5,806 4,345 
160 4,105 


97,967 


December 


2,710 


340 60 


109, 128 


Total 


37,558 


18,733 


41,480 


5,251,875 


13,969,221 


143,347 


2,840 


17, 718 


1,709,341 





Agricultural products. 


Months. 


Raw materials. 


Manufactured veg- 
etable products. 


Vegetable residues. 




Miscel- 
laneous Tobacco, 
seeds. 


Wheat. 


Sugar. 


Flour. 


Bran. 


Reba- 
cillo. 


Oleagi- 
nous 
cakes. 


January . . : 

February 


Bags. 
2,236 
4,309 

289 
8,312 
4,570 
18,540 
2,088 
9,389 
3,734 
3,664 

833 
4,194 


Bales. 

437 
1,019 

829 
1,553 

838 

330 
3,273 
3,738 
2,555 
1,440 

705 
1,462 


Bags. 

643, 184 

1,709,586 

1,831,636 

2,199,008 

1,224,455 

1,106,998 

740,523 

629,087 

270,455 

274, 734 

185, 316 

431,755 


Bags. 

29,392 
7, 425 

47, 469 
5,430 
7, 194 


Bags. 

85, 102 

81,911 

89, 612 

171,819 

113, 004 

95,003 

117,818 

66,403 

103. 556 

133,979 

110,435 

124, 553 


Bags. 

131,306 

197,379 

147,657 

156, 133 

204.399 

184; 661 

260,351 

162, 776 

171, 566 

255,815 

233,460 

192,859 


Bags. 
13,008 


Bags. 

6,987 
11,535 


11,957 

27, 119 
21,610 
35,132 
a5,014 
33, 262 
25, 244 
10, 189 
40,422 
35, 766 


7,670 


April .' 

May 


11,015 
13, 394 
13, 859 


July 


3,014 
61,331 
63, 733 
68,606 

44,584 
114, 308 


9,137 


August 

September 

October 

November 

December 


11,309 

8,981 
12,451 

9, 078 
14,273 


Total 


61,038 


17,168 


11,246,737 


452,376 


1,391,194 


2,298,152 


288, 723 


129,689 



Months. 



January .. 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October _ . . 
November 
December 

Total 



Forestry products. 



Quebra- 0nebra . 

cho >^ ia 

extract. 



Bags. 
12,594 

6,447 
11,055 
22,467 

7,497 
18,409 
18,523 
17, 103 
34,518 

9,880 
16,363 
16,881 



Tons. 
25,646 
6,152 
18,648 
24,705 
13,324 
9,842 
4,716 
12, 177 
15,970 
29,088 
.13,072 
33,099 



181, 6a5 j 195,439 



Mineral products. 



Copper 
in bars 
and in 



Kilos. 
13, 180 



33,010 
43,400 
7,090 
34, 370 
1,700 
3,440 
1,970 
3,050 



37,840 



146,050 



Steel and 
iron. 



Tons. 
"""863 



696 



743 

1,039 



358 
858 
894 

325 



Borate 
of lime. 



Bags. 
17,738 
7,543 



13,365 
"8J57 



414 



47, 806 



Marble. 



Pieces. 



351 

449 
150 



20 



90S 



Differ- 
ent min- 
erals. 



Bags. 
3,063 
1,618 
4,863 
2,703 
2,287 
1,230 
2,289 
2,482 
3,593 
2,035 
2,207 
1,513 



a " Camara Sindical," Buenos Aires, 1902, pages 36-42. 



202 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Exportation of prodacts by the principal ports of the Republic during the year 

1901— Continued.' 



Months. 


Live stock. 


Live-stock products— Animal remnants. 


Oxen. 


Sheep. 


Horses. 


Mules. | Swine. 


Horns. 


Frozen sheep. 


January 

February 

March 


No. 

500 
1,009 
1,252 
2,212 
2,493 
2.392 
2,919 
1,766 

357 

240 
1,169 

706 


No. 
203 
200 
200 
850 

5fl" 

516 

90 
650 
606 
350 

726 


No. 

145 

11 

30 

190 

201 

238 

98 

141 

54 

50 

393 

100 


1 
No. No. 

193 ' 

10 10 

187 

1,226 , 100 


No. 

182,419 
148,344 
241, 798 
120,247 
104,306 
226, 124 
194,632 
831, 715 
188, 186 
514,069 
179,070 
101, 603 


Sacks. 

2,230 

374 


No. 
147,360 
101,995 
155.266 


Pieces. 
13,947 

9,186 
15,434 
12,675 

6,119 
12,089 
22,992 
29,030 
16,089 
17,000 
26, 291 
38, 500 


April 


197 | 189, 872 

1,471 1 156,735 

1,063 71,081 

616 181,871 

1,774 162,110 

774 84,799 

506 166,088 

661 i 186,320 

1,189 191,110 






3,161 128 
531 

896 12 
60 

1,022 

1,736 

807 






September 

October 

November 

December 


Total 


17,015 


4,862 1,651 


9,829 , 250 


3,032,513 


10,855 ! 1,794,607 1 219,352 



Live-stock products— Animal remnants. 



Months. 


Frozen 






Horse- 
hair. 


Dry hides. 


1 


Salted hides. 




meat. 




Cattle. 


Calves. 


Colts. ! 

1 


Cattle. 


Colts. 


January 

February 


Boxes. 
150 

100 


Boxes. 
2,180 
1,524 
1,335 


Bags. 
919 

1,882 
802 

i2~355~ 
449 
4,411 
1,800 
3,517 
2,944 
1,433 
1,487 


Bales. 
422 
168 
373 
298 
189 
279 
532 
613 
479 
512 
381 
347 


No. 

168, 112 

96,759 

102,371 

110,844 

61,342 

96,502 

98,912 

236, 776 

322, 187 

185,278 

286,303 

254; 214 


No. 

16,741 
20,505 
10, 626 

8,600 

234 

13,020 

4.287 
12,332 

6,652 
14,946 
25, 760 
23,815 


No. 

16,537 
10,756 | 
9,348 ! 
5,670 1 
6,026 1 
2,115 
14,218 
6,151 
9,628 
16,472 
26.206 
16; 061 


No. 
93,310 
101,450 
99,606 
98,478 


No. 
7.692 
3, 707 

11,966 


April. ... 


500 


1,050 
1,903 

2,189 


13.292 


May 


107,556 20,504 




200 


215.591 13.220 


July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 


50 
1,600 
426 
377 
812 
160 


4,190 
2,571 
2,607 
1,600 
2,150 
2,014 


122,298 
199.510 
67,704 
62.459 
63,159 
92,520 


30,201 
17, 724 
9,379 
4,944 
6,325 
5,034 

144.048 


Total 


4,375 


25,313 


31,999 


4,593 


2,019,600 


157,518 


139,188 


1,323,641 











Live-stock products. 








Months. 






Animal remnants. 






Manufactured 
animal products. 




Fleeces. 


Goat 
hides. 


Wool. 


Tongues. 


Horns. 


Jerked 
beef. 


Frozen 
meat. 


Pre- 
served 
meat 


Extract 
of meat. 


January 

February 


Bales. 
9,145 
4,987 
4,440 
5,339 
5,277 
3,546 
3,802 
4,045 
6,658 
9, 229 
11,754 
7,869 


Bales. 
295 
5 
448 
317 
66 
278 
659 
342 
525 
592 
272 
405 


Bales. 
37, 123 
42,567 
57,972 
63,908 
62, 721 
56,22S 
36,331 
14,377 
6,527 
9,050 
43.567 
58,825 


Cases. 
2,183 
2,070 
1,44* 
2,556 
2,255 
3,232 
3,837 
2,262 
214 


I'ons. 
43 
34 
20 

55" 

47 

93" 

10 

28 

331 

,51 


Bales. 
31,199 
10.067 
20, 629 
37, 506 
40,595 
20,359 
31.403 
15.348 
33.563 
47, 182 
38.789 
38. 708 


Quarters. 
15. 250 
17.318 
13,000 
13.511 
34. 776 
24. 347 
36,592 
28,698 
19.206 
29,905 
35.862 
47,843 


Boxes. 

350 
2.025 
5 377 
"333 
8,080 
3. 092 
7,506 
3, 971 
1.410 
4,550 
1,100 

500 


Boxes. 
70 
200 
23 


April 

May 




June 


60(1 
234 


August 

September 


200 

339 

1,528 






20 


December 


650 


1.010 


Total 


76,091 


4,208 


489,196 


20,703 


712 


365.408 


316,308 


38, 794 


4.224 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 



203 



Exportation of products by the principal ports of the Republic during the year 

1901— Continued . ' 



Months. 



Total 



Live-stock products. 



Manufactured animal products. 



Gly- 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July ! 

August . . j 

September 

October 

November 

December 



Casks. 
64 
15 



100 



140 



(»s 



549 



Meat 
flour. 



Bags. 
3,304 
2,826 



527 
1,761 

601 

907 
6,208 

657 
1,348 
1,577 



19, 716 



Lard. 



Boxes. 
9,006 
6,368 
4,085 
4,965 
1,109 
10 



Melted tallow. 



100 

1,899 

3,085 

10,041 

16,073 



56, 761 



Casks. 
2,759 
913 
1,275 
2,773 
4,443 
3,923 
1,029 
1,116 
3,274 
1,476 
1,051 
3,892 



27,924 



Ban 
8, 
5, 
2, 
8, 
5, 

l;;, 
6, 



80,816 



Game products. 



Nutria 
hides. 



Bales. 
297 
274 
235 
135 
256 
272 
391 



448 
759 

472 



4,974 



Miscel- 
laneous 
hides. 



Bales. 

73 

86 

54 

49 

17 

10 

55 

8 

83 

184 

273 

234 



1,116 



Feath- 
ers. 



Boxes. 



350 





Live-stock products. 


Months. 


Animal remnants. 


Ashes and 
bones. 


Crac- 
kles. 


Claws. 


Hoofs. 


Dried 
blood. 


Tripe. 




Salted. 


Dried. 


January 

February 


Tons. 
1,046 
1,866 
4,353 
1,880 
1,309 
1,265 
481 
3,320 
2,660 
4,072 
4,013 
2,000 


Bags. 

478 

220 

1,328 

2,044 

"~Li80" 
9,266 

10,484 
1,350 
1,694 

11, 852 
4,166 


Pkgs. 

645 

448 


Bales. 

482 
64 


Kilos. 

27,000 

"i8,"666" 

40,000 

"9,bob~ 


Pkgs. 
720 
1,330 


Pkgs. 
1,000 


Casks. 
277 
198 
664 
210 
282 
701 
810 
1,664 
617 
622 
551 
614 


Bales. 
196 




148 
24 


941 

725 

485 

450 

5, 564 

875 

400 

808 

1,728 

1,859 


86 


April 

May 

June 

July 


587 




1,005 


451 1 106 
739 J 279 
661 ; 429 
780 i 285 
623 ' 403 
613 ! 412 
1,855 i 155 
600 74 


475 

1,015 

2,102 

4,870 

1,356 

260 

431 

537 


25 

51 
187 
152 


September 

October 

November 

December 


149 
257 
160 

92 


Total 


28,265 


44,062 


7,502 ! 2,861 


94,000 j 13,096 


14,845 


7,210 


2,310 



Nature of imports and exports {1902-1901), 



IMPORTS. 

[Value in gold.] 







First three months. 


Compari- 




1902. 


1901. 


son, 1902. 


I 




$46,175 


$'55,176 


- $9,001 








II 


Alimentary substances: 


305,258 

116,523 
116,708 
464, 951 
1,097,154 
97, 869 


178,391 

157,217 
144,640 
438,997 
1,168,194 
108,626 


+126,867 




Vegetable alimentary substances- 
Fruit 


- 40,694 






- 27,932 






+ 25,594 




Substances for infusions and hot beverages 

Farinaceous substances, etc 


+ 71,040 
- 10,757 








III 

IV 


Total 


2, 198, 463 


2,196,065 


- 2, 398 






74,873 


284, 445 


-209, 572 


Alcoholic and other beverages: 

Wines 




915, 965 
320,932 
96,759 


1,409,823 
262, 788 
84,542 


-493,858 




Spirits and liqueurs 


-f 58,144 




Other beverages 


+ 12,217 




Total 






1,333,656 


1,757,153 


-422,497 












204 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Nature af imports and exports {1902-1901) — Continued. 
IMPORT S— Continued . 







First three months. 


Co 
so 


mpari- 




1902. 


1901. 


q, 1902. 


V 


Textile fabrics: 

Silk.... 


§401,194 
1,820,590 
4,985,146 
2,336,902 


$546,930 

2,996,320 
4,887,947 
2,498,682 


h 


§145, 736 




Wool 


. 175. 730 




Cotton . 

Other textile fabrics 

Total . 

Mineral, volatile, and medicinal oils . 


97, 199 
161, 780 




9,543,832 


10,929,879 


-1,386,047 


VI 


860,555 


905,494 


- 


44. 9:39 




Chemical and pharmaceutical products and substances 

Inks and colors 

Wood: 

Raw material 




VII 


858,060 


1,018,756 


- 


160,696 


VIII 


174,435 


2??, 535 


- 


48,100 


IX 


1.767,610 
257,975 


1,341,826 
343,344 


+ 


425.784 




Manufactured articles. 


85,389 




Total 






2,025,585 


1,685,170 


+ 


340. 415 




Paper: 




X 


486,446 
277. 774 


506,845 
253,677 


+ 


20,399 
24,097 








Total 

Leather articles 

Iron: 

Raw and relat i vel y raw material 






764, 220 


760,522 


+ 


3,698 


XI 


207,021 


266,350 


- 


59,329 


XII 


2,492.973 

445. (177 
1,701.022 


2.1 5,702 

576. 43s 

1,883,667 


+ 


307. 271 




Agricultural machinery and utensils 


131,361 

182.645 




Other manufactures of iron and steel _ 




Total 




4,639,072 


4,645.807 


- 


6. 735 




Other metals: 




XIII 


338,455 

289, 148 


378,836 

457.283 


_ 


40. 381 




Manufactured articles 


168, 135 




Total . 






627,603 


836,119 


- 


208,516 




Stone, earthenware, crystals, and ceramic products: 




XIV 


2.349,263 
397,866 


2,195.764 
445,914 


+ 


153,499 
48,048 








Total 

Various ; 

Total value of imports 




2,747,129 


2.641.678 


- 


105, 451 


XV 


810.596 


882,454 


- 


71.858 




27.584.275 


30,030.603 


__•_ 


.446.328 



EXPORTS. 
[Value in gold.] 







1902. 


First three months. 




1901. 1902. 


I 


Live-stock industry: 

Live animals 

Skins and frozen meat 

Manufactured animal substances 

Offal 

Total 

Agricultural products: 

Raw material 

Manufactured vegetable substances 

Vegetable residuum 

Total 


|889,032 
30,459,907 

1.767.831 
138,806 


$782,145 - $108,887 

20.234.310 {-10,225,597 

966,518 - 801,313 

172.592 - 33,786 




33.255.576 


22,155,565 11.100.011 


II 


19.788.mVL 

1.621.357 

546.119 


22.382.153 - 2.594.062 

1,477,443 143,914 

380,146 - 165,973 




21,955,567 


24,239,742 2,284,175 


III 


908,066 

59, 333 

182, 786 

350, 620 


774.;;- 


' 


IV 




117,631 
224,927 
270,543 


58,298 


V 
VI 


Game 

Various 

Total value of exports 


42,141 
79,979 




56,711,948 







EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 



205 



Total value of imports and exports from 1880-1901. 

[Value in gold.] 




Summary, of imports and exports to and from the following countries during the 

ten years 1892-1901. 

[Value in gold.] 



Country. 


1892. 


1893. 


1894. 


1895. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile . .-. 


$8,646,838 
54,839 

2,107,188 

71,420 

10,425,865 

10,676,513 

149, 106 

8,412,941 

1,987,887 

24,007 


$14,672,427 

506,393 

10,462,538 

1,993,567 

26,438,097 

16,635,103 

6,700 

4,343,066 

334,762 

114,373 

10, 160 

2,412,485 

19,720,513 
4,831,454 
3,132,567 
1,254,714 

6,501,418 


$9,636,845 

68,557 

2,117,377 

362, 624 

12,094,253 

11,030,573 

168,891 

9,318,945 

1,157,644 

49,107 


$10,771,163 

384,598 

12,033,960 

1,584,078 

18,158,977 

10,376,477 

71,640 

3,374,929 

374,674 

1,064,117 


$8,958,56l'$12,769,341 

73,5471 385,586 

1,980,468! 13,869,406 

20,843 1.764.500 


$7,441,356 
72,639 

4,095,665 

41,635 

9,116,870 

11,162,549 

103,931 

10,369,129 

1,824,312 

58,405 


$15,417,711 

591,868 

8,096,105 

3,067,411 




10,156,320 

10,689,487 

102,856 

8,873,377 

1,712,615 

48, 286 


18,844,323 

11,544,516 

164, 473 

3,066,767 

211,730 

74,276 


20, 337, 163 


Germany 

Holland 

Italy 


13,323,324 

92,050 

3,518,087 


Paraguay 

Portugal 


100,160 

138,497 

8,010 


Spain 

United King- 
dom 

United States . . 
Uruguay 


2,179,259 

35,835,492 
7,376,583 

3,726,491 

1~806~731 


3,164,731 

32, 523. £70 
9,619,327 
2,613,164 


2,500,486 

18,506,349 
3,416,740 
4, 150. 718 
1,030,974 
6,190,249 


1,703,314 

33,189,014 
10,149,018 

2,327,129 
2,547 

2,801,243 


2,384,507 

20,410,884 
5,285,210 
4,511,904 
1,391,318 
5,369,264 


2,575,125 

39,524,270 

0,686,999 

736, 110 

86,233 

1,207,210 


1,311,999 

14,694,783 

8,947,165 
3,21)0,574 
1,616,602 


Other countrie: ; 


2,334,320 


25,516,2(5 


Total 


91,481,163 


113,370,337 


96,223,628 


94,090,159 


92,788,625 


101,687,986 


95,096,438120,067,790 

1 



Country - 


1896. 


1897. 1898. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. Exports. 


Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil . 


$8,453,200 

55,405 

5,152,621 

1'5,697 

12,028,514 

13,895,065 

110, 381 

11,394,910 

1,222,025 

84,72S 


$12,062,348 

320,208 

9,841,460 

2,171,214 

23,654,976 

13,332,785 

581.686 

3,897,063 

159,387 

19, 487 

465, 326 

1,166,400 

14,388,761 

6,401,365 

2,784,661 

252,600 

25,302,289 


$8,046,254 

50,260 

4,761,505 

248,902 

11,019,576 

11,114,102 

80,055 

10,943,038 

1,457,327 

71,588 


$8,934,829 
352,520 
8,685,187 
1,977,398 
22,999,019 
14,047,135 


$9,444,981 

57,208 

5,012,115 

82, 772 

10,596,725 

12,571,106 

109,881 

13,695,241 

1,757,439 

74,984 


$13,949,751 

408,813 

7,916,301 


Chile 


1,354,494 




29,981,056 


Germany 

Holland 


20,286,338 
331,232 


Italy. 

Paraguay 

Portugal 

South Africa 


3,964,616 

159,094 

19,562 

573,447 

1,271,149 

12,984,640 

8.321,611 

2,586,214 

296,817 

13,962,258 


5,246,054 

144, 108 

11,597 

518, 118 


Spain 

UnitedKingdom 
United States . . - 

Uruguay 

West Indies 

Other countries. 


3,007,207 

44,729,966 

11,210,475 

568,580 

25,119 

211,718 


3,245,646 

36,392,057 

10,101,714 

' 505, 170 

52. 558 

199, 196 


3,315,470 

39,012,600 

11,129,065 

470,901 

27,643 

70,759 


387,998 
19,205,928 
5,874,295 
3,683,275 
162,397 
24,367,703 


Total 


112,261,591 ; 116,802,016 


98,288,948 


101,169,299 107,428,900 


133,829,458 



206 



AEGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Summary of imports and exports to and from the following countries during the 
ten years 1892-1901 — Continued. 



Country. 


1899. 


1900. 


1901. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Belgium _ . . 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 


$9,410,479 

78,385 

4,806,116 

142,309 

10,979,690 

12,979,937 

143,056 


$24,478,370 

333,129 

7,041,668 

659,924 

41,446,747 

29,433,663 

1,481,526 

4,926,612 

177,974 

72, 184 

953,365 

1,765,391 

21,721,591 

7,667,523 

3,481,348 

2&5,939 

39,011,577 


$8,430,880 

122,422 

3,741,877 

124,314 

10,897,866 

16,635,163 

173,833 

14,924,498 

1,860,498 

78,014 


$17,980,885 

578,646 

6,185,507 

870,003 

19,007,960 

30,070,133 

3,906,083 

4,304,154 

161,613 

369,504 

3,340,270 

2,699,391 

23,890,686 

6,882,763 

2,302,599 

438,251 

41,711,965 


$8,688,657 

138, 733 

4,386,047 

111,076 

9,959,541 

16,734.549 

573,419 

14,736.103 

1,767,644 

72,416 


$13,457,731 

541,049 

9,702,488 

568,173 

38,637,131 

31,479,883 

1,753,931 

4,318,950 

216,053 

7,704 

2, 891, 259 


France 


Germany 

Holland 


Italy 

Paraguay 

Portugal 

South Africa 


13,780,072 

1,371,649 

98,003 


Spain 

UnitedKingdom 
United States . . . 

Uruguay 

West Indies 

Other countries. 


3,197,882 

43,671,421 

15,466,846 

506,967 

44,098 

173,761 


3,691,998 

38,682,753 

13,438,529 

520,449 

19,639 

141,501 


3,913,536 

36,460,808 

15,5:33,639 

679,236 

43,679 

244,083 


2,131,713 

29,920,759 

9,296,454 

3,710,663 

363,183 

38,723,693 


Total 


116,850,671 


184,917,531 


113,485,069 


154,600,413 


113,959,749 


167,716,102 



Principal exports during the past four years. 



Steers . . 

Wethers 

Horses 

Frozen mutton 

Sheepskins 

Salt oxhides 

Dry oxhides 

Salt horsehides 

Dry horsehides 

Wool 

Jerked beef 

Frozen beef 

Butter 

Tallow 

Linseed 

Maize 

Hay 

Wheat 

Flour 

Bran 

Quebracho extract. 

Quebracho logs 

Sugar 



head. 

do... 

do... 

tons. 

do... 

do... 

do... 

.number. 
do... 



.tons., 
do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 
.do... 
do.... 
.do.... 
.do.... 



577,813 

14,360 

59,834 

42,245 

29,367 

23, 174 

160,936 

180,827 

221.286 

23,243 

5,867 

936 

29,341 

158,904 

717,105 

113, 534 

645, 161 

31,933 

52,935 

1,192 

118,260 

22.273 



1899. 



312,150 

543,458 

7,359 

56,637 

41,697 

28,528 

23,956 

134,774 

139,657 

337, 111 

19, 164 

9.079 

1.179 

24. 150 

217. 713 

1.116.276 

105.598 

1.713.429 

59,464 

78.890 

3.172 

159. 376 

26,701 



1900. 



150,550 

198,102 

32,969 

56.412 

37,593 

26. 423 

24. 866 

121.285 

190,541 

101,113 

16. 449 

24. 590 

1.056 

24,837 

223.257 

713. 248 

102. 836 

.929.676 

51.203 

73.314 

5.957 

239.836 

15,270 



1901. 



119,189 

25.746 

9,761 

63,013 

41.120 

28, 158 

26,647 

136,901 

181,027 

228.358 

24.296 

44,904 

1.510 

333,368 

338.828 

1,112,290 

95,120 

904. 289 

71.742 

92,630 

4,310 

198.919 

49,412 



Percentage of foreign trade. — With reference to the trade with vari- 
ous countries, the official returns classify all cargo under the head of 
the country whence the steamer originally sailed. Thus a steamer 
sailing from New York and calling at foreign ports would have all its 
merchandise classified as of United States origin. Austria does not 
figure in the imports as there are no direct lines of steamers between 
the two countries. 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 



207 



Percentage of Argentine foreign trade with the various countries in 1876, 1S95, 

and 1901. 



Country. 



United Kingdom. 

United States 

Italy 

Germany 

France.. 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Spain 

Paraguay 

Uruguay 

West Indies 

Bolivia 

Chile 

Netherlands 

Other countries.. 
South Africa 



Imports. 



1876. 1895. 



24.9 

5.4 

6.6 

5 
23.2 

4 

6.1 

6 

2 

5.1 
.7 
.2 

2.5 

1.4 



41.6 

10.9 
11.7 
9.6 

7.8 
4.3 
2.7 
1.9 
.8 
.09 
.08 
.04 
.11 
1.38 



1901. 



32 

13.7 

12.9 

14.7 

8.7 

7.6 

3.9 

3.4 

1.6 



Exports. 



1876. 



15.5 
5.1 

3.9 

3 

18.6 
30.3 

2.6 

2.4 
.5 

2.9 

1.9 

1 

6.4 



1895. 1901 



12.2 

7.5 

2.9 

11.1 

16.9 

12.9 

6.7 

1.1 

.09 

2.7 

1.3 

.5 

2.5 



21.61 



17.9 
5.6 
2.6 
12.8 
17.1 
8 

5.8 

1.3 

.1 

2.2 

.2 

.3 

.3 

1 

5.3 



Ports through which the foreign trade of the country passed. 





Rate per cent. 


Port. 


Imports. 


Exports. 




1900. 


1901. 


1900. 


1901. 




87.1 

8.3 

.9 

1.4 

.8 

.2 


84.4 
9.8 
1.5 
1.3 

1 

.7 


44.7 
22.7 
1.9 
7.8 
2.2 
4.9 
5.1 
2.2 
2.1 


48.9 




21.4 




1.5 




6.8 




2.9 




3.2 




4.2 




.1 
.2 




2.1 




.2 


2.7 







Average weights. 



1 bale of wool ..'. 

1 bale of sheepskins. . 

1 bale of hair 

1 bale of goatskins . . . 

1 bale of hay _ 

1 pipe of tallow 

1 hogshead of tallow . 

1 cask of tallow 

1 case of butter 



Kilo- 


Equiva- 
lent in 


grams. 


pounds. 


450 


992 


450 


992 


450 


992 


370 


816 


50 


no 


400 


882 


200 


441 


100 


220 


25 


55 



Wool exports. — The commercial statistics give the following for the 
exportation of wool, from October 1 to July 12, of the years 1896-97 
to 1900-1901: 



Year. 


Bales.' 


Pounds. 


1896-97.. 


448, 465 
450,225 
449,083 
414,105 
424.224 


444,877,280 


1897-98 


446,623,200 


1898-99. 


445, 490,. m 


1899-1900 


410,792,160 


1900-1901 


430,750,208 







208 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Exports of live stock and frozen mutton. — In 1890, 20,000 tons of 
frozen mutton were exported, 43,000 tons of jerked beef, 663 tons 
of frozen beef, 50,000 live sheep, and 150,000 live cattle. The ex- 
ports of live stock to Europe were 5,240 live cattle and 24,670 sheep, 
and to Brazil 3,776 cattle. 

The live cattle and sheep exported in 1890, 1895, and 1900 were: 

Exports of live cattle and sheep {1890-1895-1900). 



To- 



Live cattle. 



1890. 



1895. 



1900. 



Live sheep. 



1895. 



1900. 



Europe 

Brazil 

Chile 

Bolivia 

Uruguay 

Various ports . 

Total .... 



5,240 
3,770 

63,519 
0,258 

71,108 
102 



150,003 



53,423 

80,475 

97,417 

17, 270 

158,663 

878 



408, 



34, 697 
21,976 
26,483 

6,106 
54,906 

1,539 



24,671 
3,633 
8,700 
3,920 
9,078 



391,367 
11,277 
17,009 
4,814 
5,059 
420 



145,706 



50,002 



429,946 



158,997 
667 
2,218 
4, 703 
2,316 
13,951 



182,851 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS ON PRINCIPAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 

The official publication for 1902 of the Customs Tariffs on Imports 
and Exports consists of some 350 pages of closeh' printed matter, 
which it would be obviousty impracticable to translate and publish 
within the limits of this volume. As the subject, however, is one 
of first importance to merchants and shippers, a selection has been 
made of all the leading articles and products shipped to and from 
Argentina. 

Method of assessing. — The method of assessing the tariffs is chiefly 
to fix a value upon the unit of each particular article and then to 
place an ad valorem duty on the fixed valuation. 

Specific duties, as the tables show, are imposed in comparatively 
few instances. No attention has been paid to any special classifica- 
tion of the various articles dealt with, their order being the same as 
in the official list. The second column of the table shows the unit of 
weight, measure, or quantity; the third the valuation placed upon the 
unit; the fourth the ad valorem or proportionate duty upon the valu- 
ation; and the fifth the specific duty, whether additional or otherwise. 
The list of tariffs was officially published on May 1, 1902. 

Imj)orts. 
]A11 duties are payable in gold or in paper at the rate fixed daily by the Minister of Finance] 



Skins and leathers: 

Polished 

Japanned, imitation chamois and all kinds . 

Kid for gloves and imitations 

Kid for boots. 



Pig and wolf skins, in general. . 
Sole leather (South American) 



Valua- Duty on 
Unit per— tion for valua- t Specific. 

I dutv. tion. 



Kilo.. 

do. 

....do 
....do 
....do 
....do. 





Per cent 


$2. 20 


40 


4. 00 


40 


8.00 


40 


5. a) 


40 


o. 00 


40 


1.10 


40 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



209 



Imports — Continued. 



SADDLERY. 



Saddle frames without springs 

Carriage harness for one horse with black iron 

buckles. 
Valises, portmanteaus, and leather bags: 

Hand bags, 26 to 35 centimeters 

Hand bags, 56 to 65 centimeters 

Carriage, woven, wooden handles 

Saddle cloths, in general 

Straps for horses, in general 

Reins, in general,- single soldered buckles for 

riding horses. 
Waterproof coverings, in general (declared 

value). 
Saddles, pig skin, with or without fittings, in 



BOOTS AND SHOES. 

Boots for men: 

Top boots, in general 

" in general, including me- 



Boots or shoes, 
dium quality. 
For ladies: 

Buttoned boots, in general, including me- do. 

dium quality. 

Do., do., fine do. 

Boots or shoes, including medium quality do. 

Do. do., fine - do 

For children: 

Top boots do 

All other classes -do 

Boots or shoes, waterproof do . 

Do., do., other material, including medium do. 

quality. 

Do., do., fine do. 

For infants: 

Boots, in general do. 

Boots or shoes, waterproof do. 

Do., do., of other material do 

Boots or shoes not included in above: 

Alpargatas, any size, common Kilo 

Do., shoe imitation do. 

Boots or shoes, any size, laced Dozen . 

Do., do., with elastic do . 

Do., do., cloth, with caoutchouc solesor other do , 

materials. 

Boots or shoes, wooden soles (excepting those do 

for children). 

Boots or shoes, caoutchouc, in general do 

Boots and shoe uppers for men, in general do 

Do., do., for ladies, in general do 

Do., do., for boots or shoes, in general, for do 

ladies or men. 

Do., do., for children do. 

Slippers: 

Any size, velvet, cotton, and up to medium do . 

Do., do., fine do . 

Do., Prunela shoe imitation, low heel do 

Gaiters, leather, in general (any size) I Kilo . . . 

Clogs: 

Wood, any size \ Dozen- 
Do., do., leather or lined | do. 

Boot button hooks, iron, with or without wooden Kilo... 

handles. 
Blacking: 

In paste, for shoes do 

In liquid, for shoes, harness, or carriage Liter 
roofs. 
Elastic for shoes: 

With silk mixture Kilo. 

Silk do 



Unit per- 



Dozen 
Each . 



....do. 
....do. 
Dozen . 
Kilo... 
Dozen. 
....do. 



Each. 



Dozen. 
do. 



ARMOKY. 



Arms and spare parts, in general, not including 

fencing foils. 
Bullets, lead or metal, or shot in general | Kilo . 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



$8.00 

25.(10 



2.00 
5.50 
2.00 
.70 
2.00 
8.00 



12.00 



50.00 
25.00 



22.00 



11.00 



6.00 
3.00 
5.00 

.50 

.70 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

12.00 

6.00 

24.00 
12.00 
10.00 

5.00 

5.00 
6.00 



4.50 

3.00 

6.00 

.40 



. 20 
.30 



3.00 
2.00 



10 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Per cent. 
50 
50 



50 



50 



50 



Specific. 



573A— 03- 



-14 



210 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports — Continued. 



armory — continued 
Ramrods: 

Wood or iron, in 1 piece 

Do., do.,in3pieces 

Bags, shooting (declared value) 
Gun cases: 

Waterproof, without utensils. 

Leather or wood 

Percussion caps: 

In general 

Do., do., empty 

Carbines: 

Guns, any class or system. _ 

Saloon or Monte Cristo, 6 to 9 millimeters; 
those with spring or compressed air. 

Cartridges, in general, full or empty. 

Cartridge belts: 

Waterproof, in general 

Leather, in general 

Brushes, wire, for cleaning arms 

Gun barrels, in general 

Dynamite, in general. 

Triggers, in general 

Guns: 

Pin-fire, 1 barrel 

Do., do., 2 barrels 

Lefaucheux, Remington, or center-fire, 1 
barrel, ordinary or medium. 

Do., do., 2 barrels 

Swords, medium q uality 

Sheath knives and daggers: 

With or without sheath, ordinary 

Other classes 

Dynamite caps: 

In general 

Dynamite 

Gun covers: 

Leather or waterproof, for revolvers 

Do., do., for gun •. 

Blades: 

For swords 

For daggers 

Cutlasses, with brass hand guards 

Machines for making cartridges: 

Wood or iron 

Brass or other classes 

Powder flasks for powder or shot 

Shot (shooting). (See Bullets.) 

Shot and powder bags, chamois or other leathers. 

Spare parts for amis in general, declared value. 

Pistols: 

Pin-fire, 1 or 2 barrels 

Lefaucheux or Remington, 1 or 2 barrels, 
with ivory stocks. 

Do. , do. , with other class of stock 

Saloon 

Repetition 

Powder: 

Black, in general 

Gun cotton 

Special for mines. (See section of free intro- 
duction.) 
Revolvers: 

Ordinary or medium, with or without ex- 
tractor. 

Do., do., fine 

Note. — Revolvers incomplete to pay 
duty as complete. 

Swords, ordinary, for troops 

Wads for gun 

Sword belts: 

Leather, japanned 

Silk, gold-thread , silver or plated 

Gold or silver 

Blunderbusses, in general 

Sword sheaths, in general 




Unit per- 



Kilo 



Each . . 
do. 



Kilo 



Dozen. .. 

do... 

do... 

Per cent 

Kilo 

Dozen. _. 



Each. 
..._do 
.....do. 



do 
do. 



Centimeter 
Kilo 



.do 



Dozen. 
....do 



Each 

Centimeter- 
Each 



do 

do 

Dozen 



do 

Kilo.. 



Each... 
do.. 



.do 
.do 

.do 



Kilo . . 
do 



Each 



do 

Kilo.. 

Each . 

do 

.....do 
.....do 
....do 



Valua- Duty on 
tion for valua- Specific, 
duty. | tion. 



do 



.70 
1.20 

12.00 
4.00 

.50 

3.50 

t>. 50 
.70 



. 25 



1.50 
3.00 
7.00 

11.00 
6.00 

.45 

8. 00 

2.00 

1.50 | 

6.00 

2d. CHI 

2.00 | 

.02 
1.50 i 

.40 

.80 I 
1.00 

6.00- 
10.00 

1.00 

6. 00 

3. 00 
3. 00 
10.00 

.50 
1.50 



2. 00 
5. 00 




0. 00 

.50 

1.50 

5. 00 


50 

50 

50 


15. 00 




5. 00 
1.00 


50 

50 



CUSTOMS TAEIFFS. 
Imports — Continued. 



211 



Unit per 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Specific. 



FENCING ARMS. 

Masks, wire : . 

Handles for swords or fencing ar: 

Blades, rapier, in general 

Gloves, in general 

Swords: 

Wood 

Iron 

Shoes: 

Fencing, in general 

With india-rubber soles 



SHOOTING UTENSILS. 



Bottles, leather, for wine 

Chains: 

Iron or steel, for dogs 

Composition, for dogs 

Stocks, for guns, wood, without finish . . 

Collars, for dogs 

Muzzles, for dogs 

Whistles: 

Ordinary 

Metal, composition, medium or fine 
Bone 



JEWELRY AND WATCHES. 



Goods, silver 

Diamonds, for glaziers 

Cases, for jewels in general. 

Gems and ornaments, gold or silver for per- 
sonal use, declared value. 

Keys, metal, ordinary, for watches 

Precious stones, loose: 

Brilliants . _ - - - 

Rubies and diamond roses 

Emeralds, pearls, and sapphires 

Topaz, opals, turquoise, amethyst, garnet... 
Watches: 

Finished or unfinished; gold, one or two 
covers, with chronometer or any other 
complication, for men. 

Gold, one or two covers, for men 

Do. do., for ladies 

Do. do., diamonds and fine pearls 

Silver, one or two covers, all systems up to 
medium, for men or ladies. 

Silver, fine, or with complications 

Plated Swiss 

Gold plated in general 

Common metals, gilt or not, plated, nickeled, 
enameled, or steeled. 
Clocks: 

Alarm, ordinary 

Do. do., medium or fine 

Do., wall or table, wood or zinc, ordi- 
nary one day. 

Do. do., medium or fine 

Do. do., eight-day up to medium 

Do. do., fine 

All other wall and table clocks, declared 
value. 

Utensils for jewelers, declared value... 

Glasses, crystals for pocket watches 



DRY GOODS AND READY-MADE CLOTHES. 

Dry goods: 

Cotton, cotton mixed with wool, viz., shirts, 
inside shirts, drawers, scarfs, boots for in- 
fants, capes for children, petticoats, 
shawls, gloves, suits and dresses, jerseys, 
gaiters, and others. 

With silk mixture 

Woolen, with mixture of other fibers, ex- 
cepting silk goods. 

Wool with silk mixture 

Linen and its imitations 

Linen with mixture of silk 

Silk, or mixture, including silk belts, which 
are to be taken by net weight. 



Dozen 
....do. 
Pair . . 
....do. 



Dozen . 
... .do. 



.do 

.do 



Kilo 



....do. 
....do. 
Each . . 
Dozen . 
....do. 



Kilo.. 
....do 

....do 



Kilo... 
Each _ . 
Kilo.. 
....do 



Gross 

Gram 
....do 
....do 

....do 



Each 



.do, 
.do 
.do 
.do 

.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



Dozen . 
....do. 

Each . . 



.do. 
.do. 
_do. 
_do. 



do... 

Per cent 



Kilo 



.do. 
do. 

.do. 
do 
do. 
.do. 



,00 



Per cent. 
25 



2.00 



3.00 
15.00 



2.00 



.50 

.40 

2.00 

18.00 

.50 



1.50 



25.00 
1.00 
5.00 



2.00 

90.00 
60.00 
15.00 
8.00 

80.00 



80.00 

15. 00 

25.00 

4.00 

12.00 



5.00 
2.00 



8.00 
20. 00 
1.50 

3.00 
3.00 
10.00 



1.00 



2.80 



25 






25 



50 



3.50 
4.00 


50 

50 


5.00 
6.00 
8.00 
20.00 


50 
50 
50 

50 



212 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Imports — Continued. 





Unit per— 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


DRY GOODS OF OTHER CLASSES. 

Suits: 

Christening, for infants, cotton, ordinary 


Each 


$2.00 


Per cent. 
50 
50 

50 
50 
50 
50 

50 

50 

50 
50 

50 




do 




G-owns: 

Morning, for ladies, plain cotton 




20.00 
50.00 
70.00 
30.00 

10.00 

20.00 

7.00 
14.00 

24.00 






do 




Do. do., wool or mixture of any other fibers . 


.. do 




Do. do., silk or mixture of any other fibers, 


Each 




including velvet. 


....do 

. do 




or mixture with any other fibers, and 
woolen linings. 
Do. do., woolen, or wool and mixture of silk 




(silk linings). 
Shirts: 

For men, cotton, white or colored, with 






plain ordinary fronts. 
Do. do., same as previous, linen imitation 


_...do 




fronts or other fibers, excluding those of 
silk including those with cotton fronts. 
Do. do., same as previous, embroidered or 


....do.. 




with pique fronts or half linen or mixture 
with other fibers in general. 
Do., for children in general, valued at half 


....do... 




those for men in their respective classes. 
Capes: 

For men, woolen, cloths, or other fibers. ._ __ 


Each 


10.00 50 
6.00 50 




For men or ladies, waterproof, with or with- 
out hood, including shawls of the same 
material. 

For children in general, to be valued at half 


do 




do 




the price of those for men in their respec- 
tive classes. 


Kilo 


.50 50 
2.00 ! 50 




Waistcoats: _ 


Each 

do 






3.00 

1.50 
2.50 
6.00 

1.80 

3.50 
3.80 

5.00 
5.00 

30. 00 

12. 00 

2. (XI 
4.00 
9.00 

20. 50 
2. 10 

6. 00 

10.00 

4.00 


50 

50 




Quilts (padded): 


Kilo 

....do.. 




Wool or mixture of cotton 


50 


Silk or mixture with other fibers 


...do.. 


50 


Dry goods: 

Cotton jackets for ladies, white clothes for 


do 


5D 


men or ladies (excepting shirts for men), 
plain or with trimming. 
Do. do., with embroidery - 


do 


50 


Linen jackets and under linen for men and 
ladies (excepting shirts for men), plain or 
with trimmings. 

Do. do., embroidered with trimmings or or- 
naments. 

Flannel, wool or mixture with any other 
fiber, made into underclothing for ladies or 
men. 

Silk or mixture with other fibers in general, 
viz, shirts, petticoats, shawls, or others. 

Raw silk in general 


do... 

. do 


50 

50 


.do 


50 


do 

do : 


50 

50 

50 
50 
50 

50 




Neckties: 


do 




Wool or mixture with other fibers in general- 
Silk or mixture with other fibers in general 

(with lining). 
Do. do., without lining .. . . 


do. 




. do 




do.. 




Collars, in boxes of 1 dozen, cotton, linen, or 


Dozen 


$1.85 


mixture, for men and children. 
Aprons for ladies and children in general (ex- 
cepting silk). 
Coats: 

Wool or mixture, with other fibers for men.. 
In general, of any other material (excluding 
silk ones). 
Dress suits for children in general ( to be valued 


do 

Each 

do 


50 
50 

50 






. .do 




at half price in their respective classes). 
Rugs: 


Kilo 


4. (XI 
2. CXI 

12. 00 


50 
50 

50 










Overcoats: 


Each 




Do. do., for children 


do 


6. 00 





CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



213 



Imports — Continued . 





Unit per— 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


DRY GOODS OF OTHER CLASSES— continued. 

Trousers: 


Kilo... 


$0.50 
48.00 
15.00 
24.00 
1.50 
3.50 

1.80 
3.00 


Per cent. 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 












.do . 




Cushions, wool or mixture with other fibers 


do.... 




Gaiters, india rubber or waterproof 


Pair. 






Dozen pairs 

Kilo.. 


$2. 00 


children, in any condition they may come. 
Sheets and pillowcases: 

Cotton or embridered 


50 
50 
50 

50 

50 
50 
50 
50 
50 

50 
50 
50 

50 

35 
25 




Do. do., linen or mixture with other fibers... 


...do 




With initials, to be valued 50 per cent more 
on the prices in their respective classes, 
with or without fringe. 
Bath dresses, cotton 


do 




.do 


3. 00 

3.00 
1.50 
3.00 
4.00 




Dust coats: 


Each 




Cotton, brown holland, or mixture, for men. 


do.. 






..do... 




Do. do., wool or mixture, for men 


. do 






. do 




at half the above-mentioned prices in their 
respective classes. 
Cloaks for ladies: 

Wool or mixture, short or long, ordinary. ... 


....do 


5.00 
10.00 
20.00 

30.00 

1.00 
2.50 




Do. do., medium or fine 


do 




Do. do., silk or mixture, long or short, ordi- 
nary. 


do 

do 

Kilo. 

do 

do 






ture, long or short, in general. 
[Note.— Cloaks for children to be valued at 
half the prices mentioned in their respec- 
tive classes.] 
Bed covers: 

Cotton, in general 




Crochet or its imitation, cotton, linen, or 




mixture. 
Ctirtains, to be valued at the price correspond- 
ing to the material from which they have 
been made. 
Unfinished waiscoats, in general, silk mixture, 
to be valued at the prices corresponding to 
the material from which they have been made. 
Mats (door): 

Composition 




....do 








Kilo... 


.35 

.40 
.60 

1.00 

2.00 

.35 

12.00 

.30 

.70 

2. TO 

1.00 

.60 

.60 

.15 
.30 
.20 

1.80 
3. 00 ■ 
1.00 
3.00 

1.00 
2.50 
.90 
8.00 
3.50 
5.00 
5.50 
20.00 


25 
25 
25 

25 
35 
25 
40 
25 
35 

40 
25 
35 
25 

25" 
25 

25 
25 
25 

50 

« 

45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 




India-n, in general 


do 




All other classes 


do. 




Braid: 

Cotton or linen, in general 


do 




Do., wool or mixture 


do 




For furniture 


do... 




Felt, for hats 


.. do... 




Cocoanut matting, in general 


.. do... 




Castor, wool, or mixture, special for hats 


...do 




Blankets: 
Wool 


do 




Cotton 


do 




Goatskin or wool residue 


do 




Floor cloths, in general 


do 




Canvas: 

Hemp 


....do .. 


.01 


White 


....do.... . 




Cotton or mixture, white or colored 


do 




Tablecloths and napkins: 

Linen or mixture, excepting silk 


.do 




Do. , linen, with initials 


do 






. do 




Embroidered 


do 




Stockings: 


do 






do 




Raw cotton, long ( camp use ) 


.do... 




Cotton, with silk ornaments 


...do 




Wool or mixture 


do 






do 




Linen or imitation 


.. do 




Silk or mixture 


do 





214 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
Imports — Continued. 



Unit per- 



Valua- 

tion for 

duty. 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Specific. 



dry goods of other classes— continued. 

Suits: 

For men, wool or mixture Suit . 

Do., do., sack coats do 

Do., do., cotton, Holland, or mixture do 

For children, in general, to be valued 30 per 
cent more than those of men in their re- | 
spective classes. 
Dresses (made): 

Cotton, plain, or with cotton trimmings I Each 



.do 
.do 
.do. 
.do 

.do 

do 

.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



Do., embroidered, or with ornaments . 

Do., silk or mixture 

Do., wool 

Pique cloaks or other goods, plain or em- 
broidered, for children. 
Do., do., silk or mixture, ornamented, for 

children. 
Wool, or mixture with other fibers, for chil- 
dren. 
Linen, or mixture, ornamented, for children. 

Linen or mixture, ornamented, for ladies 

Cotton, for ladies, ornamented or otherwise . 
Wool or mixture, for ladies, ornamented or 
otherwise. 

Silk or mixture, for ladies, ornamented or do. 

otherwise. 

Velvet, for ladies, ornamented or otherwise do . 

Carpets: 

Brussels, general Kilo . . . 

Ordinary, wool or mixture do. 

Matting : do. 

Bagging in general do. 

Bunting, mixture, wool do. 

Bags: 

Canvas or other mixture _ ! do . 

Hemp bags specific duty.. ! do . 

Table covers, to be valued at the price corre- j 
sponding to the material from which they have 
been made. 

Matting, cocoa or hemp do. 

Handkerchiefs: 

Silk, in general do . 

Silk, mixture do . 

Linen or mixture do. 

Do., not mixed do . 

Shawls: 

Cotton, in general; ponchos, cotton, inchis- do 

ive wool. 

Do., do., wool mixture. do . 

Do., mixture, with other fibers, excluding: do. 

silk. 

Shawls, embroidered or silk trimmings do . 

White cotton, figured, up to 60 centimeters do . 

Do., from 60 centimeters up do . 

Cotton, embroidered or adorned do . 

Do., silk do. 

Do., do., special do . 

Do., do., mixture do . 

Do., raw silk do . 

Calico: 

Cotton, bombazine, Cambridge, and other do. 

such woven goods. 

Do. , do. , cotton in pieces or saturated in wool 

Silk or wool 

Cotton, embroidered, for curtains 

Cotton and wool (goatskins ) 

Raw cotton 1 

Linen or colored 

Crinoline, white cotton, or with other fibers. Kilo . . . 
for linings. 

White cotton, for lining, or that usually 

called moleton. . 
Cotton or mixture of linen, for towels or |_. 

sheeting 
Linen or mixture (Holland), including glass 

cloths. 
Linen or mixture (Holland), for lining of 
furniture. 

Jute 

Linen or mixture (alemanesco) Kilo . 



4, 



.30 



1.00 



Per 



1.50 



60 



cent 
50 
50 
50 



26 

40 I. 
40 I. 
35 I. 
25 

25 

25 
35 



1.50 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



215 



Imports— Continued. 



DRY GOODS OF OTHER, CLASSES— continued. 

Carpets: 

In general, wool or mixture. 

Do., do., cut 

Other fibers 

Veils: 

Silk or mixture, plain or embroidered 

Do., silk for brides (one in a box), declared 
value. 

Do., cotton for the head 

Dresses, unfinished, in general, to be valued in 
accordance with the tariff of the stuff from 
.which they are made. 

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 



Unit per 



do.. 
..do 
..do 



.do 
.do 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



So. so 

1.50 
.50 

18.00 



.do 



Dozen . 



Each 



.do 
.do 



Concertinas, in general 

Insulators for pianos 

Bows for violins or violoncello 

Hand organs: 

Medium 

Fine 

Harmoniums: 

Without register i do ... 

With register (declared value) ! do... 

Melodiums: 

Single ! Dozen . . . 

Double ... do ... 

Harps: 

Common Each 

Erard.or other makers, fine do ... 

Fittings for musical instruments, declared value. I 

Doiible bases, with pistons and cylinders do . . . 

Big drums without fittings ; do ... 

Boxes or cases: 

War do ... 

Wooden, for violin.. ! do ... 

Do., do., for violoncello do ... 

Cylinders for organs do ... 

Citras, declared value. 
Clarinets: 

War do ... 

Do. , with pistons and cylinders i do . . . 

Keys, in general I Per cent 

Bugles, with pistons or cylinders , Each 

Trumpets: 

With pistons { do ... 

For tramways ; do . . . 

Strings: 

Steel, for musical instruments ! Kilo 

Do., do., catgut or silk do ... 

Chinese instruments, in general do . . . 

Diapasons, in general J Dozen... 

Bagpipes, in general Set 

Banjos, in general do ... 

Flutes: 

One key ' do ... 

Five keys j do . . . 

Ivory, one key ' do ... 

Do., do., with more than one key, to add 50 j do... 

cents for each key. 

Wood, system Boehm, Swoni, and Sigler j do. 

Do., do., silver, declared value I do . 

Medium _ 

Guitars, fine 

Mandolins, in general 

Drumsticks, for drums, in general 

Fifes, in general 

Miisic, printed 

Oboes for instruments. 

Octa vines: 

One key 

Five keys 

Ivory up to five keys 

Boehm system, in general 

Organs, declared value. 

Piano fittings, in general 

Pianos: 

Grand 

Semigrand 

Perpendicular, in general 



do . 
do 

Each . 

do 

.....do. 
Kilo.. 
Each . 



Dozen . 
Each . . 

do. 

do. 



Each 



.do 

.do 

.do 



2.00 



16.00 
"\~50 



6.00 

12.00 



22. 00 



100.00 
400.00 

12.00 
11.00 

8.00 
1.50 
5.00 
8.00 



1.60 
7.00 
2.00 
7.00 

6.50 
.50 

1.50 
7.00 
12.00 
3.00 
20.00 
10.00 

.50 
2.00 
2.00 



35. 00 



4.00 
16.00 
5.50 
.20 
2.00 
.80 
16.00 

4.00 
1.00 
2.00 
15.00 

50. 00 

500.00 
300.00 
150.00 



Duty on ' 
valua- Specific. 

tion. 



Percent. 
35 
35 
25 

40 
40 

25 



25 



25 



25 



25 



25 



25'. 
25 . 

25 . 

25 |. 

25 !. 
25 |. 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 



25 



216 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports — Continued. 



Specific. 



musical instruments— continued. 

Cymbals: 

Turkish 

All other classes 

Drum carriers, in general 

Bridges for string instruments 

Kettledrums, in general 

Saxophones, in general 

Cornets, with pistons or cylinders. 

Trombones, with pistons or cylinders 

Pistons: 

Ordinary 

"With cylinders 

Violins, in general 

Violoncello, in general 



HAT WARE. 

Brims for hats, glued 

Caps, cloth or felt, in general... _- 

Hats and bonnets: 

Cotton, for the sun 

Ornamented (fine) in general for ladies and 
children. 

Do., do., medium. 

Do., do., ordinary 

Do., do., cotton or linen, ordinary, for chil- 
dren. 

Do., do., ordinary, adorned with ribbons ... 

Do., do., medium 

Do., do., with fine lace.. 

Do., do., merino silk or mixture or quilted 

Do., do., embroidered or adorned 

Caps: 

For men or children, velvet or mixture em- 
broidered in silk, gold, or silver. 

Do., do., velvet, silk, or mixture 

Do., do., waterproof, linen or cotton. __ 

Do., do., monkey or rabbit skin, including 
those for children. 
Bonnet or hat shapes: 

Wood for hats 

Do., India rubber 

Hats: 

Felt in general for men or children 

Do., do., seal or rabbit skin _ 

Varnished, for coachmen 

Tall hats in general 

Varnished, for sailors 

Panama straw or its imitations for men or 
children. 

Manila straw or its imitations, up to medium, 
for men or children. 

Do., do., fine 

Italian straw, sewed straw, up to medium, 
for men or children. 

Do., do., ordinary, without trimmings, in- 
cluding borders. 

Do., straw, or any other vegetable fiber. 

Do., cashmere, with sewings, up to medium, 
for men or children. 

Do., do., fine 

Do., do., cotton 

Straw with ornaments, for children 

Without finish or bonnet shape, ordinary, 
for ladies or children. 

Do., do., medium 

Do., do., fine, including felt or silk. 

Bonnet or hat boxes, leather, cloth 

Trimmings f or hats or bonnets 

Peaks, in general, for bonnets, caps, excepting 
ivory fronts. 

FURNITURE. 

Furniture, extra fine, with incrustation or gilt, 

not specified in this section, declared value. 
Sideboards: 

Used, declared value. 

One or two section up to medium 

Do., fine 

Do., three sections 




"Each. 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 
Imports — Continued. 



217 





Unit per— 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


furniture— continued. 
Benches or stools: 




$3.00 

12.00 

4.00 

5.00 

5.00 

150.00 
300.00 

7.00 

10. 00 

3.00 

40.00 

60.00 

12.00 

.08 

.15 

.45 

40.00 

50.00 

20.00 
40.00 
30.00 
5.00 

4.00 
8.00 


Per cent. 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 

25 
25 

50 
50 
50 












...do 






do 




Night tables, with wood frame, in general 

Billiard tables: 

Common, without pockets 

Any other class 

Bedsteads: 






do.. 




do 

do 








do 






do 






do.. 


50 




Do., do., double --. 


do.. 


50 




..do... 


50 L. 




Kilo . . . 


50 .. 




do... 


50 1.. 




do 


50 ! 




Each 


50 ! 




do 


50 


Bureaus: 


do. 


50.. 




do 


50 L. 




do.. 


50 i. 




do 


50 


"Work tables: 


...do . 


50 




do.... 


50 . 




do 




Cradles: 

Wood, painted, up to medium. 


do 


3.00 

8.00 

10.00 

8.00 
15.00 
20.00 
40.00 
40.00 

50.00 

12.00 

30.00 

8.00 

10.00 
20.00 

3.00 

8.00 

50.00 
100.00 
30.00 
50.00 

3.00 

5.00 
20.00 

30. a> 

50.00 

4.00 
8.00 
10.00 
25.00 
50. 00 
20.00 
40.00 
15.00 
30. (X) 
8.00 

16.00 
3.00 


50 ! 


Do., do., gilt. 


..do.. 


50 






50 


Writing desks: 

Wood, painted, for ladies 


Each 


50 


Do., do., other woods 


do 


50 




do 


50 






...do . 


50 
50 

50 
50 
50 
50 

50 
50 

50 

50 

50 
50 
50 
50 

50 

50 
50 
50 
50 

50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 

50 
50 






do.... 




Chiffoniers; 


do 






do. 




Do., with doors 


do 




Do., high, for music 


do 




Shelves or corner brackets: 

Medium 


do 




Fine 


do 




Galleries: 


.do. 




or without brackets. 
Do., do., carved, with or without brackets... 


do 




Suites for bedrooms: 






Do., do., fine 


do. . 




Pitch pine, ordinary 


do.... 






do 




Wash-hand stands: 


Each 




without marble. 
Do., do., any wood 


do 






...do 






...do... 




Do., do., fine 


do.... 




Tables: 


do... 




Fine 


...do... 






do 






do 




Do., do., fine 


. do. 




Do., carving, medium 


...do. . 




Do., do., fine . 


...do... 




Do., center, 4 feet, up to medium 


do. 




Do., fine 


do 




Do., 1 foot, without marble, up to medium, 

including tea tables. 
Do., fine 

Poles for curtains, with brackets and fittings 


...do .. 




- .do. 




Pair 





218 



AEGENTINE KEPUBLIC. 

Imports — Continued. 





Unit per — 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


furniture— continued. 
Clothes racks: 


Each . 


$3.00 


Per cent. 
50 






do .. 


5.00 , 50 
1.00 ! 50 
5. 00 50 




Do., for wall, wood, with iron hooks, ordinary 
Do., medium. 






do 




Do., fine 


do. 


10.00 
24.00 

15.00 
30.00 
50.00 

4.00 

6.00 

18.00 
10.00 

25.00 
25.00 

25.00 
50.00 
15. 00 

25.00 


50 ! 


Enploards in general . _ 


do 


50 


Wardrobes (without looking-glass) : 

One door, ordinary . 


Each 


50 




do 


50 


Do., do., fine . 


do 


50 


Chairs (North American): 

Wood, painted or varnished, with wooden 

seat. 
Do., wood, painted or varnished, with cane 

seat, with or without arms (excepting 

walnut). 
Do., walnut 




50 


do 


50 

50 
50 

50 

Oil 




. .do 




Do., wood, painted or varnished, with cane 

seat and back. 
Do., medium 


do . 




do 




Do., automatic, for children, wood, painted 
or varnished, with cane seat and back, and 
with wheels. 

Do., office, with spring and screw, painted or 
varnished, with cane seat. 

Do., walnut 


do 




do 


50 


do. 


50 


Chairs from other parts: 

Cane seated or skeleton, painted or var- 
nished, including rod imitation or twisted 
wood. 


do 


50 


do 


50 


Do., giltwood 






Do., mahogany, oak, walnut, Jacaranda, up 
to medium. 




30.00 
60.00 


50 


do' .. 


50 


Do., cane back and seat or painted wood, 
stamped or varnished, including rod or 
twisted wood, up to medium. 

Do., fine ... ... ... 














Do., mahogany, oak, walnut, Jacaranda, up 

to medium. 
Do., fine 














Do. , with leather backs. . . 




70.00 


50 


Do., automatic rod imitation, twisted wood, 








for children. 
Do., hammock, cane back and seat, painted 

or varnished, including imitations of rod. 
Do., rod imitation, cane and back seat (seat 


Dozen 


30. 00 


50 




not to exceed 42 centimeters in width). 
Do., mahogany, oak, or walnut, with seat 

and cane backs. 
Do. , folding or traveling in general 


Dozen 

do 


60.00 
15.00 


50 

50 






do. . 


20.00 , 50 
15.00 50 




Armchairs: 


Each . . 






do 


5.00 


50 

50 

.50 
50 

. 

50 




Sofas or lounges: 


do 


10. IX) 

20. 00 

35.00 

5. 00 

7. IX) 

12.1X1 




cane. 


.. do 






.. do... 




Do., wood, twisted or imitation rod, with 

cane seats. 
Do., with cane and back seats, painted, 

stamped, or varnished. 
Do., three seats in one 


do 

do 

do 




Tips (leather) for billiard cues 


Kilo 


3.50 ; 25 

8.1X1 05 
20. 00 25 




Billiard cues: 






do... 






Each 

Dozen 

do 


7.1X1 
5. 1X1 


50 

50 




Towel racks: 

Wood, painted 




Mahogany, oak, or walnut 


15. 00 50 





CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



219 



Imports — Continued. 




IRONMONGERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND 
MACHINERY. 

Tin openers: 

Iron or steel, scissor form 

Other classes or forms 

Steel, in bars, plate, or sheet 

Steels for sharpening, table use: 

With ivory handles, fine 

Other classes, up to medium 
Needles; for sewing bales, bags, sails, or 

tresses. 
Insulators: 

Glass, gross weight 

Mud or delf, from 3 centi up, without pins 

Do., do., up to 3 centi. 

Wire (iron or steel not galvanized) : 

Up to No. 14, inclusive 

Do. from No. 15 up, including that cut for 
machines. 
Wire (iron or steel galvanized): 

Up to No. 14, inclusive. 

Do. from No. 15 up 

Iron or steel twisted or barbed for fences.. 
Wire (iron or steel, bronzed or coppered) : 

Any number 

Do. , in springs for furniture 

Wire (iron or steel, galvanized or nickeled): 

Any number, including special wire for book- 
binding. 

Lead wire, any number 

Electric wire : 

Cotton or gutta-percha covered 

Do., silk covered 

Cable or lead covered 

Spring shutter fasteners: 

Iron, without spring. 

Do., with spring 

Clips, iron, zinc, or wood, for hanging clothes 

Pincers, iron or steel 

Asbestos: 

In sheet 

Eope 

Do., india rubber or composition 
Mortars: 

Iron 

Marble 

Aluminum, elaborated in any way for domestic 
use. 

Anchors, iron 

Fishing hooks, in general 

Pully and tackle, complete, with iron chains 
Plows: 

Common iron, including 1 spare blade 

Steel or iron, with 1 rake and 1 extra blade 

Do., 1 rake, fitted on wheels 

Rings, wood for ships 1 masts. 

Sand: 

For building 

Fontainebleau 

Frames, wood, for saws 

Roasting spits, iron, for the camp 

Roasting jack, machine or with spring 

Hoes, iron or steel, without handle, in general. . 
Weights and scales: 

Decimal system (called counter) less than 
150 kilos of resistance. 

Platform, from 150 kilos up 

Iron (Roberbal system), including brass 
plates. 

Do., 10 kilos or more resistance, including 
brass plates. 

Marble plate balances. To increase 30 pei 
cent in the respective classes 

Salter's balances 

Do., with dial iron 

Do., in general, clock form 

Buckets: 

Wood. 

Iron or galvanized 



i 

i 

25 
85 

*~> 
25 










""""". 








?5 




•Ti 




?fi 




?fl 




■>5 




Pfi 




?5 




25 





220 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Imports — Continued . 



Unit per- 



Valua- 

tion for 

duty. 



Duty on | 
valua- Specific, 
tion. 



Per cent 



Per cent 



K.Gr.. 
.....do 

do 

do 



.do 

.do 



Each _ 
do 



Kilo... 

do. 

do. 

Dozen . 
Kilo... 
Dozen . 
Kilo... 



.do. 



IRONMONGERY— NAVAL, GOODS, WOOD, AND 

machinery— continued. 
Tiles: 

Flooring, Havre, English, or Marseille 

Do., roofing ... 

Do., for kilns, 30 centimeters, by 4 or 5 in 
thickness. 

Do., glazes, plain or painted 

Do., fancy work 

Do., more than 25 millimeters in thickness. .. 

Ornamented for patios, 14 millimeters in 
thickness. 

Do., more than 14 millimeters 

Do., for stables or street 

Baths: 

Shower, tin 

Cast iron, in general, with or without utensils. 
Augers: 

Hand 

Assorted 

Bits.... 

Twist bits . 

Braces, iron in general 

Beaters, wire 

Boat hooks, iron, without handles 

Anvils: 

Blacksmiths 1 _ 

Silversmiths 1 ' do . . . 

"With hammer, for scythes do ... 

Hinges: 

Cast or Japanned ; do ... 

French do ... 

Do., with brass pins do... 

Do., nickeled in general do... 

Do., steel, with spring I do ... 

Escutcheons for locks: 

Wood, sole, or cardboard ... Per cent 

Zinc, nickeled, or otherwise Kilo 

Bags, hemp, tarred or beeswaxed, or special for do . . . 

coal. Specific duty. 
Pumps: 

Iron, hand do . . . 

Other classes, iron... do ... 

Other classes, value brass do . . . 

Mate tubes, composition do . . . 

Buttons: j 

Wood, for electric bells Dozen... 

Do., pear form or other classes .do ... 

Charcoal burners: 

Iron, 3 prongs.. Kilo 

Tin, or iron with lid Dozen . . . 

Cast iron, for ironers i Kilo 

Shoemakers 1 punches,in general, for shoemakers. do . . . 

Drills, iron, in general do ... 

Letter plates, iron, painted, bronzed, or nickeled. do . . . 

Rope: 

Galvanized wire Kilo 

Tarred I do . . . 

Manila do 

Other fibers, untarred I do ... 

Handles: 

For hatchets, picks, hoes, forks, or spades . . . Dozen . . . 

For scythes, French or Italian style ; do . . . 

Do., English or North American style I do ... 

For hammers, files, or paint brushes Per cent 

Chain : 

Iron, in general, not galvanized or tinned Kilo 

Do., galvanized or tinned do . . . 

Galvanized wire, tinned for blinds or weigh- do 

ing machines. 
Safes: 

Iron do . . . 

For printers 1 type Pair 

Boxes: 

Wood, fitted or loose, for 12 bottles. Each 

Wood, in pieces for fideos... 1 do — 

Do., for cigars K.Gr 

Other classes and sizes not mentioned . I do . . . 

Lime, in general 

Spirit lamps: 

With prongs 

Spirit stoves, brass or copper 

Bells, electric 



100 kilos gross . 



Dozen . 
Kilo.. 
Each . . 





Per cent. 


^17.00 


25 


11.00 


25 


LOO. 00 


25 


.05 


25 


.07 


25 


.03 


25 


.07 


50 


.05 


50 


.02 


25 


25.00 


25 


35.00 


25 


.80 


25 


2.00 


25 


.50 


25 


1.50 


25 


.25 


25 


1.00 


25 


.20 


25 


.15 


25 


.60 


25 


.20 


25 


.12 


25 


.15 


25 


.25 


25 


.35 


25 


1.00 


25 


.50 


25 


.80 


25 


.25 




.10 


25 


.25 


25 


.40 


25 


2.00 


25 


40 


25 


.80 


25 


.05 


25 


4.00 


25 


.08 


25 


1.20 


25 


.07 


25 


.30 


25 


.22 


25 


.20 


25 


.12 


25 


.17 


25 


1.00 


25 


2.00 


25 


a. oo 


25 


2.00 


25 


.10 


25 


.17 


25 


. 25 


25 


.20 


40 
25 

25 


1.50 


oo 


.15 


25 


.25 




.04 


25 


1.20 


25 


4.00 


25 


. 50 


m 

35 


. 50 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 
Imjiorts — Continued . 



221 






IRONMONGERY— NAVAL. GOODS, WOOD, AND 

• machinery— continued. 

Padlocks, iron, japanned or galvanized, includ- 
ing those with spring . 

Candlesticks, brass or zinc 

"Wood cocks, in general, for barrels 

Pipes, tubes, hoses, elbows, and unions: 

C. iron up to 75 milinieters interior diameter 

75 niilimeters interior diameter and up 

Wrought iron * . . 

Galvanized iron _. 

Iron, brass plated 

Lead or zinc, washed in antimony or solder 
India rubber, with or without wire or cloth 
India rubber in pieces, special for manufac- 
turing match boxes . 

Canvas 

Shutter hooks, iron 

Capsules: 

Lead, tin or painted, for bottles 

Without paint 

Coal: 

Steam. (See Articles for free introduction.) 
For lamps 

Coal scuttles: 

Iron, ordinary 

Do. , medium or fine 

Wheelbarrows: 

Wood, 1 wheel 

Iron, 1 wheel 

Do., 2 wheels. _ 

Brushes: 

Boot.. 

Iron, for engine tubes 

Horse, hog-hair or mixture 

Horse, ordinary 

Scrubbing, hog-hair or mixture, with or 

without handle 

For paper hangers in general 

Planes: 

For carpenters 

Molding, for carpenters 

For forging and grooving, and any other 
class 

Shackles, for anchors 

Hog hair: 

For shoemakers 

For brushes (paint) 

Mixture for paint brushes 

Vegetable fiber, loose or twisted 

Locks: 

Iron, for doors, up to medium, with brass or 

nickeled front. . 

Do., mortice, fine or combination 

Steels (butcher's): 

Iron or steel 

Emery 

Split pins, iron 

Chimneys: 

Iron. (See Cooking stoves.) 
Other classes, declared value. 

Punches, in general 

Nails: 

Zinc or galvanized 

Iron or cast 

Do., for horseshoes 

Do., with brass heads 

Copper, brass, or yellow metal: 

Old and broken up 

Manufactured into wire, bars, pipes, plates, 

ingots, or for soldering 
Manufactured into rings, nails, hooks, han- 
dles for doors, rivets, washers, or tacks. 
Manufactured into other forms, with the 
exception of articles for lighting, works of 
art, and those specified in other items. 
Do., nickeled. To increase 30 per cent in 
their respective values. 

(Notk. -The above heading includes ar 
tides in which the copper, brass, or yellow 
metal represents more than 50 per cent of 
the value.) 



Unit per 



Kilo... 
....do. 
Dozen . 

Kilo... 
....do. 
.....do. 

do. 

....do. 
.....do. 
....do. 



.do 
.do 

.do 

.do 
.do 



Oross weight 

Each 

..-.do. 



.do 
.do. 

.do. 



Dozen . 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 



.do 
.do 



.do 
.do 



....do 
Kilo... 



.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



....do. 
...do. 

Dozen . 
....do. 
Kilo... 



.do 

do 

.do. 

.do 

do 



.do 
.do 



.do 
.do 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



$0. 40 
.40 

.70 

.04 
.03 
.08 
.10 
.30 
.15 
1.00 

1.50 
.80 
.30 

.50 
.30 



.75 
3.00 

1.50 

3.00 
4.00 



2.20 

3.00 

.30 

2.50 
3.00 

20.00 
15.00 

4.00 
.10 

8.00 

3.00 

.60 

.08 



.80 
2.00 

3.00 

1.00 

.15 



1.00 

.13 
.08 
.20 
.30 

. 20 

.40 

. 50 
LOO 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Percent. 
25 
25 

25 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 

25 
25 
25 

25 
25 



Specific. 



222 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports — Contiiraed. 



Unit per- 



Valua- 

tion for 

duty. 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



IRONMONGERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND 

machinery— continued. 

Cooking stoves: 

Stoves or chimneys of cast iron for wood 
burning. 

American stoves, kerosene or gas. (See 
Spirit lamps.) 
Coke ( coal) . ( See Articles of free introduction. ) 

Glue pots, for glue 

Compasses, iron, for carpenters, with screw or 

brass head. 
Meters: 

Gas-. 

For electric light 

Pipe-cutters, in general 

Chisels, in general. 

Knives and forks: 

Table, iron, bone, or wood, nailed handles, 
including dyed woods, ordinary. 

Do. , dessert 

Table, with handles as above, ebony pear, 
deer, buffalo horn, ivory imitation, up to 
medium. 

Do., dessert .- 

Do., table, fine, excluding ivory or metal 
handles. 

Do., dessert 

Spoons and forks, bronze, including wrappings.. 

Trowels, masons 

Knives: 

Ordinary 

Wood handle, medium 

Fine 

Do . , fine, excluding ivory handles 

Do., ivory handle 

Do., for glaziers or painters. 

Cotters, iron, for railway, tramway, or steamers. 

Thimbles, ordinary 

Flushing tanks, for water-closets, iron 

Candle snuffers, iron 

Screw-drivers, in general 

Horse-hoof knives, ordinary, for sheep or horses. 

Sleepers, iron, for tramways or railways 

Axles: 

Patent or half patent, for carriages 

Cart 1. 

Boats (small), in general, fitted up in pieces up 

to 6 tons (declared value). 
Mortising chisels, with or without handles 
Squares: 

Carpenters 

Iron, for blacksmiths 

Spurs: 

Composition or plated, in general 

Do., iron, steel, or soldered 

Iron, steel, or nickeled 
Squeezers: 

For washing machines 

For lemons or meat 
Solder, in bars or ingots 
Fittings, for wood boot lasts 
Stretchers, for tanners 
Waste, cotton or tarred 

Nails, in general 

Stirrups for saddles: 

Ladies' 

Cast-iron, ordinary 

Iron, in general 

Iron, steel or nickel 

Composition, brass plated, with or without 
caoutchouc. 

Indian rubber or caoutchouc hardened 

Cases, for awls 

Fittings for shutters: 

Iron, not painted or varnished 

Iron, bronzed, japanned, nickel-handle, or- 
dinary 

Iron and nickel fittings 

Meat coolers or covers for dishes, iron- wire net- 
ting. 



Kilo. 



.do 



.do 
.do 



Each . . 

do. 

Dozen . 
Kilo.. 



Dozen . 



.do 
.do 



do. 

.do. 



do. 

....do. 
Kilo... 



Cent .... 
.....do... 
.....do... 

do... 

Kilo 

Dozen... 

Kilo 

Per cent 

Kilo 

do... 

do... 

Dozen... 
Kilo 



Each 
Kilo . 
do 



r.oo 

J. 00 

t.oo 

.30 

.70 

.50 

L.50 




Per cent. 
25 



25 



35 



25 
Free. 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
Free. 

25 
25 

10 



CUSTOMS TAKIFFS. 



223 



Imports — Continued. 



IRONMONGERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND 

machinery— continued. 
Felt: 

For roofing or ship linings 

For boilers 

Iron: 

In ingots, for f oundry 

In bars or plates, "without workmanship 

Cast in posts or columns (hollow ) 

Galvanized in sheets or ridging 

White, wrought, including painted or ja- 
panned, for domestic use. 

Do., enameled 

Wrought, soldered inside, painted outside, 
for kettles and pots. 

Cast or wrought, excepting braseros and 
3-legged pots. 

Do. , enameled 

Irons: 

For carpenters' benches.. 

All classes of irons for carpenters' planes. .. 

Rope yarn, all kinds. .■ 

Forges, portable 

Bits: 

Camp style, with iron mouthpieces soldered 

Do., do., iron or steel, filed up halfway for 
mules. 

Do., Brazilian style, or those for camp use, 
filed. 

Do., adorned, composition or brass-plated 

Mouthpieces, iron or nickel 

Do., special forms, fine for carriage horses 

Do., plated or bronzed 
Bellows: 

Kitchen, ordinary 

Silversmiths', up to 45centi 

Leather, for blacksmiths' 

Iron, for blacksmiths" 
Hooks, iron in general, soldered or otherwise, 
including those for beds and with staples for 
doors. 
Blocks: 

Wood 

Do., iron. 

India rubber, in sheets 
Staples, in general, iron 

Shackles, in general 

Scythes, without handles 

Hand guards, iron or galvanized 

Fire guards, iron and brass 

Hand hatchets, axes, and hoes, all classes, with 

or without handle. 
Buckles and metal articles: 

Iron, varnished for harness, in general 

Composition, brass, or plated- 

Horseshoes, in general 

Hemp yarn, in general 

Twine and string: 

Cotton, in general 

Other fibers 

Called wool tying 

Thick, spring tying 

Special, for reaping machines 

Tarred 

Billhook, in general 

Tin sheets: 

Cut or otherwise. 

Do. , painted 

Finished in any form, painted or japanned 

Blades, for tanners' knives. 

Fire grates, iron (for native cooking range) 

Hayforks, iron, any class, with or without handles 
W. C. pans: 

Iron, or enameled iron 

Earthenware or china 

Bricks, bath 

Lamps, soldering, any class 

Pencils, carpenters' 

Awls: 

Without handles, in general 

With handles 





Unit per- 



K.Gr. 
do 



Kilo... 

do 

do 

do. 

do' 



.do. 
.do. 



.do 




....do... 
....do... 
Per cent 
Dozen . . . 
Kilo 



.do 
.do 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



sn. 



(17 
15 

.022 
.04 

.06 
.08 
.35 

.37 
.30 

.20 

.25 

.25 

.60 
.10 
.22 

.70 
1.50 

3.00 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Per cent. 
25 
25 



Specific. 



224 



AEGENTINE EEPUBLIO. 



Imports — Continued. 



IRONMONGERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND 

machinery— continued. 



Piles, fine or rasps, all sizes 

Lanterns, declared value. 

Knockers for doors, iron 

Keys: 

For doors, called English, and all other sizes 
and quality. 

Tinned, for casks 

Blank keys, without finish, for locks-.- 

Choppers: 

For wood 

For sugar cane, up to fine 

For kitchen use 

(Note.— In the following items the unit 
is by square meter of 25 millimeters in 
* thickness.) 
Timber: 

Oak, in the rough 

Cedar, in rolls 

Cedar, in logs 

Do., in boards, not planed 

Hard, South American, in logs 

Do. , in boards, in the rough 

Do., in rolls 

Spruce pine, white or pitch, in the rough 

Do., do., planed 

White pine, Araucaria, Acacia, from South 
America, in the rough. 

Do., do., planed . 

Worked for floring, or called parquet 

Coigue, rauble, or poplar, in boards in the 
rough. 

Do. , planed 

Do., in rolls or logs : 

Do., walnut, cherry, mahogany, nmple, teak, 
or Jacaranda, in the rough, in boards. 

Poplar, in the rough 

Cherry, oak, or walnut, in the rough 

Do., Jacaranda or mahogany 

Do., rose, ebony, or sandal 

Hard, for fencing, in posts, half posts, or 

stumps. 
Do., made into racks or masts for ships, de- 
clared value. 

In spokes, for wheels 

In beds, for wheels 

Prepared for manufacturing brooms 

Palm posts - . - 

(Note.— Wood wet by salt water is not 
considered damaged.) 
landles: 

Iron, ordinary, japanned, for trunks and 

boxes. 
Wrought-iron, filed and soldered, or fur shut- 
ters. 

Iron, nickeled or brass 

Plated or nickel, for coffins 

Fittings for plows 

Machinery and spare parts for same: 

In general, to 500 kilograms, not specified un- 
der other heading, declared value. 

Sewing, hand or in cases. 

Table, for sewing 

Do., in boxes 

Do., for shoemakers and saddlers. 

Wire stretchers. 

Wood or iron, for making butter 

Reapers without platform 

Hand, wood, for corking bottles 

Writing, with keys 

Do., single, with lkey 

Stationary engines 

All spare parts, declared value 

Tools for tanners in general 

Marble: 

White or colored, in plates of 15 to 20 mili- 
meters thickness. 

Do., of 22 to 70 milinieters in thickness 

Higher thickness than that mentioned 



Unit per — 



Kilo 



.do 
.do 



.do 
.do 



Dozen 

do 

do 



Sq. meter 

Kilo 

Sq. meter 

do 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 



.do 

.do 
.do 



.do 
.do 
.do 



.....do 

do 

....do 
.....do 

Each . 



Per cent 

Each 

Per cent 
Each 



Kilo 



.do 



.do 

.do 



Paii- 



Each . 

do 

do 

do 

Kilo.. 
Each . 
__-.do 
Kilo . _ 
Each - 

do 

..-..do 

do 

do 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



$0.05 

.18 

.50 

.80 
.50 

1.00 
3.00 
3.00 



.70 

.007 

.30 

.50 

.28 

.50 

.005 

.35 

.60 

.25 

.35 

3.00 
.40 

.45 
.30 

1.40 

.70 
.12 
.30 
.70 
.25 



8.00 
.85 

2.00 
.50 



.12 

.18 

.40 
.90 
.60 



6.(X) 
12. 00 
50.00 
80. 00 

.30 

2.50 



. 20 

35. <X> 

6. IK) 

.000.00 



Square metei 



.do 
.do 



1.50 
2. 00 
3. 00 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Per cent. 
25 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 
Imports — Continued . 



225 





Unit per— 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


IRONMONGERY— NAT AD GOODS, WOOD, AND 

machinery— continued. 

Marble— Continued. 

Polished, to be valued 20 per cent more in 

their respective classes. 
Tiles. .- 


Square meter 

Each 

Kilo.... 


$2.40 

3.00 

.20 

.40 

.15 

4.00 

6.00 

25.00 

4.00 


Per cent. 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 

25 

25 
25 
25 




For fronts of houses 




Lammers, with or without handles 




Wood mallets for carriage wheels 


Each 




Fuses for mines 


Kilo.. 




Measures: 

Tapes in boxes, up to fine from 10 to 30 meters. 


Dozen 




do 




Do., 3 to 20 meters 


do 




For surveyors, special 


Each 












.. do... 


1.60 

25.00 
.80 


25 
25 
25 




Do., ivory up to 1 meter 


Kilo. 




Do. , special for wood measurers 


Each 




Flax for packing: 

Flax or similar fibers 


Kilo 


.15 i 25 
. 35 25 




Do., cotton 


do 




India-rubber, or classes not mentioned 


do 








Greased (to be valued 20 per cent less in 


do.. 








their respective classes) . 
Molds, wood, for cigars 


Each 


.40 

3.00 

.25 

.20 
.50 
.10 

.005 
.025 
.06 
.15 

.40 

.15 
.18 

.70 
.12 
.25 

.17 

.17 
.30 
.15 


25 

25 

25 

25 
25 
25 




Mills: 

For grinding spice, wood or iron, for fam- 
ily use. 
For coffee, with or without wheels . . . 




Kilo 




Sheaves or blocks: 


do 






do... 




Motors, wind, with pump and frame, excluding 

piping. 
Levels: 

Water, fitted in wood 


do.. 




Cent 


25 




Do., brass .' 


do 


25 | 


Pots, iron, 3 legs, including camp ovens 


Kilo 

do 


25 ! 


Lugs, iron, for buckets 


25 ! 


Ornaments, for coffins, including iron handles . . 
Shovels: 

Without handles 


. do... 


25 ! 


do 


25 L 




.. do... 


25 




...do... 


25 


Paper: 


...do 


25 
25 
25 

25 

25 
25 
25 






...do 






do.. 




Gridirons, iron, ordinary 


do.. 




Bolts: 


do 




Mortise and for furniture 


do.. 




Cast-iron, in general 


do. - 




All other special classes, declared value 


do 




Paste: 


do 


.80 
.20 

.80 
.60 
.15 
.40 
.10 

.40 
.18 
.60 
.16 

.05 
.02 
.25 
.12 
2.00 


25 
25 

25 
25 
25 
25 

25 

25 
25 
25 
25 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 




Powders, for cleaning metals, including tin 
cases. 
Composition metals: 

Made into sugar basins, milk jugs, or tea pots. 
Made into spoons or forks. 


do.. 




..do 




do 




Racks, iron, for the wall 


do.. 






. do 




Weights, iron 


...do... 




Latches: 


__ do 




Iron, called finger 


. do... 




Metal, with glass or porcelain, for furniture 


...do.. 




Picks or axes, iron or steel 


...do 




Stones: 


do 




Sharpening, round or square, without stand. 
Emery, in general 


do 




do 




Oil, for sharpening razors and tools 

Flags, in general 

Curb.. 


do 




Square meter 

Linear measure . 

1,000 kilos 

Kilo 






Granite blocks for paving 

Lithographer's, in general 

In the rough, for paving 


2.50 

.12 

1.00 


25 
25 
25 




1,000 kilos 





573a— 03- 



■15 



226 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports — Continued. 



IRONMONGERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND 

machinery — continued . 

Pincers: 

For shoemakers 

Large, wood, for shoemakers 

Jute: 

Not elaborated 

In plaits - - 

Plaited, for soles 

Staples, iron, any form 

Pivots, in general 

Slates: 

Roofing, 2 to 3 millimeters in thickness 

For billiard tables, in the rough or finished.. 

Irons: 

Iron, ordinary, for ironing 

Do., hollow, American system, for ironing _. 

Plumb bobs, iron 

Lead: 

In sheets 

In ingots or bars 

Pruning knives, curved (or knives for pruning ) . 



Copying, in general 

"Wood, for carpenters 

All other classes. (See Machinery.) 

Smoothers, for wood, in general 

Pointes de Paris, nails (specific duty) 

Brads: 

Iron, for shoemakers 

Bronzed 

Currycombs, for horses . . . 

Rakes: 

For agriculture 

Iron, without handle 

Wood, with handle 

Horse, general 

Cutters: 

Iron or cast, for plows 

Do., or steel 

Rivets, iron 

Oars, general, for boats 

Springs: 

For doors 

For carriages 

For carts - 

Rails: 

Iron or steel, for railways, steam tramways, 
horse or electric power. 

Do., do., used 

Iron well pulleys: 

Ordinary - 

With cylinder _ 

For blinds 

Nut crackers, iron or nickeled 

Wheels: 

Small, iron 

Do., fitted in brass or iron sockets, for furni- 
ture. 

For carriages, declared value. 
Saws: 

Hand - 

Large or crosscut, without frame 

Circular or band 

Hand, with frame 

Solder, lead, with tin mixture 

Boards, for -washing 

Pans, copper - 

Tacks: 

Wrought iron or cast 

Porcelain headed 

Bi*aces, without bit, for carpenters 

Netting: 

Iron wire, painted or otherwise 

Do., galvanized 

Hog hair, for sieves 

Pincers: 

Carpenter's 

Gas : 

Kitchen tongs 

Forks, white metal. {See Spoons. ) 



Unit per- 



Kilo.. 
Dozen . 



Square meter 
do 

Kilo 




do 

do 

do 

Dozen 
Kilo.. 
Dozen 
Kilo... 



$0.60 
3.00 



20 



.40 
3.50 



8.00 

.20 

3.00 

20.00 



40 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Per cent. 
25 



Specific. 



o 
5 
25 
25 

25 
25 

25 

Free. 

25 

25 
25 
25 
25 

25 
25 



25 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



227 



Import* — Continued. 



IRONMONGERY- NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND 

machinery— continued. 



Cement, hydraulic or roman 

Mold, special, for plants 

Fire clay 

Scissors: 

Iron, for cloth 

Shearing 

Pruning 

For cutting horns 

Types for printing, including interlines, rulings, 
and cross rulings. 

Corkscrews: 

Iron, ordinary _ 

Other classes, declared value. 

Knobs, for furniture, excepting brass 

Tubs: 

Iron 

Galvanized 

Screws, iron, for wood 

Bolts: 

Iron, with or without nut, including coach 
screws. 

Galvanized, with washers 

Brass or copper 

Tourniquets, iron, fitted or in pieces , 

Fitters' bench screws: 

Iron, with or without handles for fitters 

For carpenter 

"With wood screw 

Spans, iron, for bridges. 

Traps, in general 

Tie-rods, iron, for railways, tramways.. 

T i-ipods, iron, general 

Carving sets, with bone or wood handles 

Carving knives in general. 

Zinc: 

In ingots or bars 

In sheets 

Plain up to No. 4, cut for bottle stoppers 

Nickeled or bronzed 

Corkscrews, iron, ordinary 



Unit per 



PROVISIONS AND GROCERS' STORES. 



Oil: 



In casks or tins, gross weight 

Bottled, including the bottles 

Olives: 

In oil, including wrappings 

Picketed, including glass bottles. 

Pressed, including wrappings 

Peas and beans, pressed, prepared 

Chestnuts, prepared, including bag 

Oats in general, including bag 

Sugar: 

Refined 

Not refined, including bag 

Ling or dried cod fish, and other similar fish 

Biscuits in general, including wrappings 

Coffee: 

In grain, including bag 

Ground, including bag 

Chicory, in packets _ 

Chicory, loose. 

Shrimps, dry, including the wrappings 

Raw cinnamon in general 

Meat, salted in casks, including these 

Corn flour in general 

Barley: 

In general. 

With shell, including bag 

Groats, in general, including bag 

Chocolate, in pasteorpowder,includingtheboxes. 

Plums, including wrappings 

Cloves, in general 

Cocoanuts, from Brazil or Paraguay. 

Rockets, in general 

Red pepper, including bag 

Sweets— lemon drops, bonbons, lozenges, includ- 
ing wrappings. 



100 kilos . 

do... 

Per cent 



Kilo.. 

do 

do 

Each . 
Kilo.. 



Dozen . 
Kilo... 



.do 
.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 
.do 
.do 



....do. 

do. 

Dozen . 
Kilo... 
....do. 
....do. 
...do. 
Sets... 
Dozen . 



Kilo.. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
Dozen. 



Kilo.. 
....do 



.do. 
.do., 
.do., 
.do. 
.do., 
.do.. 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do 
.do. 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



$1.20 
1.60 
12.00 

.30 
.80 
.50 
3.00 
.40 



.40 
.50 



.20 


25 


.25 


25 


.20 


40 


.10 


40 


.20 


40 


.60 


25 


.09 


25 


.45 


25 


.20 


25 


.00 


25 


.06 


10 


.15 


25 


.05 


Free. 


.10 


25 


.50 


25 


.00 


25 



.09 



.20 
.16 

.30 
.20 
.10 
.08 
.10 
.05 

.08 
.06 
.14 
.30 

.12 
.24 
.10 
.10 
.50 
.30 
.20 
.20 

.10 
.02 
.04 
.60 
.15 
.24 
.12 
.25 
.20 
1.00 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Per cent, 

25 

25 

5 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 



25 



Specific. 



50 



$0.10 
.10 



015 



.07 
,04 
.15 

.03 

.06 

.03 

.025 

.125 

.05 

,025 

.05 

.025 

,075 

.01 

.30 

,08 

,06 

.03 



228 



AEGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 
Imports — Continued. 



Unit per- 



Valua- 

tion for 

duty. 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Specific. 



Kilo 



.do 
.do 



.do 
.do 




provisions and GROCERS' storbs— continued. 

Preserved vegetables: 

Vegetables in bottles or tins 

Any other class, as fish, mushrooms, etc 

Meat or other preserves 

Corks: 

In general, finished 

Cut in square blocks, unfinished 

Dates: 

In tins, up to 2 kilos 

In larger tins 

Preserved fruits— sweet or any kind of fruit 
Pickles: 

In bottles, including these _ _ 

All other classes, in barrels or tins 
Brooms: 

Corn, all classes... 

Palm 

Spices, in powder, all kinds, including wrap- 
pings. 

Farina, including bag I do 

Macaroni, all classes, gross weight ! do 

Camp biscuits, common, in bags I do 

Beans, in general ' do 

Flour: 

Wheat or corn, in bags or barrels, including ' do 

these. 

Tapioca | do 

Do . , in bags or barrels, including these j do . . . 

Figs: 

Dry, up to 2 kilos, including wrappings do 

In larger quantities j do 

Eggs, in general 

Ham, including wrappings 

Petroleum oil, in general 

Milk, condensed, including tin or bottle 
Flax. ( See Articles for free introduction. ) 
Maize. ( See Articles for free introduction. ) 

Mani,or monkey nuts, including bags 

Butter, including tin 

Lard, including tin 

Honey, in general or refined 
Treacle, including wrappings 
Mustard: 

English, in tins, packets, or bottles 

French, in tins, packets, or bottles 
Playing cards, in general 
Nutmeg, including bag 
Oysters, including tins 
Potatoes: 

In general 

For seed 

Raisins: 

In tins up to 2 kilos 

In larger quantities 

Do., currants. 

Dry fish, Peje Palo, in bales 

Fish, pressed 

Cayenne pepper, including wrappings 
Pineapples, including wrappings 

Beans, including bags 

Cheese: 

Banda Oriental, gross weight 

From other parts 

Salt: 

Coarse 

Fine, in barrels or in bags, excluding wrap 
pings. 

In glass bottles, including these 

Sauce, English, in bottles 

Sardines, in oil or sauce, with or without bones, 
including tins. 

Semola, including wrappings I do 

Soups, prepared, including tins or bottles |.....do 

Tea, in general 

Dry fruit, in general, including wrappings 

Bacon, including wrappings 

Wheat, including bags. (See Articles for free 

introduction. ) 
Truffles, in natural state, including wrappings 

Yerba, elaborated in general, in hide wrappings I do 

or boxes. 



50.25 
.35 
.50 

1.00 
.50 

.35 
.24 
.50 



1.50 
.50 

.48 



Per cent. 




25 



$0.12 
.20 
.20 



.10 
.06 
.25 



.10 

.07 




CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



229 



Imports — Continued. 





Unit per — 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


ALCOHOLS. 

[Specific duties.] 

Spirits of wine: 

In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 79° 

centisimals. 
Bottled, not exceeding 79° centisimals of 501 
millimeters to 1 liter. 
Absinthe: 

In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 68° 

centisimals. 
Bottled, not exceeding 68° centisimals per liter 
Aniseed: 

In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50° 
centisimals per liter. 

Bottled, not exceeding 50° centisimals 

Arrac: 

In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50° 
centisimals. 

Bottled, not exceeding 50° centisimals 

Bitters: 

In bottles, "Angostura brand, 1 ' up to 68° 

centisimals. 
In half bottles, "Angostura brand, 1 ' up to 

68° centisimals. 
Bottled, other brands, up to 68° centisimals.. 
In casks or demijohns, up to 68° 


Liter 

Dozen 


$0.10 

4.00 

.30 

4.00 
.15 

4.00 
30.00 

4.00 

30.00 

15.00 

4.00 
.35 

.15 

4.00 

1.80 

.09 
.35 

6.00 


Per cent. 


$0.06 




«. 25 




.29 




".34 






.28 


Dozen ..... 




a. 33 




.28 


Dozen 

do 




a. 33 




a. 34 


do . 




6.27 


do 

Liter 




.27 




.29 


Cana: 

In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 79° 
centisimals. 


....do 




.20 


Dozen 




a. 25 


Beer: 

Bottled . 


do :. 




a. 12 










Brandy: 


do 


.09 


In casks, not exceeding 50° centisimals per 

liter. 
Bottled, not exceeding 50° centisimals per 

liter. 
Grappa, bottled, not exceeding 68° centisimals .. 




.28 


Dozen _. 

do 




a. 33 







Gin: 

Bottled, "Aromatic, 11 exceeding 50° centisi- 


do 


3.00 
.10 

2.00 
.35 

6.00 

2.50 
4.00 

.25 

6.00 

1.60 

8.00 
.50 

.15 

.12 




a. 33 
.23 


mals per liter. 
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50° 
centisimals per liter. 


Liter 








.50 


Kirsch: 

In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50° cen- 






.28 


tisimals per liter. 
Bottled, not exceeding 50° centisimals per 


Dozen 




«.33 


liter. 
Punch, bottled . 


do 




a. 10 

a. 15 


Refrescos, bottled 


.do... 




Rum: 

la casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50° cen- 


Liter 




.28 


tisimals per liter. 
Bottled, not exceeding 50° centisimals per 




a. 33 


liter. 
Soda water 


Dozen bottles 




.40 


"Wine: 

In general, in bottles, not exceeding 1 liter .. 




a. 25 


Port, Sherry, Madeira, Rhine, Chateau Mar- 






.25 


gaux, Lafhte, Chateau Yquem, Burgundy, 

and other fine wines in casks or demijohns. 

Muscatel, Marsala, Nebiolo, Sauterne, Mo- 


. do.. 




.12 


selle, and sweet wines for dessert, up to me- 
dium. 
Carlon, Priorato, Seco, Bordeaux ordinary, 


do 




.08 


Barbera, and other common in casks and 
demijohns, and not more than 15° centisi- 
mals of alcoholic strength and 50 per cent 
dry extract of 100° centisimals, including 
sugar. 
Vinegar: 

Bottled 1 








In casks or demijohns 


Liter 








Vermouth, bottled, in bottles not less than 1 liter. 


Dozen 









"Bottle. 



b Half bottle. 



230 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports — Continued. 



Unit per- 



Valua- 

tion for 

duty. 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 



Specific. 



alcohols— continued. 
Whisky: 

In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50° cen- 

tisimals per liter. 
Bottled, not exceeding 50° centisimals per 
liter. 

DRY GOODS. 

[Duties 50, 40, 25, 5, and specific] 

Fans: 

Cane, palm, or wood frame 

Do., varnished, with South American paper, 
any size. 

Do., with ornaments-.. 

Do., with feathers 

Button hooks in general, leather or linen, for 
shoes or corsets. 

Oil, perfumed, in bottles of 100 grams 

Ornaments in general of glass, steel, or metal 

Scent, Eau de Cologne and toilet vinegar 

Needles: 

Sewing, knitting, crochet, with or without 
handle. 

For sewing machines 

Chess: 

Wood or bone, up to medium 

Do., do., fine 

Albums for photos: 

With paper covers.. .... 

Ornamented with incrustation 

Pins: 

In packets 

Loose, with glass head, safety or metal 



Liter . . 
Dozen 



Per cent 
do... 



Dozen 
.....do 

Kilo.. 



do 

Kilo . . 
Litre . 



Kilo.. 

do 

Set... 



.do 



Dozen 
do 



Kilo.. 
do 



DRUGS, PAINTS, OILS, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. 



Oil: 



[Duties, 40, 25, 10, 5, and specific] 



Linseed, boiled or raw 

Cocoa or palm 

Colza, and similar 

Animal or mineral, fine, for machines ... 

In bottles up to 100 grammes 

Acids: 

Citric, including wrappings 

Chloridic, impure 

Acetic and nitric 

Turpentine, ordinary, including wrappings. 

Cotton, for photographers 

Tar, gross weight 

Aniline in general 

Antimony: 

Chloro, crystalized. 

Oxide, white 

Arsenic, yellow, white, or red 

Sulphur: 

Lumps 

Do. , powder 

Blue: 

Ultramarine, ordinary 

Prussian 

Sauco, for coloring wines 

Salts of. 

Sulphate, white, for lithographers 

Varnish: 

In general. 

With linseed oil, for lithographers 

Pitch, mineral 



Kilo.. 
do 



Dozen . 

Bottles 



Kilo... 
.....do 
.....do. 

do. 

.....do 
.....do 
do. 



.do. 
.do 
.do. 

.do. 
.do 

.do. 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



Yellow, hard 

White 

Copper: 

Filings 

Sulphate of 

Conchinilla in general. 
Glue: 

Fish 

Strong 

Colodion, for photos . . . 



do. 

.....do. 
10 kilos 

Kilo... 



.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do 
.do. 



$0.30 
4.50 



Per cent. 



2.00 
3.00 


25 

25 


70.00 

100.00 

1.00 


25 
25 
25 


4.50 
2.00 
2.50 


50 
25 

50 


1.00 


25 


10.00 


5 


1.00 
4.00 


25 
25 


3.00 

200.00 


25 
25 


.50 

.80 


25 
25 



.20 
.35 

.75 
.05 
.20 
.13 
.50 
.06 
.40 

1.00 
.50 
.15 

.015 
.03 

.10 
1.00 



.2.5 



.80 
.30 
.01 

.50 
.90 

1.00 
.15 
.60 

4.00 

.15 

1.20 



a Bottle. 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



231- 



Imports — Continued. 





Unit pei* — 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


DRUGS, PAINTS, OTLS, AND CHEMTCAL PROD- 
UCTS— continued. 


Kilo 


$1.00 

2.00 
.10 
.30 

25.00 
8.00 

.80 
20.00 

2.00 
2.50 

.60 
1.50 

.70 
.40 
.35 

.50 

.30 

2.50 

.05 
.30 

.25 

.60 

.80 

.84 

.90 

1.40 

2.00 

11.00 

16.00 


Per cent. 

25 

25 

25 

Free. 

25 






. .do 






do .. 




Specifics in general, for curing scab 


do 




Sponges: 

Fine - 


do 




Medium 


do 




Solder, muriatic salt 


do 


25 
25 

25 
25 

25 
25 

25 
25 






.. do... 




Ether: 

Acetic and nitric 


do 






... do 




Phosphorus: 


do 






.. do 




Gelatin: 


do.. 




Coign et or similar 


do 




Glycerin in general 


do. -- 


25 




Gum: 

Arabic, Senegal, white 


do 


25 
25 
25 

25 

25 

25 




Copal, shellac, sandroc 


do 




Gutta-percha in sheet 


do 




Soap: 

Green, soft, Sapolio and its imitations 


do... 




Cocoa 


do. 




Plates (negatives): 

Dry photographic- 
Size 6 to 8 ct 


Dozen 




Size 9 to 12 ct .. 


do 


25 

25 







do 




Size 12 to 16 ct- 


do 


25 


Sizel3tol8ct 


do 


25 
25 
25 
25 
25 




Size 16 to 21 ct.. 


do.. 




Size 18 to 24 ct .' 


.. do 




Size 40 to 50 ct 


do.. 




Size 50 to 60 ct.. 


...do 




All other sizes to pay in proportion. 
Silver: 

In leaves 


Kilo .. 






do .. 








Platinum, metallic for capsules 


Gram 

Kilo 


50.00 
.20 
.15 

.15 
.15 


25 
25 
25 

25 
25 




Lead, pure or nitrate of 




Potash, bicromat caustic, chlorat, silicat, sul- 


...do... 




phate, including wrappings. 


0/ k 






Kilo .. .... 




Tobacco, special, for curing animals 


....do... 


.30 Free. 




DRUGS AND PATENT MEDICINES. 

Oil: 

Cod-liver, black and white, all marks, in bot- 




3.50 
3.50 

5.00 
7.00 
1.25 

1.80 

2.00 
.10 


25 
25 




tles up to 350 grams. 
Composition of cod liver, in bottlep up to 200 


do..... 




grams. 

TOBACCOS, CIGARETTES, AND SNUFF. 

[Specific duties.] 
Cigars: 

With Habana tobacco, loose or wrapped, in 

wooden boxes, including these. 
With Habana tobacco, loose or wrapped, in 


Kilo 


$1.50 


do 




2.25 

.60 


cardboard boxes, including these. 
With common tobacco (not Habana), loose 


do.. 




or wrapped, in wooden boxes, including 
these. 
With common tobacco (not Habana), loose 


do 




.75 


or wrapped, in cardboard boxes, including 
these. 
Cigarettes, in general 


. do .. 




1.00 


Cake tobacco 


do 




.15 


Pichua 


do 






Snuff, including wrappings 


....do 


1.20 

1.50 
.60 

.08 




.40 


Tobacco: 

In leaf or cut, Habana, including wrappings. 
In leaf or cut, from other parts, excluding 

Paraguay. 
In leaf or cut, from Paraguay, including 

wrappings. 


do 




.70 


do 




.22 


do 




.12 









232 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Imports — Continued . 



RAW MATERIALS. 

[Duties, 10, 5, and 24 per cent.] 

Oils, tar 

White lead, including wrappings 

Cotton, carded or with mixture 

Aluminum, sulphate, impure 

Ammonia, in cylinders 

Antimony, metallic 

Asphalte, for paving 

Saffron, including wrappings 

Quicksilver, in general 

Sulphur, impure 

Tar, in general,. 

Cacao, in grain, including bags 

Caucho, raw . 

Cocoa, from Brazil or Paraguay 

Split cane, fiber 

Fiber or wood paste, for manufacturing paper . 
Gelatine, for manufacturing preserved meats . 

Grease, for tanners 

Worsted yarn, in general 

Hops, including wrappings 

Malt, including wrappings 

Nitrate of potash, including wrappings 

Cotton wick, for candles _ 

Rabbit hair, including wrappings 

Resin, black 

Silk, in hanks or reels 

Soda: 

Carbonate, salicilat, nitrate, impure 

Caustic 



EXPORTATION DUTIES. 

[Duties 4 per cent and free.] 
Oil: 

Seal fish, and sheep 

Neats foot 

Bran 



Spirits of wine 

Birdseed.. 

Live stock: 

Asses 

Horses and mares 

Pigs. 

Sheep 

Mules 

Cattle in general 

Do. (stall fed).. 

Vetches 

Horns: 

Or horn tips 

Sheep, or cutting from horns, in general. 

Charcoal, vegetable 

Meat: 

Frozen beef 

Extract 

Salted 

Sheep, frozen 

Bark,for tanning purposes 

Barley . 



Ash, from slaughter yards or bones 



Raw 

Prepared 

Horsehair 

Cow tails 

Hides . 

Cow, in general, dry 

Do., salted 

Ass, dry or salted 

Foal, salted. 

Do., dry 

Sheep or lambs, dirty or washed, in any con- 
dition, size, or quality. 

Sheep , salted 

Deer 

Goat or kid 

Carpmcho 

Otter or hair 



Unit per- 



Kilo.... 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

.....do.. 
10 kilos. 
Kilo.... 

do.. 

.....do.. 
.....do.. 
.....do.. 
.....do.. 
.....do.. 
.....do.. 
.....do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 

.....do.. 
K. Gr .. 
Kilo.... 



K. Gr . 
.....do 



100 kilos. 
.....do... 

do... 

Liter 

10 kilos. . 



Each 

do.._- 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

10 kilos... 

1,000 kilos 

do.... 

do.... 



100 kilos . . 

Kilo 

100 kilos . . 
.....do.... 
.....do.... 

do.... 

1,000 kilos 

Kilo 

.....do.... 
100 kilos.. 
Kilo 



100 kilos . 
....do... 
Each... 
100 kilos. 
....do... 
Kilo 



....do... 
... do.. 
....do.. 
100 kilos 
....do... 



Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 



SO. 



8.00 
12.00 

1.80 
.08 
.40 

20.00 
10.00 
15.00 
2.50 
30.00 
15.00 
30.00 
.45 

80.00 
12.00 
15.00 

6.50 
2.00 
8.50 
5.50 
2.00 
2.00 
9.00 



50.00 
.30 

30.00 
15. 00 
1.50 
12. 00 
18. (X) 
.20 

20 

.25 

.60 

40.00 

90. 00 



Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 





Per cent. 


02 


5 


10 


10 


30 





06 


5 


25 


10 


50 


10 


40 


5 


(X) 


5 


(X) 


5 


015 


o 


02 


10 


20 


10 


(X) 


5 


04 


10 


60 


5 


03 





m 


5 


10 


10 


80 


5 


50 





05 


10 


15 





50 


10 


(X) 


5 


03 


5 


00 


25 


03 


5 


05 


5 



4 
4 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 

4 

4 

Free. 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
4 



Free. 



Free. 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

4 
4 
4 

4 
4 



Specific. 



CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 



233 



Imports — Continued. 





Unit per— 


Valua- 
tion for 
duty. 


Duty on 
valua- 
tion. 


Specific. 


exportation duttes— continued. 
Hides— Continued. 


100 kilos 


$200.00 

100.00 

300.00 

.50 

1.50 

8.00 

.50 

.30 

1.50 

2.00 
12.00 
8.00 
4.00 
40.00 
5.00 
1.00 
3.00 
3.00 
.25 

8.00 
1.50 

32.00 

25.00 

.35 

3.50 

.40 

10.00 

13.00 

.15 

2,00 

4.00 

16.00 
30.00 

.30 

10.00 

6.00 

1.20 

3 00 
.25 

40.00 

620. 00 

40.00 

10.00 

1.00 

.25 

2.00 

11.50 

4.00 

.80 

80.00 

12. 50 

2.00 

200.00 

.40 

.50 

.20 

50 00 

4 00 
3.00 
1.50 

20.00 
10.00 
2.20 

. 40. 00 

50.00 

1.30 

.10 

,12 

8.00 


Per cent. 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free 
Free, 
Free 
Free 
4 
Free. 

4 

4 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 

Free. 
Free. 






do 






...do.. 






Each 






do... 






do.. 






Dozen 






.. do.. 




Fox or polecat 


do 




Tanned hides: 

Calfskin 


Each 




Goat 


Dozen 




Kid 


do 






do .. 




Foal . 


do 




Skins or sole leather 


Each 

10 kilos.. 




Maccaroni 






100 kilos 






do 






Kilo 




Grease : 

Or potro oil .- 


100 kilos. 

10 kilos. 




Margarine, in tins not less than 50 kilograms . 
Guano : 

Natural 




1,000 kilos 

do. 










10 kilos 




Flour: 

In general 


100 kilos 




Powdered meat . 


Kilo 






1,000 kilos 

do 


$5 00 




4 
Free. 

4 
Free. 

Free. 
Free. 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 

Free. 
Free 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 

4 
Fi-ee. 

4 
Free. 
Free, 
Free. 
Free. 

Free. 
Free 
Free. 
Free, 
Free. 
Free 

Free 
Free 
Free 
Free 
Free. 
Frae. 




Ham, ordinary 


Kilo. 




"Wool, sheep, washed or dirty _ .. 


10 kilos.. 




Vegetables, in general. 


100 kilos 




Tongues: 

Salted 


do 




Preserved 


do 




Timber: 

Cedar. 


Square meter 

1,000 kilos 

do.. 




Quebracho 




Other classes 




Maize, in general 


100 kilos 




Monkey nuts 


do.. 




Butter ... 


Kilo 




Metals: 


100 kilos 








Gold 


Kilo... 




Silver 


do 




Lead 


100 kilos... 




Honey 


10 kilos 




Straw, in bundles , 


Bundle 




Potatoes 


100 kilos 




Hay, dry 


1,000 kilos 

100 kilos 

Kilo 




Hair, cow, goat, horse, excluding tails, manes 

Pepsin 






Peptone 


100 kilos 




Hoofs, cuttings 


1,000 kilos 

Each . 




Empty barrels 




Feathers, ostrich 


100 kilos . . 




Beans . 


10 kilos 




Posts, Nandubay . . 


Each 




Cheese 


Kilo... 




Blood, dried 


1,000 kilos 

100 kilos 




Seed: 

Flax 




Other classes.. 


do 




Tobacco in leaves 


10 kilos 




Oil cake 


1,000 kilos ... 

do.... 




Bags, old 




Wheat 


100 kilos 




Guts: 

Dry 


1,000 kilos. 

do ... 




Salted 




Candles, tallow 


10 kiloi . 




Wines, in general 






Yerba 


Kilo 




Zinc, old 


100 kilos 





234 



ARGENTINE "REPUBLIC. 
FREE IMPORTS. 



Old iron and steel 

Cork, in slabs. - 

Live stock in general, subject to veterinary examination- 
Sand and stone „ 

Ships 



Unit. 



1,000 kilos 
Kilo 



Valua- 
tion. 



$10.00 
.30 



Sugar cane 

Coal and charcoal. 
Coke 



100 kilos.. 
1,000 kilos 
.... .do.... 



Rails and accessories, for laying the roads of railways, tramways, and 

material for traction purposes of electric tramways. 

Dynamite for mining... _ 

Sheep dips 

Wheaten and maize flour 

Books, newspapers, and periodicals 

Linseed for seed 

Locomotives and their spare parts 

Machinery (reaping, thrashing, mining, maize-shelling, sugar-refining, 

etc.) and materials for public sanitary works and water supply. 

Coined money 

Immigrants' furniture and implements 

War ammunition ■_ 

Gold dust and grains .. 

Seed potatoes 

Silver, in bars and lumps 

Blasting powder 

Seed wheat 



Kilo... 
.....do. 
.....do. 



7.00 
8.00 



Kilo 



. 04 



Kilo. 



(14 



Note.— Where items have no official valuation, a declaration of their value is required. 






BK-jissJiPifBI-' ■ 




■K ! I:i 


'mm *IMSBrSp k 




I ■ 1 Ml 


^^s pr 


HH^^^|pi> 




SB 1 

1 



STAMP LAWS. 



235 



STAMP LAWS AND DUTIES. 



Contracts and obligations — Art. No. 2. — All contracts and obliga- 
tions subject to a term not exceeding ninety days must be drawn on 
stamped paper in accordance with the following table : 



NATIONAL. 

For terms of more than thirty days. 
For each ninety days or fraction. 

[National money.] 

From $20 to $100 0.10 

101 200 0.20 

201 300 0.30 

301 400 0.40 

401 500 0.50 

501 600 0.60 

601 700 0.70 

701 800 0.80 

801 900 0.90 

901 1,000 1 

1,001 2,000 2 

2,001 3,000 "... 3 

3,001 4,000 4 

4,001 5,000 5 

5,001 6,000 6 

6,001 7,000 7 

7,001 8,000_._. 8 

8,001 9,000 9 

9,001 10,000 10 

10,001 15,000 15 

15,001 20,000 20 

20,001 25,000 25 

25,001 30,000 30 

30,001 40,000 40 

40,001 50,000 50 

50,001 60,000 60 

60,001 70,000 70 

70,001 80,000.. 80 

80,001 90,000 90 

90,001 100,000 ,_ 100 

From $100,000 upward, 1 per mil, 
$1,000 being reckoned the smallest frac- 
tion when $100,000 has been reached. 
Highest limit of stamp, 1 per cent. 
Terms less than ninety days, half value 
of stamp. For obligations in gold the 
stamp is paid in paper at legal price of 
gold. For obligations at sight, or with 
no term fixed, \ per cent stamp. 



PROVINCE OF BUENOS AIRES. 

Irrespective of term. 

For each ninety days or fraction. 

[National money.] 

From $5 to $50 0.05 

51 100 0.10 

101 150 0.15 

151 200 0.20 

201 250 0.25 

251 300__. 0.30 

301 350 0.35 

351 400 0.40 

401 500 0.50 

501 600 0.60 

601 700 0.70 

701 800 0.80 

801 900 0.90 

901 1,000 1 

1,001 2,000 2 

2,001 3,000 3 

3,001 4,000 4 

4,001 5,000 5 

5,001 6,000 6 

6,001 7,000 7 

7,001 8,000__..~ 8 

8,001 9,000 9 

9,001 10,000 10 

10,001 12,000 12 

12,001 14,000 14 

14,001 16,000 16 

16,001 18,000 18 

18,001 20,000 20 

20,001 24,000 24 

24,001 28,000 28 

28,001 32,000 32 

32,001 36,000 36 

36,001 40,000 40 

40,001 50,000 50 

50,001 60,000 60 

60,001 70,000 70 

70,001 80,000 80 

80,001 90,000 90 

90,001 100,000 100 

From $100,000 upward, 1 per mil, 
$1,000 being the smallest fraction reck- 
oned when $100,000 has been reached. 

Highest stamp limit, 1 per cent. Obli- 
gations with no fixed term, \ per cent. 
Obligations at sight, 1 per mil. For ob- 
ligations in gold the stamp is paid in 
paper at legal price of gold. 



236 AKGENTLNE REPUBLIC. 

Deeds of sale or purchase, division of joint properties, donations, or 
any other contract for the transfer of real estate shall bear a stamp 
of 3 per mil, on the price. When no price is fixed the stamp duty 
shall be paid on the basis of the official valuation for the land and 
property tax. Divisions of inheritance declared before a notary 
public, 3 per mil on the price of assessment for the land tax. 

Commercial documents. — Bills of exchange, promissory notes, let- 
ters of credit, and payment orders on the exterior are subject to pay 
stamp duty at the rate of one-half per mil on the value, the smallest 
fraction reckoned being $1,000. Similar instruments drawn in foreign 
countries are subject to payment of the same duties prior to their 
being negotiated, accepted, paid, or presented before a court of 
justice. All deeds, documents, or contracts drawn in the Republic 
to be executed in foreign countries shall bear the stamp duties stipu- 
lated by law. Private letters or similar documents implying obliga- 
tions are liable to pay the corresponding stamp duties before being 
presented to a court of justice. Certificates and gold checks circu- 
lated by private banks shall bear a stamp equal to 1 per mil of 
their value. Checks, receipts, and vouchers bear a stamp of 5 cents 
from 120 upward. All documents, petitions, tenders, proposals for 
public works, deposit of shipping papers, transfers, liquidations, etc., 
to be presented before any court, judicial, maritime, administrative, 
or other, must carry stamps, varying from 20 cents to Si, 000. Con- 
tracts for formation of all companies or associations bear stamps of 1 
per cent on the amount of the nominal capital. 

Commercial registrations. — In the month of January of each year all 
exporting and importing houses and customs agents must present to 
the administration a petition for the registration of their respective 
firms, such petition bearing a stamp of $1 national money. 

Stock Exchange. — All liquidations and operations for a term in the 
Stock Exchange are liable to the following stamp duties: 

Liquidations up to $30,000 $6 

Liquidations from $30,000 to $100,000 15 

Liquidations from $100,000 upward 30 

The liquidator of the exchange is liable to the penalty imposed by 
the law in the case of omission to pay stamp duties. 

LICENSE LAW. 

There are 50 classes of licenses varying in the amount payable 
annually from $5 to $60,000 per annum. Among these are: 

Banks $7, 000 to $60. 000 

Cooperative societies .. 3. 000 4. 000 

Mortgage banks, etc 500 4, 000 

Money changers 150 800 

Gas companies 10.000 80,000 

Electric-light companies 500 1.000 

Transport companies (carts) 100 300 



STAMP LAWS AND DUTIES. 237 

Importers and exporters (either) $200 to $5, 000 

Importers and exporters (together) 500 6, 000 

Importers of jewelry 500 2, 000 

Exporters of bullion 5, 000 20, 000 

Joint stock companies 500 5, 000 

Wholesale merchants 150 3, 000 

Retail merchants 20 2, 000 

Business houses of all classes pay a license the same as pedlars. 

Shipping licenses. — All coasting ships pay annual licenses (from 
10 to 500 tons) of $5 up to $500; above 500 tons, $10 for every next 
500 tons or fraction of 500- tons. National steamers registered, 25 per 
cent of tariff. All ships in port service pay licenses of from $3 to 
$100. Ocean steamers up to 500 tons, $25 annually; over 500 tons, 
$55 annually. 

INTERNAL TAX LAW. 

Wines. — Home and foreign, from 2 cents per liter to 14 cents. 

Cigarettes. — A packet from 3 to 25 cents, the sale price being from 
10 cents to $1.25. 

Cigars. — A packet, each cigar from 1 to 25 cents, the price being 5 
cents to $1.25. 

Tobacco. — $1 to $8 per kilo, the price being from $3 to $24. 

Beer.— Home and foreign, in casks, 5 cents per liter; in bottles, from 
2 to 5 cents. 

Matches. — Every box containing not more than 7 dozens of matches, 
1 cent. 

Playing cards. — Per gross, $40, imported; $20, homemade. 

LAND AND PROPERTY TAX LAW. 

Land and property: Five per mil on the valuation made for the 
year 1896. 

INSURANCE. 

Internal tax law. — The following are the taxes, licenses, and stamps 
payable by insurance companies and the amounts to be invested by 
the different classes of companies: 

Foreign companies: 

All risks .' 7 per cent on premium. 

Life 2 per cent on premium. 

On agriculture No tax. 

Native companies: 

All risks 1 . 40 per cent on premium. 

Life \ per cent on premium. 

On agriculture No tax. 

Insurance license law. — Foreign companies, one risk, licenses per 
annum from $3,000 to $6,*000; for each further risk, half the license. 

Native companies, one risk, $2,000 per annum; for each further risk, 
half the license. 

Deposits. — Foreign companies to deposit with the Banco de la Nacion 
or Caja de Conversion: Fire, $300,000 in national bonds; other risks, 



238 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

$150,000 in national bonds; if other risks, in addition, $100,000 for 
each. 

Insurance stamp lata. — All policies of foreign or home companies 
shall bear a stamp equal to 5 cents per $1,000 or fraction of $1,000 up 
to $20,000; and above, 25 cents for every succeeding $5,000 or fraction 
of same. 

TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND OTHER 

COUNTRIES. a 

Customs. — Belgium: Convention signed July 5, 1890. 

Alliance. — Brazil and Uruguay: Treaty signed May 1, 1865. 

Friendship, peace, commerce, and navigation. — Germany: Treaty 
signed September 19, 1857 ; exchanged June 3, 1859. Belgium : Treaty 
signed July 16, 1863. Bolivia: Treaty signed July 9, 1868; exchanged 
September 21, 1869. Brazil: Treaty signed March 7, 1856; exchanged 
June 25, 1856; convention signed November 20, 1857; exchanged July 
20, 1858; supplementary treaty signed January 2, 1859. Chile: 
Treaty signed August 30, 1855; exchanged April 29, 1856. Spain: 
Treaty signed September 21, 1863; exchanged June 21, 1864. United 
States: Treaty signed July 10, 1853; exchanged December 20, 1854; 
treaty signed July 27, 1853; exchanged December 20, 1854. France: 
Treaty signed July 10, 1853; exchanged September 21, 1854; conven- 
tion signed August 10, 1892; exchanged May 31, 1893. Great Britain: 
Treaty signed February 2, 1825; exchanged May 12, 1825; treaty 
signed July 10, 1853; exchanged March 11, 1854. Paraguay: Treaty 
signed Februaiy 3, 1876; exchanged September 13, 1876. Peru: 
Treaty signed March 9, 1874; exchanged December 20, 1875. Uru- 
guay: Treaty signed January 2, 1859; exchanged November 13, 1891. 
Sweden and Norway: Treaty signed July 17, 1885; exchanged Jan- 
uary 14, 1896. Paraguay-Peru-Urugua}* : Treat} 7 signed February 
12, 1889. 

Arbitration. — Brazil: Treaty signed September 7, 1889; exchanged 
November 4, 1889. Chile : Convention signed April 17, 1896; approved 
April 27, 1896; convention signed November 2 and 25, 1898, January 
11, 1899; convention signed March 21-24, 1899. Paraguay: Treaty 
signed February 3, 1876; exchanged September 13, 1876. 

Armaments. — Brazil: Protocol signed February 25, 1864. 

Gauging of ships. — Sweden and Norway: Convention signed Octo- 
ber 8, 1878; exchanged October 19, 1881. 

Submarine cables. — France: Convention signed March 14, 1884. 

Maintenance of roads. — Chile; convention signed February 8. 1894, 
exchanged November 20, 1894. 

Cartas rogatorias. — Brazil; convention signed February 14, 1880. 

Ceremonials. — Uruguay, 1880. 

Consular conventions. — Italy; signed December 28, 1885, exchanged 

«Tratados, etc. de la Rep. Argentina. Vol. II. 



TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS. 239 

April 17, 1896. Paraguay; signed March 14, 1877, exchanged Febru- 
ary 19, 1878. Peru ; signed May 5, 1874, exchanged December 30, 1878. 
Portugal; signed December 24, 1878, exchanged January 24, 1883. 

War medals. — Brazil; protocol signed May 13, 1888. Uruguay; 
January 5, 1891. 

Postal. — Chile; convention Januarj^ 12, 1898. United States; Janu- 
ary 19, 1899. Great Britain; convention signed June 28, 1889, approved 
July 3, 1889; additional article signed November 12, 1895. Para- 
guay; convention signed September 15, 1892, exchanged September 24, 
1896. Peru; convention August 11, 1900. 

Geneva convention. — Switzerland; signed August 22, 1864. 

Civil rights. — Paraguay-Peru-Uruguay; treaty February 12, 1889. 

Validity of legal process. — Uruguay; treaty February 1 8, 1889. 

Desertion by seamen. — Brazil; protocol March 7, 1856. United 
States; article signed June 23, 1884, approved July 16, 1885; addi- 
tional clause August 12, 1886. 

Exemptions from duties. — Uruguay; protocol signed Maj^ 14, 1892. 

Extradition. — Belgium; convention signed August 12, 1886, ex- 
changed November 30, 1887. Chile; protocol signed March 15, 1894, 
approved July 15, 1894. Spain; treaty signed March 7, 1881, exchanged 
October 21, 1882. United States; treaty signed September 26, 1896, 
exchanged June 2, 1900. Great Britain; treaty signed May 22, 1889, 
protocol December 12, 1890, exchanged December 15, 1893. Italy; 
treaty signed June 16, 1886, exchanged November 14, 1900. Nether- 
lands; treaty signed September 7, 1893, exchanged December 16, 1897. 
Paraguay; treaty signed January 23, 1889. Peru; treaty signed Jan- 
uary 23, 1889. Uruguay; treaty signed January 23, 1889. 

Railways. — Chile; convention signed October 27, 1887, exchanged 
January 2, 1888. Bolivia ; convention signed June 30, 1894, exchanged 
December 14, 1895. 

Railivay freights. — Bolivia; May 12, 1895. 

Military garrisons on frontiers. — Brazil; protocol signed April 29, 
1884, approved May 13, 1884. 

Import and export of live stock. — Uruguay; convention October 23, 
1899. 

Recognition of independence. — Portugal, 1821; United States, 1822; 
Great Britain, 1823; Italy, 1837; Denmark, 1841; Germany, 1843 
(city of Hamburg, 1844; Prussia, 1844); Sweden and Norway, 1846; 
Spain, 1863. 

Territorial limits. — Bolivia; treaty signed May 10, 1889, approved 
November 12, 1891, exchanged March 10, 1893; protocol June 26, 1894. 
Brazil; treaty signed September 28, 1885, exchanged March 4, 1886; 
treaty signed September 7, 1889, exchanged November 4, 1889; deci- 
sion by United States President re arbitration February 5, 1895; 
protocol signed August 9, 1895, approved September 7, 1895; protocol 
signed October 1, 1898, approved October 11, 1899; treaty signed 
October 6, 1898, exchanged May 26, 1900; convention signed October 



240 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

6, 1898, exchanged May 26, 1900; convention signed August 2, 1900, 
approved August 16, 1900. Chile; treaty signed July 23, 1881, 
exchanged October 22, 1881; convention signed August 20, 1888, 
exchanged January 11, 1890; additional protocol signed May 1, 1893. 
Paraguay; treaty signed February 3, 1876, exchanged September 13, 1876. 

Naturalization. — Sweden and Norway; signed June 17, 1885, 
exchanged January 14, 1896. 

Weights and measures. — France; convention signed May 20, 1875. 

Copyright. — Adhesion to by Paraguay-Peru-Uruguay ; treaty signed 
January 11, 1889. Spain; January 11, 1889, exchanged January 30, 
1900. France; January 11, 1889, exchanged May 3, 1896. Italy; 
January 11, 1889, exchanged April 18, 1900. 

Trade-marks. — Denmark; signed January 9, 1883, approved August 
12, 1884. Peru-Paraguay-Uruguay; treaty signed January 16, 1889. 

Patents. — Paraguay-Peru-Uruguay; treaty signed January 6, 1889. 

Liberal professions. — Paraguay-Peru-Uruguay ; convention signed 
February 4, 1889. 

Exchange of publications. — Bolivia; convention signed May 25, 
1886, approved June 28, 1886. Chile; convention signed February 
8, 1894, approved June 5, 1894. Spain; convention June 20, 1884. 
United States; 1895. Italy; signed December 2, 1876, and June 20, 
1885, approved July 28, 1885. 

Intestate estate. — Spain; July 17, 1869. France; protocol February 
•26, 1889. 

Telegraphs. — Russia; convention 1896. Uruguay; convention 
signed Januar}^ 3, 1883, approved August 28, 1883, exchanged Novem- 
ber 24, 1883. 

Treatment of most favored nation. — Italy; signed June 1, 1894, 
exchanged February 28, 1896. 

To the list of treaties and conventions enumerated above, the com- 
pact which was signed in Santiago by the respective representatives 
of the Argentine and Chilean Governments on May 28, 1902, with a 
view to a pacific solution of the many vexed questions which not only 
had endangered peace in South America for years past, but had also 
led both Repbulics into serious political and financial excesses, calls 
for special mention. Subject to certain points in the agreement, the 
four documents providing for the settlement may be said to consti- 
tute a treaty of arbitration. The first is a political convention con- 
taining declarations of the international policy of the two Republics; 
the second is an agreement for the reduction of naval forces; the 
third a joint undertaking to submit to arbitration all disputes that 
may hereafter arise between the two nations; and the fourth for the 
demarcation of the boundary limits to be carried out by engineers to 
be appointed by the British Government. a 



« Treaties of arbitration have been entered into with Paraguay, Uruguay, and 
Bolivia since the above list was printed. 



chaptp:r x. 



FINANCIAL ORGANIZATION— REVENUES, BUDGET LAW, DEBTS. 

FINANCE. 

About three-fourths of the revenue of the State is derived from 
customs dues. Each province and municipality levies also special 
taxes. The administration of the Territories is paid by the Central 
government. 

The revenue and expenditure of the National Government since 1870 for successive 

periods of five years. 



Year. 


Revenues. 


Expenditures. 


Gold. Paper. 


Gold. 


Paper. 


1870 1874 




$81,879,733 
84,992,268 
135,537,122 
254,792,901 
295,334,701 
28,958,460 
34,183,511 
61,035,853 
49,744,214 




$127,878,149 


1875-1879 






114,011,947 


1880-1884 






214,579,190 


1885-1889 






358, 234, 796 


1890-1894 


$61,961,898 
29,805,651 
32,092,072 
30,466,322 

33,878,267 


$83,631,381 
24,165,329 
15,942,901 
29,214,764 


324,181,768 


1895 :— 

1896 

1897 


83,933,387 
82,003,726 
93, 427, 502 


1898... 











Revenue of the Argentine Republic, 1883-1901. 



Year. 


Pre- 
mium on 
gold. 


Average 
value of 

£in 
paper. 


Paper rev- 
enue. 


1883 


Per cent. 

At par. 

At par. 
143 
141 
138 
150 
197 
253 
277 
229 
224 
257 
250 
195 
190 
157 
124 
127 
127 


$5.00 
5.00 
12.25 
12.15 
12.00 
12.60 
14.96 
17.80 
19.00 
16.58 
16.32 
17.85 
17.50 
14.86 
14.61 
12. 95 
11.29 
11.44 
11.44 


$30,050,000 


1884 


37,724.000 


1885 


34,416,000 


1886 


42,250,000 


1887 


51,582,000 
51,640,000 


1888 


1889 .... 


72, 903, 000 


1890 


73,150,000 


1891 


73,557,000 


1892 


103,757,000 


1893 


99,383,000 
24,863,563 


1894 . 


1895 . * 


28,958,460 


1896 


34,237,000 


1897 


61,088,003 


1898 


116,222,112 


1899 . 


61,419,990 


19C0 


62,045,458 


1901 


62,341,306 







a Report of Foreign Bondholders, London, 1901-2. 

573a— 03 16 



241 



242 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Budget for 1890. 





Paper. 


Gold. 


Congress 


$2,539,080.00 

13,798,426.00 

1,166,560.00 

8,123,340.00 

10,831,218.12 

12,168,302.40 

16,904,852.00 

13,508,390.72 

1,689,380.00 

6,604,344.00 

4,914,355.68 

8,887,230.20 




Interior.. 




Foreign Affairs . 


$295,341.20 


Finance . . ... . . 


Public debt 


21,308,331.66 


Justice and Education 


War . 




Marine . 




Agriculture . 




Public Works 




Pension list ... 




Extraordinary. 


4 a50,300 00 






Total 


101,135,479.12 


26 453 972 86 







The revenue is placed at $42,133,292.18, which, at 200, amounts to_ _ $84, 266, 584. 36 
Paper receipts 67, 972, 000. 00 



Total 152, 238, 584. 36 

Expenditure 154, 043, 424. 84 



Deficit 



1,804.840.48 



BUDGET LAW FOR 1902. 

The budget law of the Republic was enacted by Congress on Janu- 
ary 29, 1902, and promulgated by the President on the following day. 
This measure reads as follows : 

"The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine Nation, 
assembled in Congress, etc. , sanction with the force of law — 

"Article 1. The general budget of expenses of the administra- 
tion for the financial year 1902 is fixed at $33,027,233.26 gold and 
$102,943,692.66 currency, distributed as follows: 

Ordinary budget. 



Expenses. 



Gold. 



Paper. 



Congress . I $2 

Ministry of the Interior 14 



8387. 141. 20 



Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship 

Ministry of Finance I 

Public debt I 23,984,123.51 

Ministry of Justice and Education 

Ministry of War 

Ministry of Marine j 11,162.10 

Ministry of Agriculture 12,000.00 

Ministry of Public Works . . 300,000.00 

Pensions, etc l 

Extraordinary expenditures 8, 332. 196. 15 



,558,180.00 
,609,481.84 

.350.810.00 
.857.621.82 
; 093. 810. 12 
.039.099.21 
i 001, 580. 76 
.033,281.00 
,99i;980.(X» 
. 262. 08(1 00 
..XXI 718. 88 
645,000.00 



Total 



38, 027. 223. 26 102. 913. 692. 66 



"Art. 2. The expenses established in the ordinary budget shall be 
covered by the following resources : 



GOLD. 

Import duties 833. 000. 000 

Export duties 2, 800, 000 

Storage and lighterage — 1 . 300. 000 



BUDGET LAW. 243 

Lights and buoys $210, 000 

Sanitary visits 35, 000 

Ports, moles, and docks 1, 000, 000 

Cranes 220, 000 

Consular dues 130, 000 

Statistics and stamps _ . . . 300, 000 

Contingencies and fines 30, 000 

Service of bonds . 1, 832, 008 

Service of debt of the Province of Buenos Aires 1, 537, 650 

Service of debt of the Province of Entre Rios 50, 000 

Service of debt of the Province of Santa Fe 220, 457 

National bank 348, 232 

Total 43,013,347 

PAPER. 

Alcohol . 13,000,000 

Tobacco 11, 500, 000 

Natural wines 3, 700, 000 

Sugar 3,000,000 

Matches 1,900,000 

Beer : 1,300,000 

Insurance companies 350, 000 

Cards " 110,000 

Artificial liquors 150,000 

Sanitary works 5, 500, 000 

Land tax -_ 2, 000, 000 

Licenses 2,000,000 

Stamps 6,700,000 

Traction 170,000 

Post-office 4,000,000 

Telegraphs 1, 300, 000 

" Yerbales " 40, 000 

Leases of land 500,000 

Leases and sales of lands — payments due 500, 000 

Contingencies and fines 780, 000 

Railways 4, 100, 000 

Registry of property 40, 000 

Registry of mortgages 15, 000 

Registry of embargoes 15, 000 

National-bank service 420, 000 

Province of Cordoba 200, 000 

Matriculation and examination fees 100, 000 

Total 63, 390, 000 

"Art. 3. The extraordinary expenses shall be covered by the fol- 
lowing resources: 

"Five per cent of the additional duty on imports during a year 
(Law No. 3871), $4,400,000 gold; sale of bonds of the Law of 1891, 
$9,500,000 gold; total, $13,900,000. 

"Art. 4. The service of the bonds delivered to the Bank of the 
Nation by the National Bank in payment of the judicial deposits is 
fixed at 3 per cent interest and 10 per cent amortization, and that of 



244 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

the bonds delivered by the National Bank to the Conversion Office, 
in payment of the popular loan, at 6 per cent and 2 per cent amorti- 
zation. 

"Art. 5. Imported merchandise subject to 10 per cent or more duty 
shall pay an additional 2 per cent on the value. 

"Art. 6. The Executive Power may exempt the subproducts of the 
saladeros and extracts at meat factories from export duties during 
1902. 

"Art. 7. All merchandise subject to import duties shall also pay 
an additional 5 per cent. 

' 'Art. 8. The salaries and expenses of the University of the Capital 
shall be paid out of its receipts. 

"Art. 9. During 1902 a deduction of 5 per cent shall be made from 
all civil-service salaries and pensions, including those of the masters 
and pensioners of the National Council of Education, and the sums 
deducted shall be deposited in the Bank of the Nation. 

"Art. 10. The sum of $30,000 shall be deducted from the amount 
to which each of the provinces is entitled out of the proceeds of the 
National Lottery, in order to pay the respective subventions mentioned 
in section 8 of the Annex C. As to the Provinces of Corrientes, 
Salta, Jujuy, Rioja, Catamarca, Mendoza, Santiago del Estero, San 
Luis, and San Juan, the amount deducted shall be divided equally 
between the said subventions and the works referred to in Law No. 
3967. 

"Art. 11. Two special drawings of $150,000 each shall be made in 
the lottery, and out of the first shall be paid 10 per cent for a Casa de 
Aislamiento in Santa Fe, 20 per cent to the Society of Beneficencia of 
the Capital for the Sanatorium, 'Siglo XIX,' and 70 per cent to the 
Argentine League against Tuberculosis for the construction of a san- 
atorium for poor persons suffering from that disease. The proceeds 
of the second drawing shall be delivered to the Asociacion National 
de Ejercicios Fisicos and to the Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima. 

"Art. 12. The resources in gold referred to in article 2 shall be paid 
in gold or in legal currency money at the rate of the day. 

"Art. 13. The members of the civil service, with at least ten years' 
service, who may lose their employment by virtue of this law, shall 
receive a single donation of two months' pay." 

A decree of the National Executive, after referring to articles 7 and 
12 of the above law, makes the following provisions: 

"Article 1. The additional duty of 5 per cent shall be made effect- 
ive from the 1st of February next (1902), inclusive. 

"Art. 2. The rate of 235 per cent for the payment in paper money of 
the duties in gold is fixed from the 1st of February next (1902) and 
until further orders of the Ministry of Finance. 

"Art. 3. The new rate which may be fixed shall be communicated 
by the Under Secretary of Finance to the respective collecting offices. " 



BUDGET LAW. 



245 



BUDGET FOR 1903. 

The "Review of the River Plate" of December 12, 1902, publishes 
the Budget of the Argentine Republic for 1003, which stands as follows : 

Gold. 

Foreign Affairs $314, 181 

Debt 31,116,619 

Navy 11 , 462 

'Agriculture 12, 000 

Public Works 1, 300, 000 

Paper. 

Congress 2,617,000 

Interior "_' 14,561,000 

Foreign Affairs 1, 241, TOO 

Finance i 7,735,000 

Debt 12,060,000 

Education 13,100,000 

Army _ 14,998,000 

Navy 9,194,000 

Agriculture 2, 834, 000 

Public Works ■_ 9, 905, 000 

Pensions 5,555,000 

Estimated receipts, 1903. 





Gold. 


National 
currency. 




$36,000,000 

3,000,000 

1,300,000 

210,000 

40,000 

950,000 

810,000 

1,485,000 

1,537,650 

129,000 

220,457 

348, 232 








Storage and lighterage _ 




















Rents and amortization of "bonds 




Province of Buenos Ayres (public debt) _ . . 




Province of Entre Rios .. 




Province of Sante Fe . . . . 




National bank 




Alcohols . 


$13,666,666 


Tobacco _ 




11,000,000 






3, 7(H), 000 


Sugar 




3,000,000 


Matches 




2,200,000 


Beer . r 




1,300,000 


Insurance 




350,000 


Playing card s 




100,000 






50,000 


Sanitation works 




5,500.000 


Territorial taxes . - 




2,000,000 


Patents ■ 




2, 000, (MM) 






6,500,000 
180,000 










4,100,000 






1,350,000 






50,000 






1,600,000 






510,000 






4,450,000 






100,000 






420,000 






200,000 








Total - 


46,021,339 


63,660,000 







246 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



DEBT. 

The debt of the Argentine Republic is shown in the following table 



Date. 



Internal debt 
(national cur- 
rency). 



Internal 
debt (gold 
currency). 



External debt 
(gold cur- 
rency). 



December 31, 1895. 
December 31, 1896. 
December 31, 1897. 
December 31, 1898. 



46,181,474.26 
45,838,067.00 
46,758,087.00 



189,226,500 
189,162,500 
189,096,500 



199,244,513.88 
216,757,443.00 

233,288,444.00 



The latest unofficial figures (November, 1889) give the following 



Gold. 



Paper. 



Internal debt... ; $18,304,200 $109,646,604 

External debt [ 375,853,213 ! 

Total I 394,157.413 109,646,604 

Gold at 235 | 926,269,920 

Floating debt _■ I ..... 97,194,665 

Total ' 1,133,111,189 

____^_ J I 

The service of the foreign debt amounts to $21,547,579 gold and 
went into force in 1901. The actual service is $16,537,419. 



ADVANCE PAYMENT OF INDEBTEDNESS. 

On February 21, 1902, the Argentine Government remitted to its- 
financial agent in London the sum of £2,750,000 ($13,382,875 United 
States currency) in payment of all debts contracted by the Govern- 
ment up to July 1, 1902. The fact of this large sum being forwarded 
so much in advance of the date on which it is to be paid is the highest 
proof of the splendid financial condition of the Republic. 



NATIONAL DEBT. 



247 



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248 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



NATIONAL INTERNAL DEBT 
[Argentine Yearbook, 1902.] 



Paper. 



Amount 
issued. 



Outstanding 
Dec. 31, 1901. 



Annual 
service. 



Law No. 1100, Sept. 2, 1881 ... 
Law No. 1418, June 30, 1884. .. 
Law No. 2841, Oct. 16, 1891 ._. 
Law No. 2782, June 23, 1891. .. 
Law No. 3059, Jan. 5, 1894 .... 
Law No. 3490, Aug. 7, 1897.... 
Law No. 3656, Nov. 26, 1897... 
Law No. 3683, Jan. 15, 1898 ... 
Law No. 3684, May 17, 1898 ... 

Total (national money) 

GOLD.' 

Law No. 2216, Nov. 3, 1897.... 
Law No. 2842, Oct. 29, 1891.... 

Total (gold) : 



$1,033,232.06 
1,191,400.00 
15,000,000.00 
38,016,700.00 
19,304,800.00 

7,000,000.00 

6,000,000.00 
45,818,100.00 



133,364,232.06 



$86,283.50 

352,800.00 

12,008,100.00 

15,420,400.00 

12,523,400.00 

,4,656,100.00 

5,807,300.00 
38,756,600.00 



89,610,983.50 



196,882,600.00 3,268,000.00 
1,704,531.25 1,514,531.25 



,587,131.25 4,782,531.25 



$62,000.10 

120,000.00 

1,050,000.00 

2,405,336.00 

2,664,000.00 

840,000.00 

360,000.00 
4,581,810.00 



12,083,146.10 



203,750.00 
60,454.00 



264,204.00 



MUNICIPAL DEBTS. 



EXTERNAL GOLD STERLING 

Law No. 2318, Sept. 22, 1888 

INTERNAL PAPER. 

Law No. 1267, Oct. 30, 1882. 

Law No. 1569, Oct. 31, 1884 

Law No. 2874, Nov. 22, 1891 

Law No. 3465, Jan. 20, 1897 

Total (national money) 



£ s. d. 
1,984,120 



$4,291,700.00 
10,000,000.00 
25,000,000.00 
5,000,000.00 



44,291,700.00 



£ s. d. 

1,655,660 



$3,357,668.38 
7,997,300.00 

19,263,800.00 
4,647,100.00 



35.265, 



£ s. d. 
110,159 17 9 



$310,433.60 

700,000.00 

1,750,000.00 

350.000.00 



3,110,433.60 



CHAPTER XI. 

BANKING AND CURRENCY— BANKS AND FINANCIAL TRUSTS- 
INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

BANKING. 

Laws on banking. — The laws and regulations relating to banking 
in Argentina are principally governed by various sections in the com- 
mercial code. Section 5 deals with letters of credit, section 7 with 
loans and interest, section 8 with deposits, sections 10 and 11 with 
contracts, bills of exchange, promissor}^ notes, etc., and sections 12 
and 13 with current accounts and checks. 

CONVERSION LAW. 

Paper currency. — Owing to the heavy fall in the price of gold dur- 
ing the month of November, 1898, and in the latter half of 1899 it was 
thought desirable to establish a law to prevent a further fall in the 
premium on gold and to maintain the value of the national paper cur- 
rency. For this purpose law No. 3871, known as the "conversion 
law," was voted by Congress on October 31, 1899. The main pro- 
visions of the law were: (1) That the total issue of paper money 
should be convertible into gold at 'the rate of 44 cents for each 100 
cents paper, thus fixing the minimum official value of $227.27 national 
money for each $100 gold; (2) that the executive power should deter- 
mine the time at which such conversion should take effect; (3) that a 
conversion fund should be formed exclusively for the guarantee of 
the paper currency; (4) that certain specified resources should be 
appropriated to the establishment of the said fund, these being (a) the 
5 per cent additional duties on all imports, (b) the profits earned by 
the Banco de la Nacion, (c) the product of the liquidation of the 
Banco Nacional (not yet completed), (d) the price realized by the sale 
of the Andine Railway, (e) the amount of $6,967,650 gold in national 
cedulas, the property of the Government and at present deposited in 
London, and (/) such other assets or resources as ma}^ be annually 
set aside for the same purpose. It was also enacted that the "Caja 
de Conversion " should be authorized to issue the necessary number 
of notes to effect the exchange of $1 paper for each 44 cents gold 
deposited, and also to return an equal sum in gold, at the rate fixed, 
in exchange for paper presented. 

Gold quotations. — Up to the month of March, 1900, the gold quota- 

249 



250 



AEGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



tions remained at about the price of the official limit, but since that 
period the price has risen considerably and rendered it impossible for 
the " Caja de Conversion " to effect further operations in the matter of 
exchange. In 1901 the budget law for 1902, and subsequently law No. 
4056 of January, 1902, authorized the Government to dispose of the 
conversion fund for the payment of debts incurred by the purchase of 
war material, etc. The essential objects of the conversion law, viz, 
the conversion of paper into gold and the existence of the reserve gold 
fund, are therefore not being carried out, and, although the law is still 
in force, there can be no reason for its existence until 'the gold pre- 
mium declines below 227.27 per cent, or, say, 44 cents gold for 100 
cents paper. 

Money in circulation. — The money in circulation is chiefly incon- 
vertible paper currency. In 1885 gold was at a premium of 143 per 
cent, rising in 1890 to 255 per cent, and in 1891 to 277 per cent. 

Argentine mint. — The Argentine mint, situated at Buenos Aires, 
has since 1881 turned 6ut coin in the quantities and of the value below 
shown : 



Denomination. 



Pieces. Value in gold. 



$31, 716. 545. 00 



,805,639.00 



Gold: 

Argentinos 6,343,094 

|-argentinos : . . 430 

Silver: 

1-peso _ -. — 573.737 

i-peso 2.786,847 

20-centavos _ _ 2,393,995 

10-centavos - 3,598,801 

Copper: 

2-centavos- 37,671,012 

1-centavo 12.928.335 

Nickel: . 

20-centavos * 7 . 566, 357 

10-centavos ._ . 14,702,394 

5-centavos.- 7.080.665 



882,703.59 



3,337,544.00 



Gold premium from January, 1885, to June, 1902. 
[If gold 300=premiura 200.] 



January 

February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Quotations for the year 



1885. 



During each 
month. 



High- Low- 
est. 



$28. 50 
30.50 
38.00 
65.00 
45.00 
33.70 
40. (X) 
48.00 
46.00 
56.00 
52.50 
45.50 



65. 00 



813. 00 
24.00 
29.50 
38.50 
33. (XI 
28.90 
29.40 
33.50 
37. 30 
38.00 
41.50 
40.30 

13.00 



Aver- 
age 
lp.m. 
official 
price. 



$21.60 

27.10 
33.40 
46.25 
36.30 
31.10 
32.80 
42. 04 
40.22 
43.65 
48. 00 
42.43 

37.06 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



828. 
30. 
38. 
46. 
33. 
29. 
32. 
45. 
39. 
49. 
45. 
44. 



1886. 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



Aver- 
age 
lp.m. 



Last 
prioe 

Low- official i£*j£ 
est. price. month ' 



845. 00 
51.50 
56.80 
59.90 
58. 00 
54. 20 
43.20 
33.80 
28. 00 
21.50 
36. 00 
33.80 



841. 
44. 
49. 
52. 
53. 
42. 
31. 
27 
~9. 
10. 
21. 
27. 



$43. .58 
46.95 
53.47 
55.06 
55. 84 
49. 18 
36.71 
31.32 
19. 46 
16. 32 
«.\ 55 
29. 78 



844. 40 
48. 80 
55. 00 
56. 80 
53. 30 
43.80 
31. 30 
27. 80 
10. 50 
20. 20 
31. 40 
30. 00 



59. 90 



9.80 



GOLD PREMIUM, 



251 



Gold premium, from January, 1885, to June, 1902 — Continued. 



188? 



1888. 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



January . . . 
February .. 

March 

April 

May _ 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November . 
December . 



$28.00 
33. 00 
34. 60 
42.00 
47.80 
38. 50 
34. 60 
32. 50 
40.00 
45. 10 
52.00 
53.30 



Quotations for the year I 53. 30 



Low- 
est. 



$20.30 
24. 00 
30. 70 
32. 80 
28.80 
28.40 
29.60 
27.10 
31. 80 
38.00 
40.30 
41.00 



20.30 



Aver- 
age 
lp.m. 
official 
price. 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$23. 70 
28.85 
32.85 
a5.94 
37.41 
34.30 
32.04 
29.61 
35.31 
42.25 
44.72 
45.47 



35.20 



S25.5II 
32.50 
33. 10 
40.00 
29.00 
33.40 
31.20 
31.90 
39. 00 
41.40 
51.00 
41.70 



During each 
month. 



High- ! 
est. 



$47. 60 
51.00 
54.00 
50. 20 
49.50 
54.00 
60. 50 
54. 50 
49.70 
49.70 
52.00 
48.00 



60.! 



Low- 
est. 



$41.70 
45.80 
47.80 
42.00 
43. 30 
48.00 
50.50 
44.20 
45.80 
47.60 
37.00 
36.80 



36.80 



Aver- 
age 
lp.m. 
official 
price. 



$45. 34 
48.04 
51.09 
45. 76 
46.60 
49.73 
54.48 
49. 95 
47. 76 
48.41 
44.78 
42.08 



47.84 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$45. 90 
50. 60 
49.90 
43.60 
48.20' 
53.00 
52.00 
47.60 
48.10 
49.00 
38.80 
47.10 



January . . . 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December . 



Quotations for the year 



1889. 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



$54. 70 

58.50 

60.00 

65.50 

60.25 

74.00 

76.00 

84.00 

142.00 

126.00 

134.00 

140.00 



142.00 



Low- 
est. 



$47.00 
53.40 
56.00 
55.00 
56.00 
60.00 
69.25 
73.50 
74.00 
99.00 
111. 50 
122.00 



47. 00' 



Aver- 
age 
1 p. m. 
official 
price. 



$51. 10 
55.26 
58.68 
59.05 
58.30 
64.64 
72.62 
76.82 
102. 77 
112. 52 
120. 63 
133.27 



80.47 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$53. 10 
56.60 
58.50 
55. 50 
59.25 
74.00 
73.00 
74.20 
124.00 
105. 00 
122. 50 
130.50 



1890. 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



Low- 



Aver- 
age 
1 p.m. 
official 



est. ' price. 



$135. 30 
145.00 
172.20 
215.00 
145. 50 
168.00 
215. 00 
180.00 
151.50 
163. 50 
225.00 
230.00 



230.00 



$110. 50 
115. 00 
141.00 
133. 00 
113. 00 
123. 50 
158.00 
137. 50 
131.00 
143. 50 
156. 50 
193. 50 



110.50 



$124. 78 
124. 21 
153. 63 
166. 30 
133.84 
139. 23 
194. 00 
164.08 
142. 88 
150. 69 
190.90 
209. 48 



157. 86 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$119. 20 
145.00 
159.50 
138. 50 
125.00 
165.00 
208.50 
142.00 
143.00 
161.50 
210. 00 
226.00 



January... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July , 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December . 



Quotations for the year 



1891. 



During each 
month. 



High- 



$241.00 
255.55 
276.00 
268. 50 
322. 73 
342. 39 
316.59 
310. 44 
333. 19 



296. 31 

286. 48 



360.82 



Low- 
est. 



$203. 50 
226.00 
234.50 
219.00 
254.50 
228.11 
247. 78 
282.18 
293. 24 
293. 24 
249.00 
266. 20 



203. 50 



Aver- 
age 
1 p. m. 
official 
price. 



244.52 
249. 70 
246.33 

277.15 
280. 89 
277. 57 
298. 65 
303. 03 
336. 86 
272.00 
275. 79 



273. 78 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$224.00 
245.50 
250.00 
250. 80 
322. 73 
278.49 
310. 45 
294. 40 
320. 89 
293. 24 
266. 82 
272. 96 



1892. 



During each 
month. 



High- Low- 
est. 



$287. 71 

289. 55 
253.30 
250. 23 
236. 09 

230. 56 
233. 02 
231. 79 
229. 95 
229. 33 
209. 30 
192. 50 



289.55 



$271. 73 
236. 71 
239. 78 
232. 41 
223. 19 
203. 53 
211. 52 
221.35 
222. 58 
208. 44 
165. 50 
178. 00 



165. 50 



Aver- 
age 
1 p. m. 
official 
price. 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



5280.10 

264. 90 
246. 04 
240. 83 
229. 95 
217. 30 
223. 73 

226. 40 

227. 25 
217. 91 
189. 99 
183. 86 



$280..95 
250. 23 
247. 77 
236.09 
228. 11 
210. 29 
225. 65 
228. 72 
226. 88 
210. 90 
176.00 
192.50 



).02 I. 



252 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Gold premium from January, 1885, to June, 1902 — Continued. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .... 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Quotations for the year 



During each Aver- 
month. age 

1 p.m. 
official 
price. 



High- 
est. 



$218.50 
227. 50 
224.60 
215. 20 
219. 00 
247. 50 
244. 00 
256. 80 
261.80 
243.00 
229. 50 
229. 20 



261.80 



Low- 
est. 



$189. 80 
207.00 
206.00 
201.00 
205. 20 
219. 80 
222. 50 
236.00 
246.00 
213.00 
214.50 
219.00 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$200. 04 
216. 49 
213. 95 
206.91 
213. 53 
227.35 
233.18 

245. 17 
252.33 
228. 42 
224.11 

225. 18 



223. 



$215. 00 
217.00 
206.00 
208. 80 
219.00 
247. 50 
239.00 
250. 80 
243.00 
213. 50 
229. 50 
228. 50 



1894. 



During each 
month. 



High- Low- 
est, i est. 



$253. 00 
262. 00 
258. 80 
276. 40 
331. 00 
315.00 
281. 50 
276.00 
239. 00 
244.80 
269.00 
277.00 



$227. 60 
246.00 
251. 30 
254.30 
282.00 
266.00 
259.00 
238.00 
210.00 
223.00 
237.50 
247.00 



331.00 



210.00 



Aver- 
age 
1 p.m. 
official 
price. 



$240. 01 
253. 96 
254. 09 
262.20 
300.22 



256. 08 
225.06 
234.84 
250. 60 
262. 18 



258. 07 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$248.00 
254.00 
253. 70 
275.50 
306.00 
266.00 
274.00 
244.00 
231. 50 
236.50 
269.00 
258.00 



1895. 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



Low- 
est. 



Aver- 
age 
lp.m. 
official 
price. 



Last 

price 

of the 

month, 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



Low- 
est. 



Aver- 
age 
1 p.m. 
official 
price. 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



January . . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June _ 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December . 



Quotations for the year 



$262. 50 
260. 50 
255.50 
277.00 
278.50 
254.-00 
252.00 
239.00 
230.80 
237.00 
238. 50 
235.50 



278. 50 



;250. 30 
245.00 
247.20 
253. 00 
248. 50 
240. 00 
241.00 
232. 00 
213.50 
218. 50 
229. 50 
229. 00 



$256. 95 
251. 11 
252. 37 
263.99 
261. 84 
247. 49 
247.65 
235. 39 
222. 82 
227.07 
233.77 
231. 75 



$251.50 
256.00 
248. 70 
274.00 
248.50 
246.00 
240. 70 
233.00 
227. 50 
232.00 
230. (X) 
229.00 



$232. 50 
218.50 

224. 50 
228. 80 
209.50 
204. 30 
192.51) 
182. 00 
184. 50 
183. 50 
186. 50 
184. yo 



213. 50 



244. 35 



232. 50 



$218. 50 
200.00 
200.30 
206.50 
195.50 
191.50 
180. 70 
166.30 
167.00 
177. 40 
179. 70 
177. 70 



$226. 88 
211.31 
212. 14 
220. 44 
205. 31 
197. 44 
184.94 
174.68 
176.52 
180.11 
182.84 
181. 67 



166.30 



196.19 



$220.30 
200.00 
224.00 
206.50 
197.50 
192.00 
182. (X) 
166.30 
181.00 
178.80 
182. 60 
183.50 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July ■ 

August 

September 

v October 

November 

December 

Quotations for the year 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



$190. 90 
215. 50 
212. 80 
205. 00 
201.70 
197. 50 
196. 00 
195, 50 
192. 00 
188. 70 
179.60 
180. 00 



215. 50 



Low- 
est. 



$183. 40 
193.00 
205.00 
192. 80 
189.50 
186.00 
182.20 
184. 80 
185.50 
180.90 
174.70 
174. 10 



174. 10 



Aver- 
age 
1 p.m. 
official 
price. 



$187.13 
207.66 
809. 43 

198. 28 
196. 35 
194. 24 
185. 90 
190. 22 
188. 44 
185. 43 
176.94 
176. 30 



Last 

price 

of the 

month 



191.364 



$190.90 
210.50 
205.00 
195.00 
196. 40 
186.00 
196.00 
185.50 
188.50 
181.40 
179.10 
174.10 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



Low- 
est. 



$171.20 
175. 50 
174.50 
169. 30 
167. 00 
178. 80 
178. 70 
178. 50 
174.20 
152. 60 
142. 80 
118. 40 



$154.90 

I 153.40 

! 162.50 

i 163.30 

155. 40 

162. 50 

171.80 

159. 50 

150.50 

143. 20 

113.50 

107. 00 



178. 80 



Aver- 

age 
1 p. m. 
official 
price. 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$164. 11 
163.93 
167. 37 
165.87 
1(30. 20 
167. 62 
174. 70 
170. 67 
163.06 
149.66 
126. 20 
112. 06 



$154.90 
175. 50 
164.00 
163.30 
161. 80 
177. 50 
174. 40 
160.50 
152. IX) 
144. 50 
113. 50 
107. 1X1 



107.00 157 



GOLD PREMIUM. 



253 



Gold premium from, January, 1885, to June, 1902 — Continued. 



January .. . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October ... 
November 
December . 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



Quotations for the year 



$117.00 
123. 00 
122. 50 
134. 70 
i:35. 80 
122. 40 
115. 20 
136.00 
138.50 
143.50 
138. 30 
132. 90 



143.50 



Low- 
est. 



$104.00 
115. 30 
116.00 
121.90 
116. 00 
114.00 
109.30 
114.00 
132.30 
135.60 
132.50 
127. 70 



104.00 



Aver- 
age 
1 p.m. 
official 
price. 



$108. 12 
119.20 
119.18 
128.91 
124. 63 
118. 79 
113. 13 
125. 33 
135.14 

137. 93 
1135. 07 

129. 94 



124.61 



Last 

price 

of the 

month . 



$117. 00 
116,00 
122.50 
132. 30 
122. 30 
114. 00 
114. 70 

ias. 00 

135. 80 
139.90 
132. 50 
127. 70 



1900. 



During each 
month. 



High- 
est. 



$131.00 
129.20 
129.00 
127.30 

1:30. 00 

130. 60 
142.20 
139.80 
137. 00 
134. 90 
133. 30 
131. 70 



142. 20 



Low- 
est. 



$128. 30 
127. 30 
127. 30 
127.30 
127. 30 
128.70 
129. 30 
133. 50 
134. 50 
131.90 
131.70 

1:30. 10 



127. 



Aver- 
age 
1 p. m. 
official 
price. 

$129. 27 
127.65 
127.40 
127.30 
127. 84 
129. 26 
134. 40 
135. 65 
135.69 
133. 50 
132.54 
130.85 



130. 95 



Last 

price 

of the 

month. 



$129.00 
127. 30 
127.30 
127. 30 
130.00 
128. 70 
139. 70 
134. 10 
134.70 
132.90 
132.00 
130.90 





1901. 


1902. 




During each 
month. 


Aver- 
age 
1 p.m. 
official 
price. 


Last 

price 

of the 

month 


During each 
month. 


Aver- 
age 
1 p.m. 
official 
price. 


Last 
price 




High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


High- 
est. 


Low- 
est. 


of the 
month. 


January 


$132. 70 
131. 80 
129. 70 
131.00 
134. 90 
136. 00 
140. 40 
134.70 
132. 30 
433.40 
133. 70 
148. 50 

148. 50 


$130.50 
128. 90 
128. 10 
128.00 
130. 30 
132. 50 
134.60 
131.30 
130. 10 
129. 40 
131.80 
1:35.00 


$131. 33 
130. 60 
128. 60 
129.25 
130.95 
134.02 
136. 58 
133. 32 
130. 97 
131.04 
132. 49 
140. 03 


$131.30 
128.90 
128. 20 
130. 30 
133. 80 
135.20 
134. 60 
131. 30 
130. 10 
133. 40 
133. 70 
139.90 


$139.40 
144.50 
142.10 
146. 60 
141.90 
133. 40 


$133. 00 
136. 10 
139.90 
141.00 
131.80 
129. 70 


$135. 19 
139.95 
141.20 
143. 83 
138. 16 
131.92 


$136. 00 
142. eo 


March 

April 

May 

June 

Julv 


140. 60 
142. 20 
131. P0 
129. 70 












September 

October .. 


















November . 










December ... 




















Quotations for the year 


128.00 


132.51 

























Banks in 1895. 



Provinces. 


Num- 
ber. 


Capital in 
national 
currency. 


Securities on December 31, 1894. 


Bank notes. 


Silver. 


Gold. 




144 
15 

7 

12 

3 


$409,466,024 

5,410,800 

11,249,400 

10,432,000 

76,450 


$117,251,409 

788,894 

1,794,771 

1,275,274 

198,241 


$14,104 


$13,906,342 




Western 

Northern 


4,000 
183 


10,030 

197 

91 








Total 


191 


436,584,674 


121,308,589 


18,287 


13,916,660 





The paper currency in August, 1897, amounted to 285,115,964 pesos. 
Of this amount 75,486,542 pesos had been issued by the nation and 
the Treasury, 193,216,285 pesos by various banks (including 120,103,907 
pesos by the National Bank), and 16,409,137 pesos by guaranteed 
banks. 



254 



AEGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Joint-stock banks. 





I- 1 CO 

M 


Capital. 


Shares. 


Price 
De- 
cem- 
ber, 
1901. 


Divi- 
dend 
for last 
com- 
plete 
year. 


Name of banks. 


Sub- 
scribed. 


Paid up. 


Reserve 
fund. 


Of— 


Paid 
per 

share 


London and River Plate. 
London and Brazilian . . . 
British Bank of South 

America 

Tarapaca and Argentina 
Aleman Transatlantic© - 

Comercio— del 

Popular Argentino 

Espanol del Rio de la 

Plata 

Nuevo Banco Italiano . . . 
Frances del Rio de la 

Plata 


1862 
1863 

1863 

1888 
1893 
1884 
1887 

1886 

1887 

1886 

1872 

1891 

1899 


£1,500,000 
1,500,000 

1,000,000 
1,500,000 
1,000,000 
$5,000,000 
2,563,360 

6,000,000 
3,000,000 

62, 000,000 
68,000,000 

50,000,000 
303,800 


£900,000 
750,000 

500,000 

750,000 

640,000 

$5,000,000 

2,526,287 

6,000,000 
3,000,000 

62,000,000 
6 5, 000,000 

50,000,000 
280,056 


£1,000,000 
600,000 

340,000 

150,000 

84,000 

$365,987 

869,401 

1,803,740 
505,000 

& 438, 379 


£25 

20 

20 

10 

50 

$100 

100 

100 
100 

100 


£15 
10 

10 

5 

50 

$100 

100 

100 
100 

100 
100 


48 

m 

10.L 

~~90~"~ 
100.20 

126 
108 

100 
95 


Per ct. 
20 
14 

8 

al 

8 

7 

10 

10 
11 

6£ 


Italia y Rio de la Plata . . 
Banco de la Nacion Ar- 


6 446,742 

6 2,035,506 
15,909 


100 


5 




25 

















a 1900. 



6 Gold. 



BANKS AND FINANCIAL TRUSTS. 

Banco de la Nacion Argentina. — President, Mariano Unzue; vice- 
presidents, Manuel Correa and Carlos T. Becii. The bank was 
founded by law No. 2841 of October 16th, 1891. 

Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (in liquidation). — Head 
office, La Plata; branch in Buenos Aires, San Martin 133. By 
national law of January 2, 1895 (3201), and the provincial law of 
February 28, 1896, the bank was authorized to issue certificates for 
its deposits. 

Banco Hipotecario Nacional. — Founded 1872. F. Martin y Herrera, 
secretary. The bank issues cedulas on properties mortgaged to it. 
The nation guarantees the service and sinking fund of the cedulas. 

Banco Hipotecario de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. — Charter dated 
November 25, 1871. Head office, La Plata. Cedulas were issued 
until 1890. In 1891 the service on the cedulas was suspended and 
the bank was authorized to issue " certificates to bearer," for service 
on the coupons. By law of July 11, 1891, the bank was authorized 
to meet the service on its coupons by an issue of "bonds to bearer.'' 
By law of February 3, 1893, the service owed to the bank can be met 
in bonds or coupons, with the exception of the commission, which 
must be in cash. By national law 3211 of January 10, 1895, a five 
years' moratoria was granted to the bank. This was renewed for a 
further three years by law 387-4 of November 18, 1899. 

Acumulativa (La). — Registered July 15, 1899. Offices in Buenos 
Aires, Calle Maipu 200. Telegraphic address, "Cumulaires." 

Ahorro Mutuo (El) (La Bola de Xiere). — Registered February 8. 
1899. This is a savings bank which gives bonds on certificates in 
exchange for money deposited. Its moneys are to be invested in first- 
class mortgages, purchase of property, etc. 



BANKS AND TKUST COMPANIES. 255 

Banco Alemdn Transatldntico (Deutsche Ueberseeische Bank). — 
Plead office, Berlin. Registered in Argentina June 26, 1893; branches 
at Buenos Aires, Concepcion (Chile), Iquique, Santiago (Chile), 
Valdivia, Valparaiso. 

British Bank of South America, Limited. — Registered July 26, 
1863. Office in Buenos Aires, Bartolome Mitre 398. 

Banco del Comercio. — Registered October 23, 1884. Statutes 
reformed February 23, 1891. Offices in Buenos Aires, Bartolome 
Mitre 468. 

. Compania National de Ahorros. — Founded 1900. Offices in Buenos 
Aires, Reconquista 31. Telegraphic address, "Ahorros." 

Credito Territorial de Santa Fe (Sociedad de). — Registered Octo- 
ber 11, 1886. Statutes reformed September 21, 1895. Offices in Santa 
Fe, with agency in Rosario. Head office in Paris. 

Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata. — Registered September 1, 1886. 
Office in Buenos Aires, Reconquista 180. Branch in Once de Sep- 
tiembre, calle Centro America 185. Branch in Rosario de Santa Fe. 

Banco Frances del Rio de la Plata. — Registered November 20, 1886. 
Statutes reformed March 18, 1889, April 24, 1891, and February 23, 
1898. Offices in Buenos Aires, Reconquista 157. Branch in Bahia 
Blanca, calle Chiclana 61. 

Hipotecario de la Capital {in Liquidation) . — Registered January 18, 
1889. Statutes reformed May 6, 1891, and July 27, 1893. Offices, 
calle Reconquista 31. 

Banco de Italia y Rio de la Plata. — Registered June 14, 1872. 
Statutes reformed March 29, 1889. In 1901 it was resolved to continue 
the bank for a further period of thirty years. Offices in Buenos Aires, 
Bartolome Mitre 434 to 456. Branches in Rosario de Santa Fe and 
La Plata. 

London and Brazilian Bank, Limited.— Registered May 17, 1862. 
Offices in Buenos Aires, Bartolome Mitre 402. 

Nuevo Banco Italiano. — Registered July 27, 1887, as " Banco Italiano 
del Rio de la Plata;" changed name on December 24, 1887; statutes 
reformed October 30, 1899. Offices in Buenos Aires, calle Recon- 
quista and Rivadavia. 

Banco Popular Argentino. — Registered April 26, 1887. Commenced 
operations on May 1, 1887. Statutes reformed Maj 7 1, 1900. Offices 
in Buenos Aires, calle Bartolome Mitre 368 to 374. 

Banco Popular Italiano. — Registered November 12, 1898. Buenos 
Aires principal office, 437 Bartolome Mitre; Branch, 1401 Almirante 
Brown (Boca). 

The Bank of Tarapaca and Argentina, Limited. — Offices, Recon- 
quista 78. Branch in Mendoza. 

London Bank of Mexico and South America, Limited. — Registered 
August 16, 1877. 

Banco Popular de Mercedes. — Founded in 1892. 



256 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Banco Comercial del Azul. — Registered 1899. 

Banco de Olavarria. — Founded 1900. 

Banco Comercial de Dolores. — Registered 1891. 

Banco Popular de Brag ado. — Founded 1896. 

Banco Municipal de Prestamos. — Peru 381, Buenos Aires. This is 
the official pawn shop belonging to the municipality of Buenos Aires. 

Caja de Conversion. — San Martin 216. 

Casa de Moneda (Mint). — Defensa 628, Buenos Aires. Director- 
General, J. F. Sarhy. During the past few years the mint has limited 
its operations to the coining of nickel, printing of stamped paper, 
stamps, and paper money. The new issue of paper money was made 
in the mint. 

Compania General de Ahorros. — This company, which was regis- 
tered in 1901, was established to act as a savings bank, giving bonds 
on certificates in exchange for mone}^ deposited. 

Caja Intemacional Mutua de Pensiones. — Registered July 18, 1901. 
Offices 802-810 Avenida de Mayo. This company grants pensions to 
associates on certain conditions. 

Ho gar Argent ino (El). — (Building Loan Association.) — Registered 
June 21, 1899. 

Mortgage Co. of the River Plate, Limited. — Registered April 28, 
1888. 

River Plate Trust, Loan, and Agency Co., Limited. — Registered 
July 30, 1881. 

River Plate and General Investment Trust Co. , Limited. — Registered 
April 14, 1888. Offices 645 Avenida de Mayo. 

New Zealand and River Plate Land, and Mortgage Co., Limited. — 
Registered November 30, 1883; 467 Bartolome Mitre. 

INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

Progress of insurance companies. — The progress of insurance busi- 
ness in Argentina may be seen from the comparative tables given 
herewith. Details of the stamps, taxes, deposits, and other obliga- 
tions of insurance companies carrying on business in the capital 
or provinces will be found under the heading of "Stamp laws and 
duties," under Chapter IX. 

Life-assurance policies. — According to law No. 3942 (August 11, 
1900), a life-assurance policy in favor of a third party is the exclusive 
property of that person, and in no case is it liable for the debts that the 
assured leaves at the time of his death, excepting in respect either of 
such amounts received by the assurer as may be liable under the civil 
code for claims on the part of the heirs at law, or of a declaration of 
nullity of any act done which may defraud or injure the rights of 
creditors. 



INSURANCE. 



257 



Insurance effected in Argentina during the years 1807, 181)8, 1899. 
1900, and 1901 was: 



Nature. 



Sums insured. 

Paper. 



Gold 



Premium. 



Gold. Paper. 



Tax. 



Gold. ! Paper. 



1897. National 
Foreign . 

1898. National 
Foreign . 

1899. National 
Foreign . 

1900. National 
Foreign 

1901. National 
Foreign . 



$19,065. 
116,524. 

22,366; 

97,417. 

24,819. 
109,206. 

25, 741 : 
126,542. 

31,552. 
131,318. 



SIMS. 
359, 
352, 
313, 
354, 
324, 
391, 
370, 
400, 
374, 



$160,304 
549,357 
188,256 
603,322 
204,659 
747,662 
262,247 
814,455 



$2,425,093 
1,793,870 
2,550,737 

1,873,222 
2,757,770 
2,234,226 
3,152,259 
2,360,907 



$27,892 
"dl'm 



9,674 

157 

7,355 



$51,411 
237,130 

51,378 
236,372 

37,423 
234,944 

45,220 
245,285 



The analysis of the foregoing data of 1901 is as follows: 

NATIONAL COMPANIES. 



Risks. 


Sums insured. 


Premiums. 


Tax. 


Gold. Paper. 


Gold. 


Paper. 


Gold. 


Paper. 


Fire 


$22,103,915 

7,397,086 
2,051,407 


$321,693,061 

38,402,632 
40,420,094 


$126,679 
74,542 
61,026 


$1,945,225 
249,501 
957,533 




$31,454 

5,5H9 






Life and accident 


$157 


8, 197 






Total - - . 


31,552,408 


400,515,787 


262,247 


3,152,259 


157 


45,220 







FOREIGN COMPANIES. 



Fire 


$104,164,618 

20,632,381 

6,521,926 


$347,582,937 
10,937,169 
15,811,275 


$558,146 
104,394 
151,915 


$1,905,798 

45,546 

409,563 


$5,523 

233 

1,599 


$209, 782 




19,266 




16, 237 






Total 


131, 318, 925 374. 331 . 381 


814,455 


2,360,907 


7,355 


245, 285 











The fire losses in the city of Buenos Aires for the years 1897-1901 
have been as follows : 



Month. 



January .. 
February _ 

March 

Anril 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December 

Total 



1901. 



$107,450 

475,380 

36,198 

35,481 

J, 246, 130 
10,620 
15,725 
65,920 
14,510 
80.905 

132; 211 

31,480 



,252,010 



1900. 



$289,610 

799,260 

73,300 

91,640 

54,800 

630 

15,500 

51,508 

5,620 

273,200 

31,000 

70,040 



1899. 



$273,952 

291,990 

169,321 

36,780 

45,050 

51,650 

5,171 

22,360 

46,410 

93,600 

338,983 

125,801 



1,756,108 , 1,500,068 



$174,905 

106,302 

33,550 

130,475 

32,050 

49,500 

53,594 

165,920 

371,263 

168,805 

133,695 

223, 115 



1,643,174 



1897. 



$34,491 
131,375 
105,450 
263,715 

34,445 
248,990 
157,194 
228,892 
807,550 

52,852 
203,956 
242,571 



2,509,581 



573a— 03- 



-17 



258 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



List of companies registered since June, 1900. 



Date of 
decree. 



Capital. 



National 
money. 



Gold. 



NATIONAL COMPANIES. 



Americana de Publicidad 

Atlas Quarry 

Azucarera del Norte - 

Ca ja internacional de pensiones (mutual) 

Compania General de Ahorros. Bonos de acumulacion 

Compania Introductora de Buenos Aires 

Estancias Unidas del Chaco 

Gaggino Lauret 

Ingenio Amalia 

Ingenio San Miguel * 

La Aseguradora Espanola 

La Contraseguradora .„ 

La Martona 

La Teutonia 

Teneria de Buenos Aires 

Union Mercantil 

Mercados Generales de Hacienda 

M. S. Bagley y Co 

Putuco Drift Mining Co 

Investments Trust Cassels 

Telegrafico Telefonica Nacional 

Fabrica de tejidos de lana y tintoreria Prat 

Vitivinicola El Trapiche 

Cer veceria San Martin 

La Blanca-Frigorifico 

Azucarera Concepcion 

Super Aeration 

Smdicato Argentino 

La Cantabrica 

South American Publishing Co., Limited 



FOREIGN COMPANIES. 



Borax Consolidated, Limited 

Azucarera Resistencia, Limited. 



Primitiva Gas Co., Limited '. 

Cantelburo, Limited 

Flint Eddy & Co., Limited, 

La Capital Traction Co 

La Plata Real Cotton Co., Limited 

L'Industrielle Beige 

South American Asphalt Co 

The Associated Estancias, Limited 

The Cullen Station, Limited 

The San Julian Sheep Farming Co 

Compania de Obras Publicas del Rio de la Plata 

F. H. Lenders & Co. (agenda argentina) 

Sociedad Anonima de Tierras y Dominio " La Patagonia 

Sociedad de Acciones de Biennes Rurales . . 

Compania Colonial de Petroleo 



June 13, 1901 
Nov. 14,1900 
Dec. 24,1901 
July 18,1901 
Oct. 25,1901 
Dec. 19,1901 
Oct. 16,1901 
Jan. 22,1901 
Sept. 6,1901 
Mar. 21.1901 
Oct. 31.1901 
Oct. 23,1901 
Sept. 13, 1900 
Oct. 22,1900 
Oct. 17,1901 
Mar. 8,1901 
Dec. 17,1901 
Dec. 21,1901 
July 30,1901 
Feb. 5,1902 

. — .do 

Apr. 9,1902 
Apr. 17,1902 
May 26,1902 
June 6,1902 
June 7,1902 
June 18, 1902 

do 

June 30, 1902 
July 3,1902 



July 18,1901 
Mar. 28, 1901 
Oct. 4, 1901 
Mar. 28,1901 
Sept. 20, 1900 
Mar. 1,1901 

do 

Oct. 4,1900 
Mar. 8,1901 
Oct. 21,1901 
6,1901 
1,1901 
Sept. 15, 1900 
Mar. 6,1902 

....do 

June 30, 1902 
Apr. 9,1902 
May 14,1902 



Aug. 
Mar. 



$100,000 



150,000 
1,000,000 



1,000,000 
1,000,000 
1,000,000 
1,000,000 
500,000 
1,000,000 



150,000 

1,000,000 

400,000 



500,000 



500,000 

4,000 

1,000,000 

150,000 



$80,000 
300,000 



600,000 



l,350,0u0 
150,000 



1,050,000 
200,000 
250,000 
250,000 
500,000 

2,000,000 



1,500,000 
1,200,000 



Statutes of companies amended from Jidy 27, 1900, to December 31, 1901. 



Name of company. 


Date of 
decree. 


Name of company. 


Date of 
decree. 


Alemana Transatlantica de Elec- 


Oct. 7,1901 

June 13, 1901 
Oct. 20,1900 
Sept. 13, 1900 
Dec. 12,1901 
Feb. 28,1901 
May 31,1901 
Sept. 21, 1901 
May 22,1901 
Dec. 6,1901 
Feb. 5,1901 
Mar. 21,1901 
Apr. 30,1901 


La Rural 


Mav 23,1901 


tricidad 




Julv 16,1901 
July 27,1901 
Jan. 11,1901 
May 31.1901 
Dec. 17,1901 

Nov. 20.1900 


Tarapaca and Argentine Bank, 




Limited 

El Ancla, talleres mecanicos 

El Hogar Argentino *. ... 

Do 

Fabrica Nacional de Cerveza . . 


Fabrica Nacional de Polvora 

Sansinena de Carnes Congeladas . 

Do 

Servicio de Mensajeros de la 


Gaggino Lauret 


Telegrafico Telefonica del Plata . 
Cerveceria Palermo 

Caja Internacional Mutua de Pen- 


Dec. 12.1901 


Do... 


Mar. 18,1908 

Apr. 9.1902 


Compania General de Fosforos . . 


La Inmobiliaria 


Estancia y Colonia Tornquist 

La Positiva 

Azucarera Argentina 


Apr. 11,1908 


La Previsora 

Pa Primitiva 


June 18. 19(12 
June 30, 1908 



DISSOLVED COMPANIES. 



259 



List of companies dissolved by official decree. 



Name of company. 


Date of 
decree. 


Name of company. 


Date of 
decree. 


Aguas Azoadas 


Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Aug. 16,1895 
Nov. 9,1895 
Sept. 25, 1894 
Apr. 20,1901 
Feb. 16,1894 
Oct. 26,1896 
Do. 

July 5,1900 

Do. 

Dec. 80,1891 
June 13,1901 
May 31,1895 
Feb. 16,1894 
July 5,1800 
Aug. 1,1894 
July 5,1900 
Jan. 13,1894 
Aug. 11,1900 
Feb. 16,1895 
Aug. 11,1900 
Jan. 23,1899 
Oct. 6,1894 
July 5,1900 
Dec. 27,1898 
Sept. 25, 1894 

May 30,1891 
July 5,1900 
Oct. 27,1896 

Do. 

Mar. 14,1895 
Oct. 26,1896 
June 19, 1899 
July 5,1900 

Oct. 26,1896 
Do. 

Nov. 10,1894 

July 13,1892 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
May 7,1901 
Feb. 15,1897 
Oct. 26,1896 
June 30, 1902 
Jan. 31,1899 
Oct. 26,1896 
Dec. 11,1899 
Oct. 31,1895 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Do. 
Nov. 25,1895 
Oct. 26,1896 
Nov. 23, 1895 
Mar. 12,1894 
Mar. 23, 1895 
May 22,1901 
Mar. 20, 1895 
Oct. 26,1895 

Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Do 
Feb. 22,1899 
June 3,1896 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
May 22,1901 


Cooperativas — Continued. 

Confeccionesparahombres y 

senoras 

Consumo de carnes 

Consumos 

Consumos de Obreros 

Cristaleria 

Destiladora Nacional 

Fotografia e Imprenta 

La Argentina (libreria y pa- 




Agricola Indiistrial "El Caza- 
dor 1 ' 


May 4,1895 
Dec. 24,1895 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
Feb. 15,1897 


Alumbrado a Luz Electrica Edi- 
son 

Angloargentina de Tierras 


Argentina de Industria TextiL . . 

Argentina del Riachuelo 

Avenida de Mayo 

Avicultora Modelo . 


Oct. 27,1896 
Oct. 26,1896 

Feb. 16,1899 


Banco Agricola Comercial del 
Rio de la Plata 


La Heladora 

La Importadora 

Lalntroductora, importadora 


Nov. 30,1896 
Feb. 15,1897 


Banco Agricola Comercial del 
Rio Negro. 


Oct. 28,1896 


Banco Ahorro y pequenos pres- 
tamos 


La Negra (heladora) 

La Portena (almacenes) 


Apr. 18,1894 
Oct. 28,1896 




Aug. 17,1899 
Oct. 26,1896 


Banco Colonizador Nacional 

Banco Cobranzas y Anticipos 

Banco Constructor de La Plata 


La Util (lavado y aplanchado 




Do. 


Banco Credito Real 


Pintores, Fotografos y Ar- 






Do. 






Do. 


Banco de Sabadell . . 




Apr. 28,1894 


Banco G-eneral ... 


Suministros economicos en 




Banco Industrial Argentino 

Banco Industrial y Constructor. _ 


Oct. 26,1896 




Do. 




Do. 


Banco Sud Americano 


Vinicola Argentina 


Do. 


Banco Union Nacional . . 


Do 


Feb. 16,1899 


Banos Publicos de la Capital 

Beneficiadora del Puerto Mar- 
quez 


Credito Popular Territorial. . 

Credito Inmobiliaro 

Credito Real Santafecino 

Criadero de Ostras del Tuyu 

Cristof oro Colombo 

Delacre del Extracto de Carne... 
Destiladora Nacional (vease Co- 


Nov. 30, 1896 

Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 


Bieckert's Brewery Co., Limited. 
Bolsin Argentino 


Do. 
Dec. 20,1900 


Bon Marche Argentino, Septiem- 
bre 30 de 1895 y. 


Feb. 15,1897 


Buenos Aires— Edificios y Cajas 
f uertes 


Oct. 27,1896 


Destileria y Bodegas Grandval . . 

Dock Sur de la Capital, retirada 

Julio 21, 1896, reintegrada 


Dec. 27,1898 


Buenos Aires Ilustrado. ... 




Buenos Aires Seguros 


July 5,1897 


Caja de Descuentos. 


Oct. 26,1896 


Camara Sindical de Empresarios 


Drogueria Central Buenos Aires . 

Edincacion del Riachuelo 

Edificadora La Floresta 

Elaboradora Quimica Industrial . 


Do. 
May 12,1890 
Oct. 26,1896 


Campos Eliseos 


Canal interfiuvial Parana y 
Lujan 


Do. 
Feb. 18,1898 


Canteras del Minuano, Arenales 


El Arenal Grande 


Mar. 14, 1895 


y Puerto Sauce 


El Arenal Nuevo 


Aug. 31, 1895 


Canteras y arenales del Rio Soles . 


El Censor (tipograf ia) 


Feb. 15,1897 


Carnes congeladas de San Nico- 
las de los Arroyos 


Electroquimica Argentina 

Elevadores y Depositos de Granos 
El Expreso del Plata 


Dec. 4,1895 
July 27,1900 


Centro Comercial. 


Dec. 4,1895 


Centro Vinicola 


El La vadero 


Oct. 26,1896 


Cerveceria Alemana 


El Mobiliario . . 


May 22,1901 


Chateau Parry 


El Paraguay Land Company 

El Salon Argentino 


July 6,1900 


Ciudad de Quequen 


Oct. 26,1896 


Club de Carre ras 


Emporio Artistico (remates ) 

Emporio Industrial Argentino. . . 
English Butchers Shops Society . 


Do. 


Colonia Juarez Celman 


Do. 


Colonizadora Agricolabonaerense 


Do. 
Jan. 4, 1896 


Colonizadora Coi"rentina 


Estudios y reconocimientos de 
terrenos carboniferos (Comp. 
provisional) 




Colonizadora del Limay 




Colonizadora de Misiones. 


Oct. 26,1896 


Colonizadora de Santa Fe . . . 




Do. 


Colonizadora Fomento agricola . . 
Colonizadora Popular 


Fabrica Central de Garruchos . . . 

Fabrica Nacional de Calzado 

Fabrica Nacional de Ladrillos 

Farmacia Central Argentina 

Ferrocarriles Pobladores 


Do. 

June 7,1895 


Construcciones y Afirmados 

Constructora del Norte 


Oct. 26,1896 
Do. 


Constructora Villa Jardin 


July 5,1900 


Constructora San Martin 


Fomento de Balvanera 


Oct. 26,1896 


Cooperativas: 


Frigorifica de San Nicolas 


Dec. 27,1898 
Mar. 15,1894 


Almacenes (Limitada) 


Ganadera de Italo 


Oct. 26,1896 


Alimentos 


Ganadera y colonizadora del Sa- 




Agricola 


Do. 




General de Electricidad de la ci- 




Argentina, objetos de metal. . 
Calzado 


Dec. 21,1901 




Dec. 20,189K 






May 22,1901 




General Paraguay o-Argentina. . . 
General Pobladora 


Feb. 27,1897 


Centros Agricolas 


July 5,1900 



260 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



List of companies dissolved by official decree — Continued. 



Name of company. 



Grandes Hoteles 

Graneros Mercantiles (Sistema 

Norteamericano) 

Grano de Oro 

Haras Nacional 

Hierro y Acero de Liniers 

Hipodromo San Nicolas 

Horno de ladrillos de la Capital.. 
Indicador Electrico Automatico . 
IndustriasFabriles Confederadas 

Industria Tipografica 

IngeniosRio Sali 

Institute Politecnico Cartograf o 

Nacional 

Kidd & Co., Imprenta y Lito- 

grafia 

La Alimentadora Popular 

La Americana (importacion ma- 

deras) 

La Andina 

La Anunciadora 

La Arenera de Olivos 

La Argentina (combustibles) 

La Argentina (fabrica de cris- 

tales) 

La Argentina (fabrica de curti- 

dos) 

La Aseguradora Internacional. . . 

"L^Baloise" (seguros) 

La Bonaerense 

La Capital (tierras) 

La Capital (diario) _ 

La Central (confiteria) 

La Colonizadora Argentina 

La Comanditaria 

La Comercial Argentina 

La Comercial (remates).. 

La Congeladora Argentina 

La Constructora Argentina 

La Constructora del Oeste 

La Constructor del Sud 

La Constructora de Mira Mar . . . 

La Constructora de Moron 

La Constructora Maritima. 

La Economica Argentina 

La Editora Sudamericana 

La Elaboradora de Marmoles 

La Filadelfia (ganaderia ) 

La Galvanizadora Argentina 

La Heladora (vease Cooperativas. 

La Higienica 

La Importadora Argentina 

La Importadora (vease Coopera- 

tivas 

La Impresora 

La Indemnizadora 

La Industria (fabrica de escobas) 
La Industrial (minas de Cordoba) 

La Inspectora de Seguros 

La Italo- Argentina 

La Italo- Argentina (tierras) 

LaLuz dela Esperanza 

La Mercantil 

La Mecanica Portena (trans- 
poses) 

La Nacional (tierras y coloniza- 
tion) 

La Nacional (segtiros) _ 

La Negra ( fabrica de hielo ) 

La Negra Heladora (vease Co- 
operativas) 

La Noruega 

La Obrera Economica 

La Oper aria Mecanica 

La Pampa (imprenta diario) 

La Parisionne (limpieza ) 

La Patria (imprenta diario) 

La Pavimentadora 

La Perseverancia (puntas y 

alambres) 

La Plata 

La Platense (flotilla Co. Lid.) 



Date of 

decree. 



Mar. 14,1895 



July 
May 
Oct. 
July 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
May 
Oct. 
Sept. 



30,1901 
28,1898 
26,1896 

5, 1900 
26,1896 
31,18£5 

6,1900 
23,1900 
26,1896 
16,1901 



Dec. 13,1895 

Sept. 25, 1894 
Feb. 15,1897 

Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
May 22,1901 
Oct. 31,1895 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Aug. 31, 1895 
Dec. 9,1896 
July 27,1900 
Feb. 15,1897 
Oct. 26,1896 
July 21,1900 
Oct. 26,1896 
Oct. 27,1896 
May 23,1900 
Oct. 31,1895 
Oct. 26,1896 
Aug. 31,1895 
Feb. 16,1894 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Oct. 31,1895 
Feb. 15,1897 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
July 11,1893 
Nov. 30, 1896 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Feb. 15,1897 
May 22,1901 
Oct. 9,1896 
Mar. 14,1895 
Sept. 20, 1894 
Oct. 26,1896 
Mar. 9,1899 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
May 22,1901 

Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

May 3,1899 
Apr. 18,1894 

Do. 

Nov. 23,1895 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
Feb. 15,1897 
Oct. 26,1896 
Feb. 15,1897 
Oct. 26,1896 

Nov. 23,1894 
May 22,1901 
Nov. 22,1899 



Name of company. 



La Portena (coopertiva de alma- 

cenes) 

La Portena (curtiembre) = 

La Positiva (cloacas, ladrillo3, 

etc.) 

La Prevenida (seguros) 

La Primitiva (aceites) 

La Progresiva (edificios, cloacas, 

etc.) 

La Propiedad 

La Protectora Agricola 

La Protectora Argentina 

La Protectora del Agricultor 

La Protectora del Obrero 

La Pureza (refrescos gaseosos) .. 

Las Provincias Unidas 

La Querandi 

La Rapida 

La Remolcadora 

La Republica 

La Revendedora 

La Samborombom 

La Sanitaria 

La Sembradora Nacional 

La Sud Americana (haciendas).. 
La Suiza (seguros de transportes) 

La Tabacalera Argentina 

La Te jedora Argentina 

La Union (fabrica de ladrillos) .. 
La Union Industrial (haciendas) . 

La Union Nacional (seguros) 

La Universal 

La Urbana 

Lavadero a vapor La Unica 

La vaderos Argentinos 

Lavaderos nacionales de lana 

Lavaderos publicos de la Capital . 

La Valorizadora 

La Veloz 

La Vinicultora 

Liberi Muratori (hornos de la- 

drillo) 

Libreria y Casa Editora del Rio 

de la Plata 

LTndependant 

Los Veinte Unidos (cafe) 

Massachusetts Benefit Associa- 
tion 

Malecon y Puerto Norte de Bue- 
nos Aires 

Manuf acturera Argentina de Te- 

jidos 

Manufacturera Argentina de Ta- 

bacos 

Minerva Moreno 

Minas Carboniferas las Herma- 

nas 

Minera del Paramillo de Uspal- 

lata 

Minas de oro de Milla Michico . . . 
Minas de oro del Rio Corintos _ . . 

Minas Romay 

Molino Modelo 

Navegacion a vapor del alto Pa- 
rana 

Navegacion del Rio Parana y 
afluentes (Compania santafe- 

cina) 

Nacional de Impresos 

Nacional de Omnibus 

Nacional de Pa vimentacion 

Nacional de Tierras Belgrano 

Nacional Tramway Cireunvala- 

cion 

Nacional de Industrias Unidas. . . 

Nueva Chicago (tierras) 

Nuevas Minas de Oro de Milla 

Michico 

Nuevo Belgrano 

New Market Anglo Argentine . . . 

Omnibus and Hansom cabs 

Panificacion Mecanica a Vapor . . 



Date of 
decree. 



Oct. 26,1896 
Do. 

Do. 
Aug. 17,1899 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
Dec. 24,1895 
Dec. 13,1895 
Oct. 31,1895 
May 22,1904 

Do. 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Dec. 20,1898 
Feb. 15,1897 

Do. 
Oct. 26,1896 
Apr. 25,1895 
May 22,1901 
Dec. 19,1895 
Feb. 15,1897 
May 22,1901 
Nov. 23,1895 
Oct. 26,1895 
Dec. 13,18C5 
May 22,1901 
May 19,1896 
May 22,1901 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Do. 
Sept. 6,1894 
Oct. 26,1896 
May 31,1894 
Dec. 24,1895 

Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
Feb. 15,1897 
Oct. 26,1896 

Sept. 23, 1897 

Mar. 26,1894 

Oct, 26,1896 

Sept. 25, 1894 
Oct. 26.1896 

Feb. 15,1897 

July 5,1900 

Do! 
Mar. 23,1900 
Dec. 19,1895 

Dec. 24,1894 



Oct, 26.1896 
Sept. 25, 1894 

Oct. 26.1896 
Do. 
Do. 

Mav S. 1890 
Oct. 26.1896 
Feb. 22.1899 

Julv 5.1900 
Feb. 7,1895 
Mar. 20.1895 
Oct. 26.1896 
Do. 



DISSOLVED COMPANIES. 



261 



List of companies dissolved by official decree — Continued. 



Name of company. 



Panificacion Mecanica a Vapor 
"La Ceres" , 

Popular Argentina y Construc- 
tora. 

Popular Argentina y Canaliza- 
dora 

Popular Colonizadora y Con- 
structor - - 

Popular de Seguros y Economia. 

Petroleo del Rio de la Plata 

Primiti va de Gas de Buenos Aires. 

Progreso Agricola e Industrial . . 

Productora y Constructora Na- 
cional 

Propietarios para la higiene de 
Buenos Aires 

Progreso Nacional 

Progreso del Caballito 

Puerto y Ciudad de Campana 

Saladero Corrientes 

Salinas Argentinas 

Salinas Bahia Blanca 

Taller Nacional de Encuaderna- 
cion 

Talleres Casa Amarilla 

Talleres Arsenales reunidos del 
Chaco, Corrientes y Misiones . . 

Talleres Mecanicos El Ancla 

Talleres Mecanicos Nacionales. . . 



Date of 
decree. 


Aug 


1,1900 


Oct. 


26,1896 


Sept 
May 
Nov 
Mar 
Aug 


.29,1894 
22, 1901 
18,1898 
28,1901 
31,1895 


Oct. 


26,1896 


Do. 
Dec. 13,1895 
Sept. 11, 1894 
Dec. 27,1898 
Oct. 31,1895 
July 26,1894 
May 6,1895 


Oct. 26,1896 
Do. 


Mar. 
Apr. 
Aug 


14.1895 
21,1902 
31,1895 



Name of company. 



Telefonica de la Provincia de 
Buenos Aires 

Terrenos Carbonif eros 

Terrenos Puerto Madero 

Terrenos Puerto de Buenos Aires. 

Tierras, canales y colonias de la 

Republica Oriental del Uru- 



guay, 
ito 



Territorial de Mendoza 

Territorial de la Plata 

The Brunswick 

The English Manufacturing 

Company, Limited 

The Santa Isabel Estancia Com- 
pany, Limited. 

Trabajos Publicos 

Transportes Fluviales 

Tramway Mar del Plata 

Tramway a Vapor Ciudad Uru- 
guay. 

Union Azucarera Argentina 

Union Industrial 

Union Vitivinicola Argentina 

Union Italiana 

Victoria (seguros) 

Viticola Argentina 

Vapores Cantabro-Platense 

Vinicola del Rio Negro 

Zanja a Pique 



Date of 
decree. 



May 26,1902 



Oct. 10,1892 
July 5,1900 



Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
Apr. 12,1897 
July 15,1898 

Oct. 26,1896 

Nov. 22, 1901 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 
May 22,1901 
Oct. 26,1896 

June 30, 1902 
Dec. 13,1895 
Mar. 14,1895 
Sept. 25, 1894 
May 7,1901 
Oct. 26,1896 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 



CHAPTER XII. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION — INTERIOR COMMUNICATION — 
COMMUNICATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES — LINES OF 
STEAMERS — RAILROADS AND TRAMWAYS — CONCESSIONS, 
LAWS GOVERNING THEM— MAIL, TELEGRAPH, AND CABLE 
SERVICE. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 

Steamship lines. — The Argentine Republic has an efficient service 
of excellent lines with which to meet the demands of inter and trans- 
American trade, as it may further develop, either in its normal growth 
or with the assistance of reciprocity treaties. Buenos Aires is the port 
of destination of numerous steamship lines, among which are the 
North German Lloyd and the Hamburg- American Line, which serve as 
intermediaries between Europe and the United States and which 
command considerable capital. Thus the obstacles to the inter- 
change of commodities between nations are gradually disappearing 
and the possibilities of commercial development have induced them to 
establish direct and fast lines between the extreme south of the 
Atlantic and the ports of the United States. 

Trans- Atlantic lines. — The principal trans- Atlantic lines which 
place the Argentine Republic in almost daily communication with 
Montevideo, the ports of Brazil, and Europe are the following: 

Navigations Generate Italiana. — Every 15 days; 6,405 nautical 
miles, in from 17 to 18 da} ;r s. A line served by 4 steamships of from 
5,000 to 6,000 tons burden. 

Transports Maritimes a Vapeur. — Every 10 days; 5,861 nautical 
miles, in 20 days. A line served by 9 steamships of from 2,200 to 
4,300 tons burden. 

Messageries Maritimes. — Every week; 6,400 nautical miles, in 20 
days. A line served by 6 steamships of from 5,550 to 6,500 tons 
burden. 

Vapor es Transatldnticos Espanoles. — (F. Prats & Co.) — Monthly. 
A line served by 6 steamships of from 8,000 to 9,000 tons burden. 

Hamburgische und Sild-Amerilca. — Every week; 6,500 nautical 
miles, in 22 days. A line served by 6 steamships of from 8,000 to 
9,000 tons burden. 

La Veloce. — Every 10 days; 6,141 nautical miles, in from 20 to 21 
days. A line served by 13 steamships of from 1,000 to 4,900 tons 
burden. 
262 



STEAMSHIP LINKS. 



263 



u\ T 07'd Deutsche)' Lloyd. — A line served by 3 steamships of over 5,000 
tons burden each. 

Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. — Twice a month; 0,154 nau- 
tical miles, in 20 days. A line served by 10 steamships of from 3,140 
to G,000 tons burden. 

Compania Trans atldntica Espanola. — Six steamships, of from 3,100 
to 5,300 tons burden; 5,296 nautical miles, in 17 or 18 days. 

The navigation service between Argentine and the United States 
ports is performed by several navigation companies, viz, Lamport & 
Holt, the Prince Line, the Norton Line, and others of lesser impor- 
tance. The steamers of these lines have accommodation for only a few 
passengers and are not patronized by the latter but in cases of abso- 
lute necessity. The Lamport & Holt carries on a regular passenger 
service between Rio de Janeiro and New York with their steamers 
Helretius, Coleridge, and others. The same company takes passen- 
gers from Buenos Aires to Rio de Janeiro — those who intend to 
embark on the steamers of the above-mentioned line. 

Foreign shipping. — The general foreign shipping movement of the 
Argentine Republic during the year 1899 is shown by the following 
resume : 



Vessels. 



Freight. 



'Number. 

Sailing vessels arrived | 3,319 

Steamers arrived. . . _ . . ! 6, 829 

Sailing vessels cleared 3,551 

Steamers cleared \ 7, 800 



Tons. 

646,518 
6,293,049 

649,945 
7,717,940 



Of the above general figures, the following correspond to ports in 
America : 

Arrival and clearance of sailing vessels and steamers. 





Sailing vessels. 


Steamers. 




Arrived. 


Cleared. 


Arrived. 


Cleared. 




Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


Vessels. 


Tonnage. 




4 
188 
190 


1,756 
15,722 
162,551 


25 

179 

71 


16,485 
37,036 
56,990 












516 

89 

4 

1,596 

3,458 


486,425 

148,617 

7,782 

&56,208 

2,552,013 


361 
22 


252,392 


United States 

Mexico 


39,303 




105 

2,621 


5,866 
288,791 


81 
2,891 


4,660 
276,879 


1,871 
3,477 


988, 340 




2,609,959 







As regards postal communications in the Argentine Republic, 
their movement is shown by the following figures : 



Year. 


Letters and packages. 


Received. 


Dispatched. 


1898 


111,723,123 
123,741,964 


104,725,205 


1899 


121,850,071 







264 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The total number of telegraphic messages received and dispatched 
was, in 1889, 5,339,223.« 

INLAND NAVIGATION. a 

Fluvial communication, which at one time was thought to have 
become useless, with the development of railways, has of late acquired 
considerable importance. The most recent progress attained in 
inland navigation, in 1900, was the opening of the Grand Canal of 
Canada, which has placed in direct communication with all other 
ports in the" world those situated on the inner shore of Lake Superior. 
Greater still will be the work — already in course of execution — pro- 
jected by the congress of 1897, convened in Vienna, to communicate, 
through three canals — the Danube, the Oder, and the Rhine — in such 
a manner that, in the year 1904, the Baltic and the northern seas 
shall communicate, through central Europe, with the Black Sea. 

The Argentine Republic, on her part, has devoted her best exertions 
to foster navigation. 

THE PORT OF BUENOS AIRES. 

Commercial intercourse. — Owing to the prohibition by Spain of all 
commercial intercourse between the River Plate countries and other 
nations for a period of two hundred and fifty years after the foundation 
of the city, the port of Buenos Aires only came into practical existence 
in the year 1755, when the first work was initiated by Don Juan de 
Echeverria in the Bajo de Catalinas. This was followed by some small 
additions at a point near Barracas, and ultimately in the year 1821 
Rivadavia put forward his scheme for the construction of a port of 
greater magnitude. Rivadavia's project, however, did not assume 
active shape until 1882, when a contract was entered into for its comple- 
tion, and it is now known in the Argentine Republic as the Port 
Madero. The work was begun in 1886 and the port was inaugurated 
in 1897. 

The present port of Buenos Aires, along the La Plata River, has cost 
about $49,000,000 and is the second in importance in the whole 
Western Hemisphere. It comprises also the small port of Riachuelo, 
which was designed and constructed in 1877 to provide shelter for 
small craft. The combined ports contain wharfage to the extent of 
9,700 linear meters, which serves for loading and unloading ships draw- 
ing a maximum of 7 meters 80 centimeters of water. Access to the 
port is effected through a channel from the deep wateis of the River 
Plate. This channel is 19 kilometers in length and is divided into 
two branches at a point which gives a length of 9,800 meters to the 
north channel, which enters the port at the north basin, and a length 
of 10,700 meters to the south channel, which terminates at the month 

"Report of the Argentine delegation to the Second Pan- American Conference. 



POET OF BUENOS AIRES. 265 

of the Riachuelo River. The first of these channels is 6 meters 30 
centimeters deep at ordinary tide and the second 5 meters 40 centi- 
meters deep, while their breadth is 100 meters. The entire channel 
has luminous buoys, placed at equidistant points of 500 meters. 

The port consists of two basins and four docks, and the total 
area of water inclosed thereby is 660,200 square meters, while the 
total wharfage extends to 10,602 linear meters. The north basin 
possesses two diy docks, respectively 150 and 180 meters in length, 
20 meters wide at the bottom, 27.92 meters at the top, and a depth 
reaching 10.85 meters, which permits the dry docking of any ship able 
to enter the port. There are 24 warehouses, 21 of which are the prop- 
erty of the Government, the remaining 3 belonging to private firms 
and being used exclusively for the storage of cereals. The frontage 
of these 24 warehouses comprises 2,466 linear meters, the total capacity 
being 566,486 cubic meters and the total floor space 115,907 cubic 
meters. 

Dock gates. — The opening and closing of dock gates, floodgates, etc., 
together with all the cranes, are worked by hydraulic power, which is 
provided by three separate powerhouses, situated, respectively, on the 
north bank of the Riachuelo, the south end of dock 1 , and on the western 
side of dock 4, the first generating 125, the second 900, and the third 
300 indicated horsepower. The machinery employed includes 1 crane 
to lift 30 tons, 1 to lift 10 tons, 2 to lift 5 tons, 51 fixed cranes of 1-J 
tons, 86 movable cranes of \\ tons, 36 lifts of \\ tons, 16 capstans of 5 
tons and 24 capstans of 1 ton, 5 bridges, 4 dock gates, and 14 hydrants. 
The piping is 10,010 meters in length, with 630 valves, and the pressure 
in the pipes is 52 kilograms per square centimeter. 

The port is lighted throughout with electric light, the power being 
supplied by two power houses, the first of which serves 184 arc lamps 
of 280 watts and the other 261 of 400 watts. There are 46 kilometers 
of railway line belonging to the port, and for the purpose of lifting 
heavy weights there is a floating crane capable of raising 40 tons. 
Grain elevators on the American principle are now being constructed, 
and will greatly improve the existing methods of loading and classify- 
ing cereals intended for shipment, while a project for the construction 
of basins to contain inflammables is likewise under consideration, 
and other extensions of the docks are now being effected. 

Rapid growth of port. — The rapid growth and extent of the port of 
Buenos Aires may be gathered from a report published in 1899 by the 
French minister of public works in reference to the port of Marseilles. 
In this publication the operations of the principal ports of the world 
are set out in their order of importance, the figures therein contained 
showing that the port of Buenos Aires, which in 1887 ranked nineteenth 
on the list, was in 1895 the twelfth, when the total tonnage of the ships 
which entered the port was 4,925,333 tons. The tonnage of the ships 
which entered the port during 1901 was 8,661,299.26 tons, being an 



266 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



increase of 014,288.82 tons on the previous year. The total annual 
tonnage of ships which entered the port from the year 1880 is as 
follows : 



Year. 


Tons. 


Year. 


Tons. 


1880 


644,570 
827,072 
995,597 
1,207,321 
1,782,382 
2,200,779 
2,408,323 
3,369,057 
3,396,212 
3,804,037 
4,507,096 


1891 


4,546,729 
5,475,942 
6,177,819 
6,686,123 
6,894,834 
8,115,547 
7,365,405 
8,115,000 
8,741,934 
8,047,010 
8,661,299 


1881, _ 


1892 


1882 


1893 


1883 


1894 


1884. 


1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 


1885.. 


1886 

1887. . 


1888 


1889 


1900 

1901 


1890... 





The total amount of cargo dealt with in 1901 in the port of Buenos 
Aires was 3,075,724 tons, of which 1.151,570 were imports, 1,124,153 
exports, and the remaining 800,000 tons cargo shaped or in transit. 

The number of wagons traversing the port lines in 1901 was 79,967, 
being an increase of 18 per cent on the number employed during the 
previous year. 

The port dues are governed by the registered tonnage of the ships. 

Total tonnage of shipping in the port of Buenos Aires diiring 1901. 





Oversea. 


Coast. 


Total. 




Ships. 


Tons. 


Ships. 


Tons. 


Ships. 


Tons. 


Steamers: 

Entries 

Departures 

Sailing vessels: 

Entries 


1,105 
1,099 

254 
231 


2,362,681.86 
2,262,076.94 

214,045.42 
198,221.83 


2,124 

2,227 

9,431 
9,366 


1,125,302.22 
1,219,983.94 

639,309.61 
639,678.44 


3,229 
3,326 

9,685 
9,597 


3,487,984.08 
3,482,060.88 

853,355.03 
837,899.27 






Total 


2,689 


5,037,026.05 


23,148 


3,624,273.21 


25,857 


8,661,299.26 






Ships. 


Tons. 


Total entries. 

Steamers 




3,329 
9,685 


3,487,084.08 






855,555.03 










12,914 


4,341,339.11 


Total departures: 

Steamers 




3,326 
9,597 


3,482.060.88 




837,899.27 










12,923 


4 , 319, 960. 15 


Totals: 


6.555 
19,282 


6, 970. 044.90 


Sailing vessels 


1.691,254.30 


















25,837 


8,661,299.26 



PORT OF BUENOS AIRES. 



267 



Nationality of ships, port of Buenos Aires, 1901. 





Entries. 


Depai 


tures. 


Total. 


Nationality. 


Sailing 
vessels. 


Steam- 
ers. 


Sailing 
vessels. 


Steam- 
ers. 


Sailing 
vessels. 


Steam- 
ers. 


British . 


60 

1 

7 

52 

3 


621 

76 

181 

2 

7 

26 

1 

61 

110 

7 

2 


49 


616 

74 

183 

2 

5 

23 

1 

61 

108 

8 

1 

"is" 

2 


109 
1 

15 

103 

3 


1,237 
150 


German 

Norwegian 

Uanish 

Dutch 


8 
51 

1 


364 
4 
12 

49 


Belgian 


79 
3 
6 

24 
2 
3 


ii" 

164 
6 
14 
51 
4 
5 


2 


Spanish 

Italian 

Austrian 


6 

85 
3 
8 

27 
2 
2 


122 

218 

15 

3 


North American 




Brazilian 

Swedish - 


9 
2 


24 
4 









Entries. 


Departures. 


Total. 




Number. 


Tons. 


Number. 


Tons. 


Number. Tons. 




11,555 
1,359 


1,764,611.83 

2,476,727.28 


11,593 
1,330 


1,859,661.38 
1,460,298.77 


23,148 
2,689 


3,624,273.21 

4,937,026.05 






Total 










25,837 


8,561,299.26 















Port dues compared. — The following tabular statement shows the 
charges which, in 1899, were levied on vessels at the chief European 
seaports, as compared with those at Buenos Aires : a 



Countries. 



Italy 



Belgium 

Netherlands - 

Germany 



France 



England 



Spain 



Argentine Republic . 



Ports, etc. 



Genoa: 

National vessels or assimilated _ 

Foreign vessels 

Venice: 

National vessels or assimilated 

Foreign vessels 

Antwerp 

Amsterdam 

Rotterdam, through the new mouth of the Meuse 

Bremen 

Hamburg: 

Vessels not entering the docks provided with 
wharves. 

Vessels entering the docks and making use of 
their elements. 
Marseilles: 

Coasting trade 

Long-course vessels bringing cargo and leaving in 
ballast. 

Vessels arriving in ballast and leaving loaded 

London . _ 

Hull 



Newcastle 

Glasgow 

Bristol. 

Liverpool: 

Vessels remaining in the Mersey 

Vessels that enter the docks • 

Cardiff : 

Barcelona: 

Coasting trade, iron ores 

Second-class navigation 

Third-class navigation 

Second and third class, with coal 

Buenos Aires: 

Vessels from foreign ports 

Vessels from foreign ports (unclear bills of health) . 
Coasting vessels 



Fixed dues. 


Tons 


Tons of 


burden. 


cargo. 


0.234 


0.299 


.434 


.536 


.253 


.313 


.436 


.560 


.383 


.273 


.362 


.448 


.286 


.357 


.230 


.251 


.266 


.328 


.521 


.643 



.227 



.284 
.604 
.538 
.426 
.980 
.722 

.401 

1.001 

.425 



.305 
. 325 

. 0637 



.449 

.351 

.746 
.664 
.527 
1.210 
.892 

.495 

1. 238 

.525 

.162 
.688 
.938 

.288 



a Report of the Argentine delegation to the Second Pan-American Conference. 



268 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

OTHER PORTS. a 

La Plata. — The total length of the entrance channel is about 8 
kilometers, with a depth of 6 meters 30 centimeters. The Grand dock 
is 1,200 meters long and 13 wide, and terminates with a smaller dock, 
for swinging ships, 230 meters by 200 meters, which has been opened 
for traffic since 1900, and has a total length of quays of 3,000 meters. 
This port is accessible for vessels drawing 7 meters 20 centimeters to 
7 meters 50 centimeters. The trade of the country passing through this 
port was: Imports, 1898, 1.30 percent; 1899, 1.20 per cent; exports, 
1898, 3 per cent; 1899, 2.30 per cent. The arrivals of vessels in 1899 
were: From abroad, sailing vessels and steamers, 119, with 146,110 
tons register; coasting trade, 510, with 147,095 tons register; total, 629 
vessels, with 293,205 tons register. In 1900 the principal exports com- 
prised: Cereals, 86,681 tons; hay, 2,560 tons; beef, 1,294 tons; hides, 
849 tons; butter, 96 tons; quebracho, 6,159 tons; wool, 1,110 tons; 
tallow, 360 tons; live stock, 21,015 head. 

Bosario. — The trade of the country passing through this port was: 
Imports, 1898, 8.60 per cent; 1899, 8.80 percent; exports, 1898, 19.20 
per cent; 1899, 18.40 per cent. The principal exports in 1899 were, in 
tons: Sugar, 24,251: hay, 31,716; quebracho, 5,118; agricultural prod- 
ucts, 1,237,891 (of which wheat, 885,179; maize, 225,759; linseed, 
90, 644) ; pastoral products, 22,921. The arrivals of ocean-going vessels 
in 1899 were : Sailing vessels, laden, 126, tons register 63, 745 ; in ballast, 
21, tons register 9,529; total, 147, with 73,274 tons register. Steamers, 
laden, 477, tons register 542,283; in ballast, 199, tons register 302,229; 
total, 676, with 844,512 tons register. Coasting trade: Sailing vessels, 
668, with 68,497 tons register; steamers, 1,189, with 1,069,929. Total 
arrivals of all vessels, 2,680, with 2,056,212 tons register. In this 
port there are several wharves belonging to private enterprises and 
one belonging to the National Government. 

In 1899 Congress authorized the Government to call for tenders for 
the construction and working of a commercial port at Rosario, to com- 
prise 3,000 meters upward of wharves, which will allow vessels draw- 
ing 6 meters 60 centimeters to come alongside, construction of neces- 
sary buildings and complete fitting up of port with all modern appli- 
ances, the Government to maintain the channel at Martin Garcia with 
a depth of 5 meters 70 centimeters at low water and 6 meters 60 centi- 
meters at high water. 6 The total movement in the port has been, 1879, 
imports 120,000 tons; exports 140,000 tons; 1884, imports 280,000 tons; 
exports 300,000 tons; 1889, imports 610,000 tons; exports 460,000 tons; 
1894, imports 240,000 tons; exports 660,000 tons; 1898, imports 230,000 

« Argentine Yearbook. 1902. 

& In April last, the contract for the constr action of the port was entered into 
subject to certain modifications of the original tenders in regard to the working, 
original cost and percentage of the gross revenue to be paid to the Government. 
The official estimate of the cost of construction amounts to $11,952,000. and a 
Government engineer has already been appointed as director of the works. 



BAHIA BLANCA. 



269 



tons; exports 770,000 tons. For number, tonnage, and class of ships, 
1900-1901, see succeeding table . 

Bahia Blanca. — The foreign trade passing through this port was: 
imports, 1898, 1.40 per cent; 1899, 0.80 per cent; exports, 1898, 5.40 
per cent; 1899, 7 per cent. The arrivals of ocean-going vessels were 
in 1899, sailers 19, with 19,034 tons register; steamers 52, with 87,246 
tons register; coasting vessels, sailers, 22, with 5,573 tons register. 
Steamers 25, with 23,347 tons register; total, 118, with 135,200 tons 
register. This port has made great development during the past ten 
years. In 1885 the rails of the Great Southern Railway reached the 
port, and the company constructed a wharf. This was soon found to 
be insufficient for the requirements of the port, and the company is now 
carrying out large extensions at a cost of about $2,500,000. The new 
wharf will be 500 meters long, with spacious warehouses and about 30 
kilometers of sidings. The depth of water in midstream at low tide 
is 8 meters 10 centimeters and at high tide 11 meters 10 centimeters. 
The channel is 3 kilometers long and 50 meters wide. (For number 
of ships and tonnage, 1900-1901, see table below.) 

Figures relating to ports of lesser importance are included in the 
table of entries and departures. 

The following table shows the number of sailing ships and steamers 
and the total tonnage of all entries and departures at 57 ports of the 
Republic for 1900 and 1901, respectively: 

ENTRIES. 





Steamers. 


Sailing vessels. 


Total. 




Number. 


Tonnage. 


Number. 


Tonnage. 


Number. 


Tonnage. 


1900. 
Oversea 


2,077 
18,421 


4,028,478.25 
6,227,288.19 


477 
27,780 


382,299.11 
1,595,158.45 






Coast ships 














20,498 


10,255,766.44 


28,257 


1,977,457.56 


48,755 


12,233,224.00 



1901. 

Oversea 

Coast ships . . 



23,034 



3,534,3,57.21 
7,143,085.70 



10,677,442.91 



406 
27,520 



27,926 



288,616.84 
1,335,317.30 



1,623,934.14 



50,960 



12,301,377.05 



1901. 

Oversea . 

Coast ships . . 



DEPARTURES. 



1900. 
Oversea 


2,&30 
18,926 


4,630,568.02 


474 


348,317.80 
1,296,313.66 








6,463,019.81 


27,864 














21,256 


11,093,587.83 


28,3!38 


1,644,631.46 


49,594 


12,738,219.29 



2,078 
21,211 



3,960,944.24 
7,393,372.05 



23,289 11,354,316.29 



349 

27, 172 



27,521 



251,083.01 
1,356,925.55 



1,608,008.56 



50,810 i 12,962,324.85 



270 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Argentine port clues. — The fixed charges which have to be paid by 
steamers and sailing vessels arriving with cargo at any Argentine 
port are : 



Classification. 


Gold. 


Paper. 


Light dues: Punta Indio and Eanco Chico together, per register ton 

Health dues: 


$0.07 

.01 

.02 




Vessels with foul bill of health, per register ton _.l 

Bill of health, steamers and sailers of all sizes _ 


""$6765 


Consular fees according to vessel's nationality, tonnage, and port or ports of des- 
tination. 
Stamped paper: 

The manifest and store list must be translated into Spanish and presented 
at the customs bearing, for steamers, an official stamp (for the first sheet) 




100.00 






1.00 


For sailing vessels of over 500 tons register the stamps required for giving 




55.00 






1.00 






2.00 


Vessels arriving in ballast require stamped paper for entry of half the value 
of that necessary when arriving with cargo, and pay for light dues, instead 
of gold $0.07 only (besides one-half of the usual health dues)... 


.085 




Steamers with packet privileges require no special permit for taking in car- 
go, and on clearing only present a statement of goods taken on board on 


25.00 




1.00 


When loading, a special permit called " opening register " must be taken out, 




55.00 


When clearing with cargo or " closing register, 1 ' the stamped paper required 




50.00 






200.00 


Passenger steamers, provided with disinfecting stove, for each voyage 




100.00 






3.00 


Steamers that have paid $100 for inward manifest or sailing vessels that have 
paid $55 for same in any Argentine port, have only to pay $3, paper, for 
the first, and $1 for each additional sheet of stamped paper in all other 
Argentine ports where they may discharge cargo. 







Anchorage. — All vessels arriving in an Argentine port, Buenos 
Aires only excepted, have to pay anchorage dues at the rate of 1 cent 
paper per register ton. Vessels exclusively occupied in coasting trade 
pay 0.005 paper per register ton. 

Steamers arriving with general cargo as a rule pay agents a com- 
mission on the amount of freight for attending to the ship's inward 
business, when nothing is stipulated to the contrary in the charter- 
party, in addition to a fee of $50 gold for giving entry at customs. 
For clearing in ballast, $25 gold; with cargo, $100 gold. This last fee 
covers custom-house work in a second Argentine port. 

Sailing vessels: For giving entry at customs, $25; for clearing in 
ballast, $15; for clearing with cargo, $50. The above are the usual 
fees charged in Buenos Aires, La Plata, and Rosario, but in the 
smaller river ports the custom-house business is frequently effected 
for a reduced fee. 

Brokerage: On steam charters, 4 per cent; on sail charters, 5 per 
cent, including an address commission. 

Pilotage in the port of Buenos Aires: Steamers or sailing vessels 
towed from the Outer Roads to the anteport (i. e., the entrance to 
the South Basin) or vice versa, pay pilotage according to the follow- 
ing tariff, in proportion to their registered tonnage. Steamers or 
sailing vessels: From 120 tons to 300, $15 paper; from 301 to 500 tons. 



PORT DUES. 



271 



$20 paper; from 501 to 1,000 tons, $25 paper; from 1,001 to 1,500, $30 
paper. Vessels of more than 1,500 tons pay $35 paper. Steamers or 
sailing vessels towed from the anteport to the Vuelta de llocha pa} 7 
$1 paper, to Barraca de Pena $8 paper, and $12 paper to the bridge of 
Barracas. For every change of position in the Riachuelo itself, ves- 
sels of more than 1,000 tons pay $6 paper, and those of less tonnage 
$4 paper. Vessels that enter or leave in ballast only pay 75 per cent 
of amounts rated; this reduction applies equally to shifts, etc., in the 
port of the Riachuelo. 

Graving-docks charges. — The charges for the use of the graving 
docks at the port of Buenos Aires are as follows : 

TONNAGE DUES. 

Gold. 

For the first 500 tons register $50. 00 

For each 200 tons register in excess 10. 00 

DOCK DUES. 



Per day and per ton 
(gold). 




On the first 500 tons register 
On the next 250 tons register 
On the next 250 tons register 
On the next 250 tons register 
Exceeding 1,250 tons register 



Fractions of a ton are counted as a ton and vessels of under 500 
tons register pay the dues chargeable on a vessel of 500 tons. Work 
can be done at night by an extra payment $0.04 gold per ton register 
per night. Fractions of a day are counted as a whole day for pur- 
pose of calculating these dues. 

Lights on Argentine coast and in River Plate. 



Name. 



Range and compass. 



Height 
above 

sea 
level. 




Bearing. 



Punta del Indio 
(light-ship). 

Banco Chico 
(light-ship). 

Punta Piedras 

(light-ship). 



Boca del 

chuelo. 



Ria- 



Martin Garcia 



San Antonio 



Punta Medanos 



Visible 11 miles 
Visible 8 miles _ 

Visible 14 miles 



Visible for 3 miles; 
originally visible 7 
miles. 

Originally visible for 
12 miles; now only 
for 6 miles. 

Visible for 21 miles in 
a sector of 270° em- 
bracing the whole 
horizon. 



Visible for 21 miles in 
a sector of 225° em- 
bracing the whole 
horizon 



Meters. 
13 



13 



59. 50 



Revolving, catadiop- 
tric, 4 double lenses. 

Fixed; on Cordouan's 
system, with reflect- 
ors. 

Catadioptric, 4 double 
lenses. 

Reflecting 



Parabolical, with oc- 
tagonal lantern. 

Lighting apparatus is 
on Fresnel's system, 
lenticular, with 8 
lenses, and the re- 
volving apparatus 
on Bar bier's system. 

White, fixed; system 
Brohner; lenticular, 
with 8 lenses. 



Lat. S.35°10'; long.W. 

57° 5'. 
Lat. S.34°48'; long.W. 

57° 30'. 

Moored 24 miles S. 33° 
E. of Point Indio 
light-ship. 

Lat. S. 34° 38' 10"; long. 
W. 58° 21' 20" Green- 
wich. 

Lat. S. 34° 11'; long.W. 
58° 13' 15" Greenwich. 

Lat. S. 36° 18' 24"; long. 
W. 56° 44' 15"; long. 
W. 3 1 ' 46' 57" Green- 
wich. 



Lat. S. 36° 53'; long.W. 
56° 38' 9" Greenwich. 



272 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Lights on Argentine coast and in River Plate — Continued. 







Height 






bailie. 


Range and compass. 


above 

sea 
level. 


System. 


Bearing. 






Meters. 






Punta Mogotes. 


Visible for 22 miles in 


55 


Lighting apparatus is 


Lat.S.38°05'40"; long. 




a sector of 225° em- 




on Fresnel's svstem, 


W. 57° 31' 17" Green- 




bracing the whole 




and the revolving 


wich; W. 59° 51' 30" 




horizon. 




apparatus on Bar- 
bier's system; len- 


Paris; E.0° 23' 15" La 








Plata Observatory. 








ticular, with 8 lenses. 




Monte Hermoso 


Visible 8 to 10 miles 


57 


Large lamp, lighted 
by kerosene. 


Lat. S. 38° 59'; long. W. 
61° 39' 50" Greenwich. 


Bahia Blanca 


Visible 14 miles 


13 


Catadioptric, 4 double 


Situate at the entrance 


(light-ship). 






lenses. 


to Bahia Blanca ports 
and bears 13 miles S. 


















6° E. of Monte Her- 










moso. 


Rio Negro 


19 miles is the maxi- 
mum distance at 
which this light is 
visible. 


45.62 


Fixed, reflecting 


Lat. S. 41° 03' 23"; long. 
W. 62° 48' 10" Green- 
wich. 


Isla de los Esta- 


Originally visible for 


55 


Parabolical - 


Lat. S. 54° 43' 24"; long. 


dos. 


14 miles; now only- 
visible at a distance 
of 8 miles. 






W. 63° 43' 1" Green- 
wich. 



RAILWAYS. 

First railway. — The first railway line was opened for traffic in the 
Republic in the year 1857 with only 10 kilometers in operation. In 
1867 there were 572 kilometers; in 1875, 1,384 kilometers; in 1880, 
2,313 kilometers; in 1885, 4,541 kilometers, and in 1890, 9,254- kilo- 
meters. From that time on the construction of railways has advanced 
with rapidity. a 

Railway mileage. — In 1891 the railways had a mileage of 11,700 
kilometers; in 1895, of 14,222 kilometers, and, finally, in 1901 they have 
reached 17,062 kilometers, of which a little more than 2,000 kilometers 
belong to the Government and the rest to foreign companies. The 
capital invested in these lines amounts to about $553,000,000 gold. a 

Length of lines in 1901. — The following table gives the length of 
lines open, the capital paid up, the number of passengers conveyed, 
and the traffic receipts of all the railways of Argentina in 1901 : 

Kilometers of line . : :: - 17, 663 

Total capital paid up (gold) $541, 050, 763 

Passengers carried 19, 572, 315 

Tons of freight carried 14, 266, 410 

Total receipts (gold) $44,180,905 

Total expenses (gold) _ $24, 227, 737 

Interest earned per cent. _ 3. 11 

Comparing the system with that of other countries in 1901, we have: 

Kilometers. 

Argentina (1901) 17,084 

Brazil 14.038 

Mexico (1901) . 14. 322 

Chile 4.286 

a Report of the Argentine delegation to the Second Pan- American Conference. 
p. 55. 




w w w> w <*> w g ^ ^ fa) <«* fet^^ 



RAILWAYS. 



273 



Comparative mileage. — The following- table gives the order in which 
the countries of the world are placed with respect to their railways, 
from which it will be seen that Argentina stands ninth on the list for 
length of line. The returns for other countries are for 1898 and 1809. 



Order. 



Countries. 



United States 

Germany 

Russia 

France 

India 

England (colonies not included) 

Canada 

Austria-Hungary 

Argentina 

Italy 

Brazil 

Mexico (1901) 



Area. 



Sq. kilometers. 

9,212,300 

540,627 
22,429,998 

586,408 
5,068,840 

314,339 
8,767,700 

300,193 
2,885,620 

286,648 
8,337,218 
1,987,324 



Railway. 



Kilometers. 
299,968 
48,280 
43,061 
37,424 
35,340 
34,856 
27,930 
18,182 
17,062 
15,643 
15,038 
14,322 






All railways come under the jurisdiction of the minister of public 
works. 

Working of lines. — The following is a statement of some of the 
details of the working of Argentine railways during 1899 : 

Length of line open to traffic , kilometers. . 17, 062 

Authorized capital (gold) $617, 886, 727 

Paid-up capital (gold) $541,050,763 

Capital per kilometer of line (gold) $32, 964 

REVENUE. 

Passenger receipts (gold) $9,276,636 

Passenger receipts per kilometer of line (gold) $573 

Number of passengers carried 18, 011, 503 

Passengers kilometer 709, 526, 678 

Parcel and excess baggage receipts _ _ _ $1, 359, 617 

Parcels carried tons. . 143, 373 

Freight receipts (gold ) $28 , 360, 475 

Freight carried tons. _ 11, 819, 497 

Telegraph receipts (gold) $246, 992 

Total receipts for year $39, 888, 074 

EXPENDITURE. 

Permanent way and works and telegraphs (gold) . $4, 603, 148 

Traction (gold) 6, 842, 118 

Movement (gold) 3,081,279 

Management and directors 2, 523, 433 

Total expenditure '. $21,323,433 

Net profit $18,874,192 

Earned on capital. _ . . per cent. . 3. 58 

Locomotives number. . 1, 245 

Passenger cars do 1,545 

Freight cars do. ... « 32, 897 

a Report of the Pan-American Railway Committee to the Second International 
Conference of American States, 1902, pp. 21-23. 

573A— 03 18 



274 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Railway map. — It may be added that in the map there are not 
included the following extensions and constructions of lines, which 
have been commenced since the date of its publication, representing 
an extension of track of over 2,000 kilometers : The line from Olavarria 
to Bahia Blanca (Buenos Aires Southern Railway); the lines from 
Banderolo to San Rafael and from Trenque-Lauquen to Carhue (Buenos 
Aires Western Railway); the line from Italo to Buena Esperanza 
(Pacific Railway); the lines from Maipu to Villa Lujan, fromLaDor- 
mida to San Rafael, and from Panquene to Rodeo del Medio (Argentine 
Great Western Railway); the line from La Carlota to Rio Cuarto 
(Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway); the line from Libres to Santo 
Tome (Argentine Northeastern Railway) ; the line from Punta de Yacas 
to Las Cuevas (Trans- Andean Railway) ; and the extension from Trelew 
(Chubut Central). The greatest distance the railways run in Argentine 
territory from north to south and southwest is 2,950 kilometers, and 
the following principal cities are reached: Jujuy, Salto, Tucuman, 
Cordoba, Rosario, Buenos Aires, and Bahia Blanca, and the National 
Territory of the Pampa Central, toward the Neuquen, thus connecting 
the Cordilleras and the Atlantic. 

Railway to Bolivia. — The connection of the Argentine Republic 
with that of Bolivia has not been effected up to this date, owing to 
the difficulties of the region and the paucity of trade, but at present, 
and by virtue of an agreement between the two governments, there 
are corps of engineers of both countries on the field and the survey 
of the Argentine section has been recently completed. This railway 
connection will be open to the public by June, 1904. 

The Economista Mexicano has published a statement of the dis- 
tances which remain to be laid with rails in the different countries 
of America in order to complete the Pan-American railway system, 
and from said statement it is seen that the Argentine Republic needs 
only to extend its railways for 125 English miles, at an estimated cost 
of $4,000,000 gold. 

According to the project of the Argentine Government, the line to 
Bolivia is to start from the terminus of the Ferrocarril Central del 
Norte (Northern Central Railway), with an extension of 300 kilome- 
ters. It must be added that the Government has been offered — by a 
building firm — to have the work completed, provided its cost be paid 
with "fondos publicos" (government securities). 

When this project shall be realized the Argentine Republic will 
have integrally fulfilled the part allotted her in the recommendation 
formulated by the conference held in Washington Citj^. 

Railroad trackage. — According to a table published in the Review 
of the River Plate, there are 16,563.5 kilometers of railroad trackage 
in the Argentine Republic. Of this total length the State railways 

a Report of the Argentine Delegation to the Second Pan-American Conference, 
pp. 55-56, 



RAILWAYS. 



275 



aggregate 2,007.2 kilometers. The Government also owns 119 locomo- 
tives, 110 coaches, 55 brake vans, 1,966 freight cars, and 127 special 
freight cars. The Government railways are the Andine, Central Norte, 
and Argentine) del Norte. Their combined capital is $54,958,782 gold. 

The railroads belonging to private corporations have a combined 
length of 14,556.3 kilometers. On these are employed 1,141 locomo- 
tives, 1,456 passenger cars, 951 brake vans, 31,649 ordinary and 448 
special freight cars. The combined capital of the 21 railroads con- 
trolled by private corporations is $471,657,859 gold. 

Bailivay receipts in 1900. — In 1900, including partial estimates for 
the last quarter, the receipts of the Government roads aggregated 
$1,615,990 gold and the expenditures $1,215,471, leaving a net profit 
of $400,419. The receipts and expenditures of the private roads were, 
respectively, $39,778,179 and $22,305,385, leaving a net profit of 
$17,540,340. 

Railway returns in 1902. — The "Review of the River Plate" for 
January 4, 1902, published a table giving the approximate returns of 
the Argentine railways, from which the appended statistics are 
obtained, the capital, receipts, expenses, and profits being expressed 



in gold. 



GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS. 



Name of line. 


Length. 


Capital. 


Receipts. 


Ex- 
penses. 


Profits. 


Passen- 
gers. 


Freight. 


Inter- 
est. 




Km. 
355 

1,098 
563 


$8,655,607 
33,243,838 
13,059,337 


$639,450 

1,209,510 

142,447 


$327,598 
853,661 
178,351 


$311,852 
355,849 
a 35, 904 


92,390 

281,097 

35,485 


Tons. 
460,588 
557,089 
40,699 


Per ct. 
3.50 


Central Norte 

Argentino del Ncrte 


1.07 


Total 


2,016 


54,958,782 


1,991,407 


1,359,610 


631,797 


408,972 


1,058,376 


1.15 







PRIVATE RAILWAYS. 



Great Southern 

Western 

Buenos Aires and 
Rosario 

Central Agentine . . . 

Buenos Aires and 
Pacific 

Great ' West Argen 
tine -. 

Bahia Blanca and 
JM orth western 

Argentine east 

Northeast Argen- 
tine 

Central Entre-Riano 

Province of Santa Pe 

Central Cordoba 
(north) 

Central Cordoba 
(east) 

Cordoba and Rosario 

Northwest Argen- 
tine 

Cordoba Northwest- 
ern 

Trans- Andine 

Central of Chubut . . 

Total 



3, 683 $112, 

949 37, 

| 

1,889 58, 

1,571, 72, 

1,042 37, 

53o! 22, 



378! 
161 

653; 26, 

643! 16, 
1,311 29, 



885 

210l 
289, 

196, 

153i 

142, 

70 



474,878 
814,112 

241, a% 

789,815 

567,999 

,176,090 

,316,000 
,593,265 

131,105 

174,040 
250,720 



23,398,482 

6,451,200 
10,744,408 

5,590,479 

6 
6 

1 



,618,528 
,276,474 
,008,000 



14,745 486,616,831 43,423,116 



12,265,996 
4,715,269 

5,699,232 

7,685,863 

3,295,296 

2,758,014 

271,231 
197,553 

268,464 
466,219 

2,285,i 

1,273,625 

665,678 
867,510 

519,406 

95,750 
72,332 
19,984 



971, 

026, 

133, 
(371, 

724, 

401, 

205, 
163, 

259. 
350. 
,250. 



ISO 



915 



350 



981,966 
299,629 



$6,294, 
2,688, 

2,566, 
4,010, 

1,570, 

1,£56, 

65, 
33, 



115 

1,034 



601 



291,659 



278,401 241,005 



80. 

125. 

16. 



5101 15, 
006! « 52, 
440! 3, 



22, 542, 995 20, 880, 121 19, 696, 250 



6,190. 
3,574, 

3,312. 
3,696, 

614, 

448, 

19. 

20, 

54. 
147. 
361 



210,225 



839, 168 



,105,067 
,539,252 

,712,447 
,604,114 

789, 469 

413,605 

37,803 

52,357 

81,874 
215,148 
718,113 

565,074 

471,849 
443,630 

630,204 

48,966 
9,170 
5,257 



13,443,399 



5.60 
7.11 

4.41 
5.51 

4.18 

6.11 

.79 
.61 

.04 

.72 

3.53 



33 



a Loss. 



276 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

RAILWAY COMPANIES. a 

Argentine Great Western Railway. — This line was constructed by 
the Government, and the last section opened to public service on 
May 6, 1885. On June 14, 1887, it was taken over by an English 
company, by which it is at present worked. 

The line runs from Villa Mercedes, in the province of San Luis, to 
the city of San Juan, passing through the important wine-making 
districts of Mendoza and San Juan, which constitute its chief source 
of traffic. 

At Villa Mercedes Junction the railway is connected with Buenos 
Aires by the Pacific line, and with Rio Cuarto and Rosario by the 
Andine and Central Argentine railways. 

Passengers and other traffic for Chile pass over the Great Western 
as far as Mendoza, where a change is made for the Trans-Andine Rail- 
way Company's narrow-gauge line. 

The company's headquarters (management) are at Mendoza. 

Argentine Northeastern Railway Company, Limited (registered 
October 31, 1887). — Directors and management: W. Bailey Hawkins, 
chairman ; the Hon. H. L. Gibbs, E. M. Underdo wn, L. Cahen d'Anvers, 
Sir Chas. A. Turner, K. C. I. E., G. Zwilgmeyer; Harrison Hodgson, 
London manager and secretary. 

Buenos Aires Great Southern. — This is the largest railway in the 
Argentine Republic, both in regard to its mileage, its earnings, and 
its capital (company registered October 8, 1862). — Directors and man- 
agement: F. Parish, chairman; R. J. Neild, David A. Shennan, Jason 
Rigby, II. Bell, Col. Sir C. B. Euan Smith, K. C. B. Gauge, 1 meter 
67 centimeters, consisting of the following lines and branches: From 
Buenos Aires through Chascomus, Tandil, Tres Arroyos to Bahia 
Blanca; Buenos Aires, through Canuelas, Olavarria, Bahia Blancato 
Neuquen; Buenos Aires through Lobos, Navarro, General Alvear, 
Bolivar, and Saavedra; Buenos Aires, Quilmes, La Plata, Dock Cen- 
tral, and Rio Santiago; Buenos Aires to Temperley and San Vicente; 
Altamirano to Las Flores; Maipu to Mar del Plata; A} T acucho to 
Necochea; Las Flores to Tandil; Bahia Blanca to Port and Military 
Port; La Plata, Atalaya, and Alvarez Jonte La Plata and Ferrari, 
Pereira and Ensenada. Total length, 3,697 kilometers. 

The equipment of the line in the matter of passenger cars, sleeping 
and restaurant cars, and in everything pertaining to the convenience 
and comfort of the passengers, leaves nothing to be desired. 

There are 210 for the most part well and substantially built stations 
on the line. 

The total capital of the company is slightly over $100,000,000 gold. 

The company owns 248 engines, 246 passenger cars, with seating 
capacity for 13,750 persons, including commodious and convenient 
sleeping cars sufficient for the accommodation of some 1,200 passen- 

« Argentine Yearbook, 1902. 



RAILWAYS. 277 

gers. It also possesses 129 passenger and 113 goods brake vans, and 
8,486 wagons with a carrying capacity 7 of 81,330 tons. 

During the year 1899 nearly 5,400,000 passengers were carried, 
while the goods traffic amounted to 1,915,760 tons, 37 per cent of 
which was represented by general goods, 8 per cent hy wool, 18 per 
cent by wheat, 13 per cent by maize, and 12 per cent by stone; the 
remaining 12 per cent being miscellaneous goods. 

The Great Southern Railway serves three ports, viz, those of Buenos 
Aires, Ensenada, and Bahia Blanca, where a very considerable busi- 
ness is done. They are furnished with extensive wharves, equipped 
with steam and hydraulic cranes, and with every convenience for the 
loading and unloading of all kinds of goods, and with sheds for their 
storage when desired. 

The line is chiefly a single one. A double track, however, exists 
between Buenos Aires and Altamirano and between Barracas and La 
Plata. Stone ballast is gradually replacing the black earth, so that 
the parts where the traffic is heaviest will be proof against the heavy 
rains, which would otherwise make their satisfactory maintenance a 
matter of extreme difficulty, if not at times altogether impossible. 

Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway (registered October 10, 1882). — 
Directors and management: J. W. Phillips, chairman; C. E. Gunther, 
T. P. Gaskell, E. Norman, consulting engineers. This company was 
formed to carry out a concession for a 1 meter 67 centimeters gauge 
railway from Villa Mercedes (San Luis) to Mercedes (Buenos Aires), 
578.358 kilometers (359.392 miles). It was opened for public traffic 
on October 8, 1886. Total length, 1,031 kilometers. 

An extension from Mercedes to the city of Buenos Aires, about 
108 kilometers (67 miles), was opened March 20, 1888. A junction 
from Chacarita to Colegiales Avith the Buenos Aires and Rosario 
Railway was opened on April 1, 1898. A branch from Rufino in a 
southwesterly direction to Italo, 117 kilometers (72.7 miles), will shortly 
be completed. 

The railway serves rich agricultural and pastoral districts. The 
chief towns at which it touches are Pilar, Mercedes, Chacabuco, 
Junin, Vedia, Orellanos, Rufino, and Villa Mercedes. 

It connects with the Western Railway system at Chacarita and 
Mercedes, with the Rosario Railway at Colegiales, the Central Argen- 
tine Railway at Junin, the Villa Maria and Rufino and the Great 
Southern of Santa Fe and Cordoba companies' lines at Rufino, and 
with the Andine and the Argentine Great Western companies at 
Villa Mercedes. The last-mentioned connection gives through com- 
munication between Buenos Aires and the provinces of San Luis, 
Mendoza, and San Juan, known as the Cuyo provinces, the great 
wine-producing districts of the Republic. 

The only direct route to Chile is via the Pacific Railway from 
Buenos Aires. The passes over the Andes are as a rule open from 



278 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

December to April, and the journey from Buenos Aires to Valparaiso 
and Santiago, Chile, including transport by mule and coach over the 
unfinished course of the Transandine Railway from Punta de Vacas 
to Salto del Soldado, is accomplished in seventy-two hours. 

With the addition of the branch line from Rufino to Italo, the total 
length of the companj^'s system will be 804 kilometers. 

The principal workshops and store deposits are at Junin, 250 kilo- 
meters (155.3 miles) from Buenos Aires, and furnish employment to 
about 000 men. 

Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway Company, Limited (incorpo- 
rated February 10, 1873). — Directors and management: Walter Mor- 
rison, chairman; Carlos Darbyshire, J. B. Davison, Col. F. J. G. Mur- 
ray, R. J. Neild, Campbell P. Ogilvie, P. Riddich, J. Rigby, J. W. 
Todd, J. Wilson Theobald. Gauge, 1 meter 67 centimeters, consisting 
of the following main line: From Buenos Aires to Tucuman, passing 
through San Nicolas, Rosario, San Lorenzo, Irigoyen, Galvez, Rafaela, 
Sunchales, Santiago del Estero, with branches from Belgrano to Tigre, 
San Lorenzo to Puerto Martin, Irigoyen to Santa Fe, Galvez to Mor- 
teros, Villa Constitucion to Rio Cuarto. Length, 1,855 kilometers. 
The present title of the Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway is some- 
what of a misnomer, for it has long overgrown its name, and is now 
the direct trunk line from the capital to the north of the Republic 
and may justly be called the Argentine Great Northern. 

The Rosario Railway takes the lead with its symmetrical trains of 
splendidly equipped modern cars, and in point of accommodation and 
attention to the personal wants of its passengers. 

The line has a length of 1,472 kilometers, namely, the main trunk line 
from Buenos Aires to Tucuman, running in a northwesterly direction 
through the provinces of Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Santa Fe, Santiago 
del Estero, and Tucuman, with the following branches: Local line, 
Buenos Aires to Tigre, 32 kilometers: small branch to port of Corana, 
4| kilometers ; branch to Santa Fe, 77 kilometers ; branch to Los Mor- 
teros, 188 kilometers; branch to Santiago, 6| kilometers; branch to El 
Chanar, 16 kilometers. 

The total capital of the company is $48,750,000 gold. The company 
finds employment for over 4,300 men and owns 109 engines; 173 pas- 
senger cars, with a seating capacity for 11,487 persons, including com- 
fortable sleeping cars sufficient for 486 passengers; also 147 brake 
vans, and 4,409 wagons, with a carrying capacity of 46,263 tons. 

There are 110 stations on the line, and during the year 1898, 
2,935,945 passengers and 1,231,093 tons of cargo were carried. 

The land in the province of Buenos Aires through which the line 
passes is richly fertile, being almost entirely alluvial soil and admi- 
rably adapted for both pastoral and agricultural purposes, the princi- 
pal cereal grown being maize, of which over 74,000 tons were trans- 
ported by this company during the year 1899. 



RAILWAYS. 279 

The potato district deserves remark, an extensive area being devoted 
to the cultivation of this vegetable, of which produce the railway 
company carried over 50,000 tons during 1899. 

A number of sawmills have been started along the line, giving a 
new impetus to this business. In the vicinity of Tucuman sugar-cane 
plantations abound on every side (the irrigation of whicli is conducted 
on a large scale through innumerable small canals), the raising of 
cane and the manufacture of sugar being the staple industry of the 
province. The branch to Chaiiar, 1G kilometers long, runs through the 
heart of the sugar district, convenient sidings connecting the factories 
with the line, some of which are quite up to date, being illuminated 
by electric light and furnished with the most modern machine^. 
During 1899, this railway carried 37,340 tons of sugar cane and 43,300 
tons of sugar. 

Immense quantities of wood are consumed by the factories as fuel, 
brought by rail, and 84,000 tons of firewood were carried for this pur- 
pose during 1897. A by-product of sugar is alcohol, of which this 
company carried 2G,000 tons during 1899. 

The company's enterprise is again manifest in the new overhead 
line, now finished, entering the city along the shore of the river Plate, 
whicli, with its complement, the extension to the Buenos Aires docks, 
will place the company in a most advantageous position on the north- 
ern side of the city and complete the splendid system so carefully 
built up. 

Buenos Aires and Valparaiso Trans- Andine Raihvay Company. 
Limited. — Directors and management: E. M. Underdown, K. C. 
(chairman); Herman Gwinner, Frederick William Lawrence, W. 
Wilson, Hon. Arthur Stanley, M. P. Consulting engineers, Livesey, 
Son & Henderson. Secretary, Arthur Rimmer. This company was 
formed in London in the year 1886 to take over a concession with 
a 7 per cent guarantee for twenty years, granted originally by the 
Argentine Government in 1874, for the construction and working 
of a meter gauge line from Mendoza to the summit of the Cordil- 
lera de los Andes, via the Uspallata Pass, to connect with a similar 
concession, to start from Santa Rosa de los Andes, granted by the 
Chilean Government. The works were commenced early in 1887, 
and in February, 1891, the first four sections — Mendoza to Uspallata, 
92 kilometers — were opened to public service. In May, 1892, the fifth 
section to the Rio Blanco was opened to service. In December, 1893, 
the sixth section was also available for trains from Mendoza up to 
Punta de Vacas. 

On the Chilean side the works were commenced and carried up to 
the Salto del Soldado, 27 kilometers from Los Andes, up to which 
point trains now run. The total length of the line to connect Men- 
doza and Los Andes is some 243 kilometers, so there remain 73 kilo- 
meters to be constructed. 



280 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



The work involved in the construction of this line are of a heavy 
nature, and the railway offers more points of interest than probably 
any other in the Republic. 

Throughout there are man} 7 elaborate works in cuttings, both in 
gravel and rock, and extensive defenses have been required to jxro- 
tect the line against river floods. Perhaps the most interesting point 
of all is the Abt sj^stem of rack railways, which is already working in 
the last 10 kilometers before reaching Punta de Vacas, on the Argen- 
tine side. 

The works remaining to be done will also be of a most interesting 
nature, involving tunnels of considerable length at the summit. As 
to the scenery that this route offers, some idea may be formed of the 
gigantic masses of the Andes by the following table of elevations 
above sea level, viz : 



Localities. 



Mendoza 

Cacheuta station 

Uspallata 

Punta de las Vacas 

Puente del Inca Baths 

Las Cuevas camp 

Summit of railway _ _ 

Summit of ridge of Pass la Cumbre 

La Calavera Valley 

El Fortillo Plain 

El Juncal 

Guardia Vie ja 

Salto del Soldado 

Los Andes 



Elevation above 
sea level. 



Meters. 


Feet. 


719 


2,350 


1,196 


3,920 


1,702 


5,570 


2,333 


7,650 


2,710 


8,870 


3,188 


10,450 


3,200 


10,500 


3,900 


12,800 


3,022 


9,900 


2,810 


9,250 


2,218 


7,250 


1,662 


5,440 


1,276 


4,180 


830 


2,720 



The above elevations are, with the single exception of the summit 
ridge, all levels of the bottom of the valleys, which throughout are 
bordered by great mountains rising from 3,000 meters (9,850 feet) 
near the lower extremities to 5,500 meters (18,000 feet) in the upper 
portion of the line, while those heights, great as they are, are dwarfed 
by imposing masses of the Aconcagua, 7,300 meters (24,000 feet), and 
Tupungato, 7,000 meters (23,000 feet), which to the north and south of 
the pass respectively flank the valleys. 

In the incomplete state of the undertaking but little idea of its 
importance can be formed, though the route is already used by some 
8,000 persons a year, who by its means can travel between the east 
and west coast in three days, against at least ten days that the pas- 
sage by the Magellan Straits involves, besides economizing two-thirds 
of the cost. The steamship companies appear to have quickly recog- 
nized this transcontinental route as a serious opponent, as through 
tickets are already obtainable. 

The passage of the 73 kilometers that still have to be constructed. 
have been greatly simplified of late years hy the construction by the 
Governments of excellent coach roads on both sides and by hotel 
accommodation, which, if not luxurious, is, considering the temporary 
nature, very fair. Passengers, too, by the competition between two 



RAILWAYS. 281 

express companies, are transported over the gap at reasonable rates, 
all of which has tended to popularize this route and make the number 
of people using it an ever increasing one, both for business and 
pleasure, for which latter purpose there is nothing more interesting 
in South America. 

Buenos Aires Western Railway Company, Limited (registered May 
17, 1890). — Directors and management: R. J. Neild, chairman; IT. G. 
Anderson, J. W. Batten, K. CI; Ily. Bell, J. W. Todd, W. Parish. 
Consulting engineers, Livesey, Son & Henderson. This company was 
formed to acquire, under a law dated September 23, 1889, from the 
provincial government of Buenos Aires the railways of 1 meter 67 cen- 
timeters gauge belonging to the State (about 1,062 kilometers). It 
serves the western and southwestern portion of the province of Buenos 
Aires, stretching from the city of Buenos Aires to Toay, in the Pampa 
Central, where it connects with the Bahia Blanca and Northwestern 
Railway, thus affording through communication with the port of 
Bahia Blanca. 

A branch has also been constructed in recent years from Bragado 
on the main line to the fifth meridian, the limit of the province of 
Buenos Aires. 

The first rails of this important concern were laid in the year 1857 
by the provincial government, which was the owner of the line until 
1890, when it was purchased by the present proprietors, an English 
company formed for the purpose in London, where its head offices are 
permanently established. 

The total length of the line is 915 kilometers and the principal towns 
through which it passes are Lujan, Mercedes, Chilicoy, Bragado, 9 de 
Julio, Pehuajo, Trenque Lauquen, General Lagos, Toay, Lincoln, 
Pinto, and Villegas. 

The working capital of the company is $43,500,000 gold, and in 1901 
a 6 per cent dividend was declared on both the ordinary and preferred 
shares. 

The rolling stock of the company comprises 116 locomotives, 201 
passenger saloons and brake vans, and 3,887 wagons. 

The chief products of the country which the line serves are cereals 
and alfalfa, while the goods traffic in an average year exceeds 1,000,000 
tons. The average number of passengers carried annually is about 
3,500,000, and of live stock of all descriptions, 750,000 head. 

An accommodating local train service exists between Once de 
Setiembre station (the Buenos Aires terminus) and the western 
suburbs of the city, the more important among which are Flores, 
Ramos Mejia, Moron, and Merlo. The main line night trains, which 
run twice a week between Buenos Aires and the Toay and Villegas 
terminus, are provided with commodious sleeping cars, and to the long- 
distance trains are attached well-appointed restaurant cars, which 
contribute considerably to the comfort of the traveling public. 

Bahia Blanca and Northwestern Railway Company, Limited 



282 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

(registered May 11, 1889). — Directors and management: J. W. Phil- 
lips, M. P., chairman; P. P. Mosley, M. Van Raalte, E. Norman, F. 
O. Smithers. Consulting engineer, Charles H. Fox. Gauge, 1 meter 
67 centimeters, consisting of the main line from Bahia Blanca to Toay, 
a distance of 371 kilometers. Connections with the Buenos Aires Great 
Southern at Bahia Blanca; with the Buenos Aires Western at Toay. 

Central Argentinp Railway (registered March 10, 1864). — Direct- 
ors and management: Walter Morrison, chairman; C. Darbyshire, 
Col. Lawrence Heyworth, Col. Fred. Murray, C. P. Ogilvie, Rt. Hon. 
Sir Ed. Thornton, G. C. B. , P. Riddoch. Gauge, 1 meter 67 centimeters, 
consisting of the following main lines and branches : Rosario through 
Canada de Gomez and Villa Maria to Cordoba; Canada de Gomez, 
Pergamino, and San Antonio to Lujan; from San Nicolas through 
Pergamino to Junin ; Buenos Aires, via Victoria, to Capilla del Senor 
and San Antonio; Rosario to Peyrano; Rio Segundo to Alta Gracia; 
Pilar to Villa del Rosario; Pergamino to Melincue; Buenos Aires 
to Tigre. In 1900 this company purchased the West Santa Fe Railway 
Company. Total length, 1,562 kilometers. 

Cordoba Central Raihvay Company, Limited (registered August 
11, 1887). — Directors and management: E. L. Weigall, chairman ; W. 
Hume, J. Van Raalte, P. Norman, T. Wood, G. W. Houghton, W. 
Henty. Consulting engineers, Livesey, Son & Henderson. Gauge, 1 
meter, consisting of the following main lines and branches: Cordoba 
to Frontera; Cordoba, through Dean Funes, Recreo and Frias, to 
Tucuman; Recreo to Chumbicha; Frias to Santiago del Estero. 
Total length, 2,137 kilometers. Line and connections: With the 
Cordoba and Rosario at Frontera; with the Central Argentine at 
Cordoba; with the Cordoba and Northwestern at Cordoba; with the 
Buenos Aires and Rosario at Santiago del Estero and Tucuman; 
with the Northwest Argentine at La Madrid and Tucuman. 

Cordoba and Northwestern Railway Company, Limited (regis- 
tered March 21, 1889). — Directors and management: Col. Paget Mos- 
ley, chairman; F. C. Norton, J. Oelsner, C. D. Rose. This line is 
worked by the Central Cordoba. Formed to acquire a concession 
granted by the provincial government of Cordoba for the construction 
of a line of railway (153 kilometers, or 95 miles, of 1 meter gauge, 
excluding two short branch lines from near La Calera to Las Canteras 
de Mai Paso, and from near Santa Maria to Tanti Cuchi) from the 
city of Cordoba to the town of Cruz del Eje, a station on the line from 
Dean Funes to Chilecito, owned by the national government. Witli 
the consent of the government, however, the construction of the 
branch lines has been postponed. The first section, from Cordoba to 
San Roque (45 kilometers), was opened on September 8, 1891, and 
the whole line on July 2, 1892. 

Cordoba and Rosario Railway Company, Limited (registered 
January 16, 1889). — Directors and management: E. B. Meriman 
(chairman), T. Wood, W. Hume, G. W. Houghton, J. A. Le Lacheur, 



RAILWAYS. 283 

J. IT. Whittle. Gauge, 1 meter (narrow gauge), consisting of the fol- 
lowing main line and branches: From Rosario to Frontera; Frontera 
to Rafaela. Total length, 205 kilometers. Connections and competi- 
tive points: (1) With the Buenos Aires and Rosario at Rosario and 
Rafaela; (2) with the Central Argentine at Rosario; (3) with the Cor- 
doba Central at Frontera; (4) with the Western Santa Fe at Frontera; 
(5) with the Northern Santa Fe at Rafaela. 

Entre Rios Railway (registered November 19, 1891). — Directors and 
management: R. J. Neild, chairman; Lord Farrer, Col. F. G. Oldham, 
Hon. R. C. Parsons, Woodbine Parish. Gauge, 1 meter 42 centimeters, 
consisting of the following main line and branches: Bajada Grande 
(Parana) to Concepcion del Uruguay, Nogoya to Victoria, Tala to 
Puerto Ruiz, Basavilbaso to Villaguay, and Basavilbaso to Guale- 
guaychu, Sola to Marcia, and a new line, nearing completion, from 
Villaguay to Concordia. Average length of line worked, 643 kilo- 
meters. Extension of line, 115 kilometers. 

East Argentine Raihvay Company, Limited (registered May 11, 
1871). — Directors and management: Sir G. B. Bruce (chairman), Chas. 
Burt, R. W. Graham, Wilson Noble, W. Wilson, Jason Rigby. Offices, 
Concordia, Entre Rios. Gauge, 1 meter 42 centimeters, consisting of 
the following main line and branch : From Concordia to Monte Caseros, 
and branch from Monte Caseros to the Ceibo Creek on the River 
Uruguay. Total length, 159 kilometers. Connections: With the 
Argentine North Eastern at Monte Caseros; with the North Western 
of Uruguay by the company's steamers, which ply up the River 
Uruguay. 

The North Argentine Raihvay. — In October, 1887, the construction 
of the Dean Funes to Chilecito and Chumbicha to Catamarca Rail- 
way was commenced. On March 29 the line was opened to the public 
between Dean Funes and Tuclame, in the province of Cordoba, and on 
July 11, 1891, the Tuclame and Santa Rosa section. The remainder 
of the distance traverses the province of La Rioja. 

The Chumbicha and Catamarca section, in the province of Cata- 
marca, was opened to the public service in September, 1899, with GG 
kilometers (41 miles) extension. The Santa Rosa section to Chilecito 
and the Santa Rosa to La Rioja, both in the province of La Rioja, 
were opened to the public service in July, 1889, and November, 1897. 

The total capital invested in the construction of these lines 
amounted to $14,979,337. 

The name of this line was "The Dean Funes to Chilecito and 
Chumbicha to Catamarca National Railway," but it was changed in 
January, 1898, to "The North Argentine Railway," Rioja and Cata- 
marca section. The gauge of this line is 1 meter. 

The rails employed are of rolled steel, for the most part, and all 
other constructions are of "quebracho Colorado" (hard wood), the 
sleepers also being of quebracho Colorado, and placed at the rate of 
1,250 per kilometer. 



284 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



The starting point of the Rioja section is Dean Funes, which is 
situated at the height of 596 meters above sea level. The principal 
line is terminated at Chilecito, at the height of 981 meters above sea 
level. The branch to La Rioja, which is situated at a height of 404 
meters, starts from Santa Rosa, at the height of 338 meters. The 
greatest height reached by the line in the Rioja section is 981 meters 
above the sea level, and the least 112 meters, which point is to be 
found in the Salinas Grandes. 

The steepest grades on this railway are 13 per cent. 

The rolling stock and motive power with which the line is equipped 
are as follows: 

Passenger locomotives 15 

Freight locomotives . 3 

Wagons 249 

First-class carriages 11 

Second-class carriages 18 

Sleeping carriages 3 

Special carriages 5 

Combination first and second class carriages 2 

Water tanks 23 

Gas deposit 1 

Province of Santa Fe, French Company. — Directors and manage- 
ment: Chairman, L. Ewald, Paris. Directors, O. Mirabaud, L. Odier, 
Count R. Lavaurs, Marquis des Roys, G. Thenon, L. Villars, J. Du- 
plan, M. Boucard. Length of line, 1,311 kilometers. Gauge, 1 meter. 
System, Santa Fe, San Cristobal, Reconquista, Rosario, Colastine. 



Summary of operations, 1901. 





Length. 


Gross 
income 
(gold). 


Capital 
(gold). 


"Working 

expenses 

(gold). 


1 

GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS. 


Kilometers. 

354.9 

1,102.0 

563.2 


$589, 748 

1,219,610 

136,498 


$8,655,007 
33,243.838 
13,059.337 


$324,737 


Central Norte 


841,280 




168,137 






Total... 


2,020.1 


1,945,856 


54,958,782 


1,334.154 






FOREIGN COMPANIES. 

• 


3,696.3 

1,010.2 

1,888.7 

1,571.6 

1,107.2 

529.9 

377.6 

160.9 

661.9 

643.0 

1,308.4 

884.6 

210. 5 

288.9 

196.1 

153.2 

158.0 

70.1 


12,153,126 

4,518,580 

5,407,009 

7,160,149 

3,070,514 

2,582,377 

268, 784 

200,316 

272,887 

449,885 

2,225,370 

1,274,797 

647.900 

788,815 

494, 767 

92.727 

73,853 

19,420 


116,669,151 
38, 735. 390 
60,741,072 
75,283,475 
36.288.000 
21,876.206 
8,313.480 
5,593,406 
26,131.105 
16,174,040 
29.250,720 
23,398,482 
6.451.21X1 
10, 744. 408 
5,390,479 
6, 618. 528 
6,276.474 
1,008.000 


5, 924. 749 


Buenos Aires Western 


2,052.008 
3.058.371 




3.571.356 


Buenos Aires and Pacific- 


1.678.209 


Argentine Great Western 


1,709,842 




207.511 


East Argentine 


163.272 




258,502 




349.251 


Santa FeR R.. 


1.242.1535 
1,015.115 


East section 


304,620 


Cordoba and Rosario.. 


582. 707 


Argentine Northwestern 


282. 754 


COrdoba and Northwestern 

Buenos Aires and Valparaiso Transandine .. 
Chubut Central R.R 


81,769 
115,390 

16,012 






Totai 


14,917.1 


41,701,276 


495.143.616 


22.614.073 



RAILWAYS. 



285 



Summary of operations, 1901 — Continued. 



GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS. 

Andino 

Central Norte 

Norte Argentino 



TotaL 



FOREIGN COMPANIES. 



Great Southern 

Buenos Aires Western 

Buenos Aires and Rosario 

Central Argentine 

Buenos Aires and Pacific 

Argentine Great "Western 

Bahia Blanca and Northwestern 

East Argentine 

Argentine Northeastern 

Entre Rios Railways 

Santa FeR.R. 

Cordoba Central: North section 

East section 

Cordoba and Rosario. 

Argentine Northwestern 

Cordoba and Northwestern 

Buenos Aires and Valparaiso Transandine 
Chubut Central R.R 



Total „ - 18,880,178 



gers. 



73,795 

348, 148 

35,946 



457,889 



6,242,929 

3,271,221 

3,311,997 

3,656,604 

644,677 

476,960 

19,375 

20,707 

54,666 

142,053 

347,580 

212, 123 

79,651 

71,563 

275,600 

39,719 

11,185 

1,568 



Cargo. 



Tons. 
399,715 
564,561 
39, 125 



1,003,401 



2,331,358 

1,118,397 

1,547,344 

2,353,006 

598,416 

383,956 

36,073 

51, 796 

78,796 

207,076 

760,875 

546,570 

409,564 

415,887 

518,360 

46,099 

8,758 

5,030 



11,417,361 



Net 
earnings 

on 
capital. 



Per cent. 
3.06 
1.14 
.24 



5.33 

6.37 

3.87 

4.77 

3.84 

3.99 

.74 

.66 

.05 

.62 

3.36 

1.11 

5.32 

1.92 

3.79 

.17 

«.66 

.34 



Locomo- 
tives. 



b 3. 858 



lis 



267 
116 
146 
164 
90 
63 
20 
14 
36 
30 
71 
92 
13 
29 
20 



1,190 



Rolling 

stock 

(cars, all 



482 

1,572 

314 



9,975 

4,017 

5,281 

5,383 

2, 372 

1,122 

271 

313 

484 

552 

2,061 

1,829 

703 

762 

542 

122 

149 

63 



36,001 



« Loss. t> Average. 

[The returns for other countries are for 1898 and 1899; those of Argentina for 19(X).] 



Order 



Countri 



Area. 



Population. 



Railway. 



United States.. 

Germany 

Russia 

France 

India _ 

England (colonies not included) 

Canada 

Austria 

Arg3ntina 

Italy 

Brazil 

Mexico 

Spain _ 

Victoria 

New South Wales 

Chile 

Queensland 

New Zealand 

Algiers 

Egypt.. 

Cape Colony 

South Australia 



Square kilo- 
meters. 
9,212,300 
540,627 
22,429,998 
536,408 
5,068,340 
314,339 
8, 767, 700 
300,193 
2,885,620 
286,648 
8,337,218 
1,987,324 
504,552 
229,078 
799,139 
753,216 
1,730,721 
268,461 
797,770 
994,300 
756,803 
985,720 



62,982,244 

52,279,901 

128,931,827 

38,517,975 

290,575,000 

40,559,954 

5,185,990 

41,895,413 

4,094,911 

31,667,946 

14,333,915 

12,630,863 

18,089,500 

1,176,248 

1,323,460 

2, 712, 145 

484, .00 

729,056 

4,479,000 

9,811,544 

2,100,000 

358,224 



Kilometers. 

299,968 

48,280 

43,061 

37, 424 

35,340 

34,856 

27,930 

18,182 

17,062 

15,643 

14,038 

13,369 

12,916 

5,037 

4,331 

4,286 

4,199 

3,576 

3,472 

3,247 

3,203 

3,009 



286 



ARGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 



Argentine railway working compared with that of other countries. 



Length of line, kilome- 
ters 

Passengers carried 

Passenger kilometers . . 

Freight carried, tons 

Freight ton, kilometers 

Passenger receipts 

Freight receipts 

Total receipts 

Total expenses 

Total profits 

Capital 

Employees 

Length of line: 

Per 100 kilometers 
area 

Per 1,000 inhabitants 



Argen- 
tina, 1900. 



16,564 

18,296 

7,328 

12,660 

21,469 

$9,201 

$28,396 

$39,958 

$22,634 

$17,324 

$554,449 

43, 486 



0.57 
3.46 



Ger- 
many, 



49,041 

812,536 

186,538 

322,545 

329,857 

$128,272 

$305,328 

$486,331 

$292,009 

$194,322 

$3,100,760 

521, 760 



9.07 



France, 
1899. 



37,841 

401,794 

123,349 

122,525 

159,833 

$120,938 

$157,982 

$284,277 

$145,877 

$138,400 

$3,243,723 

268, 728 



8.70 
1.20 



Cape 

Colony, 

1900. 



United 
States, 



3,361 
13,640 



1,370 



$4,058 
$13, 196 
$17,744 
$11,079 

$6, 665 
$110,085 



0.44 
7.34 



304,575 

523,176 

234,774 

959, 764 

1,989,806 

$291,113 

$913, 737 

$1,339,655 

$857,564 

$482,091 

$11,033,955 

928,924 



3.93 

4.86 



India, 
1900. 



39,754 
174,824 
112, 762 

43,615 
107, 769 
$29,836 
$68,032 
$105,322 
$50,332 
$54,990 
$1,101,161 
350,177 



0.73 
.14 



Canada, 



27,930 
19, 133 



31,212 



$15,930 
$40,101 
$62,244 
$40,706 
$21,538 
$964; 700 



0.32 

5.78 



Comparative statements of working of Argentine railways from 1897 to 1900. 



1897. 



Length of line open to traffic Dec. 31, kilo- 
meters 

Length of line constructed during the 

year kilometers. . 

Authorized capital (gold) 

Paid up capital (gold) 

Capital per kilometer of line (gold) 



REVENUE. 



Passenger receipts (gold) 

Passenger receipts per kilometer of line 
(gold) 

Receipts (gold) per passenger, kilometer, 

cents 

Percentage of total receipts 

Number of passengers carried 

Passenger kilometers. . 

Average kilometers per passenger 

First-class passengers per cent . . 

Parcel and excess luggage receipts 

Percentage of total receipts 

Parcels carried tons.. 

Freight receipts (gold) 

Freight receipts per kilometer of line. 

Cents (gold) per ton kilometer.. 

Percentage of total receipts 

Freight carried tons.. 

Average kilometers per ton of freight 

Telegraph receipts (gold) 

Telegraph receipts per kilometer of line 

(gold) 

Total receipts for year (gold) 

Total receipts per kilometer of line 

Total receipts per 1,000 train kilometers 

Total receipts per 1,000 axle kilometers 

Total receipts per 1,000 kilometer, tons gross 

weight (not including locomotives) 

Total receipts to expenses per cent. . 

Total receipts of capital do 



14,754 

293 

$507,247,811 
$507,247,811 



EXPENDITURE. 

Permanent way and works and telegraphs 
(gold) 

Permanent way per kilometer of line 

Traction (gold) 

Per 1,000 locomotive kilometers (gold) . 

Per 1,000 car kilometers ( gold ) 

Per 1,000 tons, live weight (gold) 

Per 1,000 tons, dead weight (locomotives 
not included) 

Movement (gold) 

Per 1,000 axle kilometers 



$7,258,147 



1.14 

25.6 

16,410,945 

637,342.196 

39 

52 

$1,082,072 

3.8 

113,659 

$18,895,093 

$1,295 

1.24 

67 

8,981,129 

169 

$136,684 



$28,293,081 
$1,940 
$1,203 

$22 

5.2 
171 
5.7 



$3,281,004 

225 

$5,363,321 

$157 

$4.20 

$3.35 

0.99 

$2,429,960 

1.90 



1898. 



1899. 



15,475 



>:>23.f>17,095 
$523,517,095 



$8,044,212 

$524 

1.25 
25.0 

16,478,058 

641, 466, 487 

39 

51 

$1, 194, 150 

3.7 

126,592 

$22,356,420 

$1,456 I 

1.34 ! 

70 

9,429,141 

176 

$189,472 

$12 

$32,138,301 

$2,094 

$1,311 

$24 

5.6 
175 
6.1 



$3,832,291 

250 

$6,121,006 

$168 

$4.55 

$3.51 



$2,385. 



1.06 



16,392 

917 

$617,886,727 

$541,0.50,763 

$32,964 



$9,276,636 

$573 

1.31 
23 

18,014,503 

709,526,678 

39 

50 

$1,359,617 

3.4 

143,373 

$28,360,475 

$1. 753 

1.37 

71 

11.819,497 

176 

$246,992 

$15 

$39,888,474 
$2,465 
$1,504 



6.0 

187 

r. 57 



$4,603,148 

284. 50 

$6,842,118 

$175 

$4.56 

$3. 16 

1.03 

$3,081,279 
2.06 



1900. 



16,563 

171 

$635,005,046 

$.554, 499, 338 

$33,477 



$9,200,919 

$558 

1.26 
23 

18,296.422 

732,825.242 

40 

48 

$1,441,556 

3.6 

161,264 

$28. 1395, 716 

$1,723 

1.3 

71 

12.659,831 

169 

$247,296 

$15 

$39,958,270 

$2,425 

$1,431 

$25 



5.7 
177 



$5,215,811 

316.57 

$7,336,031 

$176 

$4. 58 

$3. 27 

1.0* 

$3,206,471 
2. 00 



RAILWAYS. 287 

Comparative statements of working of Argentine railways, etc. — Continued. 



ex pendituke— continued. 

Traffic (gold) 

Per kilometer of line 

Per locomotive kilometer 

Per 1,000 axle kilometers - 

Per 1,000 tons, live v* aight 

Management and directors (gold) 

Per kilometer of line 

Per 1,000 locomotive kilometers 

Per 1,000 axle kilometers of cars 

Per 1,000 ton kilometers, live weight ... 

Total expenditure (gold) 

Per kilometer of line 

Per 1,000 locomotive kilometers 

Per 1,000 train kilometers 

Per 1,000 car axle kilometers 

Per 1,000 ton kilometers, live weight . . - 

Expenditure (gold) per 1,000 ton kilometers, 
dead weight (locomotives not included) . 

Net profit 

Percent gained on capital 

Accidents: 

Killed . 

Injured 

Compensation paid by companies (gold) 

Employees: 

Total 

"Wages (gold) 

Locomotives number. 

Passenger cars do . . . 

Freight cars - do . . . 



1897. 



$3,228,712 

221 

95 

2.53 

2.02 

$2, 255, 406 

155 

66 

1.76 

1.41 

$16,558,403 

1,135 

486 

704 

12.96 

10.35 

$3.04 

$11,734,678 
2.38 

171 

188 
$18,479 

36,571 

$11,627,914 

1, 153 

1,493 

32, 425 



$3,601,745 

2a r ) 

99 

2.68 

2.06 

$2,394,063 

156 

66 

1.78 

1.37 

$18,334,284 

1,194 

503 

748 

13.61 

10.51 

$3.18 

$14,138,388 
2.70 

142 
170 

$32, 127 

37,539 

$13,694,579 

1,180 

1,545 

32,400 



1899. 



$4,273,207 

264 

109 

2.85 

1.97 

$2,523,433 

156 

64 

1.68 

1.17 

$21,323,185 

1,318 

544 

804 

14.23 

9.85 

$3.19 

$18,874,192 
3.58 

195 

277 

$34,041 

39,604 

$15,556,485 

1,245 

1,547 

32,897 



1900. 



$4,414,269 

268 

106 

2.76 

1.97 

$2,261,424 

149 

59 

1.54 

1.10 

$22,634,006 

1,374 

542 

810 

14.13 

10. 10 

$3.21 

$17,668,594 
3.26 

164 



43,486 

$16,183,051 

1,276 

1,412 

34, 118 



Railroads in construction.— The following lines are in course of 
construction : 

Great Southern Railway : Branch from Olavarria to Bahia Blanca. 

Buenos Aires Western : Extension from Trenque Lauquen to Car- 
hue and from Van Pret to 60 miles west. 

Pacific : Extensions from Italo to Buena Esperanza and from Saf or- 
cada to Colonia Isabel. 

Argentine Great Western: Extension from La Dorinida to San 
Rafael and rectification of line between Rodeo del Medio and Pan- 
quehua. 

Government lines : Wire cable line from Chilecito to the mines at 
Famatina, expenses to be covered by State funds. 

Transandine : Extension from Punta del Inca. 

Central Chubut : Extension of 50 kilometers from Trelew and a line 
from Puerto Piramides to Salinas Grandes. 

A branch from Villaguay to Concordia, to connect the Entre Rios 
and East Argentine railways and to pass through lands belonging to 
the Jewish Colonization Society. 

Railroad concessions granted. — The following concessions have 
been granted and are still in force : 

Great Southern Railway: Further extension from Loberia to Tres 
Arroyos. 

Buenos Aires Western: Extension from Lincoln, in a westerly 
direction. 



288 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Enlre Rios Railway (French Santa Fe Railway): Line from San 
Francisco to Villa Maria, connecting with the Andine. 

East Argentine : A branch from Chajari to Sauce. 

North East Argentine : A branch from Santo Tome to Posadas. 

Pacific : A line from Chacabuco to Sargento Cabral. 

The following concessions have also been granted : Line from Rosario 
to Bahia Blanca and branches to the Federal Capital, La Plata, and 
Puerto Militar ; to London Company (Compania de Ferrocarriles Indus- 
triales), a network of railways to establish communication between 
the various departments in the province of Mendoza; line from Puerto 
Piramides to Salinas Grandes, in the territory of Chubut; a railway 
from the river Parana, opposite Corrientes, to the Bolivian frontier; 
line from Piray Guazii to Brazilian frontier, passing through San 
Pedro ; a line from Colonia Ocampo to connect with the line from San 
Cristobal to Tucuman ; a line from Puerto Tilly, following a westerly 
direction through the colony of Sarmiento and terminating in the 
colony of San Martin; a line from Parque de Lezama to Almirante 
Brown, and a line from Colon, to connect with the Pacific Railway at 
Orellano on Rufino. 

The Government will shortly construct 600 kilometers of line (75 
centimeters) in the south. In 1901 the government of the province 
of Buenos Aires granted a concession for a line from Necochea to Tres 
Arroyos. A concession was also granted for an electric tramway from 
the Riachuelo to General Mitre and La Plata. A concession was 
granted in 1900 for a similar line from the limits of the city of Buenos 
Aires to the Tigre. (Full particulars of the working of the various 
railway companies will be found under railways in this chapter, page 
272.) 

The following lines are projected: 

Andine Railway : From La Toma de Dolores, through a fertile zone. 

Ferrocarril Norte: Extension from Jujuy to Bolivia. During the 
year 1901 1,700 kilometers of new line were in course of construction. 

In 1902 a concession was granted for 200 kilometers of line in the 
Santiago Chaco, starting from a point on the Central Northern. 

GOVERNMENT LINES. 

Andine (Villa Maria to Villa Mercedes): Length, 355 kilometers. 
General manager, E. Diaz. Offices, Rio Cuarto, Cordoba. Gauge, 
1 meter 67 centimeters. 

Central Northern: From Tucuman to Jujuy. San Cristobal to 
Tucuman. Salta-Zuviria and various branches. Gauge, 1 meter. 
General manager, V. Rapelli. Offices, Tucuman. Length of line, 
1,102 kilometers. 

SECONDARY LINES. 

Chubut Railway: Length, 70 kilometers. Directors, H. Stokes. 
W. Tod, A. Isaacson, R. II. Rodger. Agents in Buenos Aires, Lock- 



TRAMWAYS. 289 

wood & Co., Cuyo 631. Gauge, 1 meter. Congress has granted 
permission to the company to extend its lines 50 kilometers. 

Malagueiio Railway: From Cordoba to Malagueiio and Ferreyra. 
Concession, May 16, 1883; opened to public service on November 1, 
1885. Gauge, 75 centimeters. 

Florencia-Piragua : Gauge, 1.05 meter. Length of line, 42 kilo- 
meters. Agents in Buenos Aires, Luis Urdaniz & Co., 535 Callao. 

Colonia Ocampo to Puerto Parana : Gauge, 1 meter. Length of line, 
40 kilometers. Proprietor, Sr. M. Ocampo, 655 Corrientes, Buenos 
Aires. 

Corrientes to San Luis de Corrientes: Gauge, 60 centimeters. 
Length, 30 kilometers. Proprietor, F. Bolla, Corrientes. 

Catalinas Railway Company: By decree of October 7, 1892, the 
Catalinas Warehouse Company was accorded the same rights as other 
railway companies. Decrees of April 30 and August 3, 1891, author- 
ized the construction of the lines. Gauge, 1.676 meters. Length, 8f 
kilometers. 

Buenos Aires Port Lines: Gauge, 1.676 meters. Length, 25 kilo- 
meters. Worked by National Government. 

TRAMWAY COMPANIES. 

First tramway. — The first tramway in Argentina was established by 
the Northern Railway Company, whose service was limited to the rail- 
way passengers only. It was a horsepower system, and the coaches, 
which were called "imperiales" or "double-deckers," were built in 
the style of an English omnibus. This enterprise was followed by a 
second one, inaugurated by the Southern Railway, to carry passengers 
from Lima Station to Constitucion. These two lines did not allow 
intermediate fares nor take passengers at intermediate points. Their 
advent was hailed with general acclamations, and the first journey was 
the occasion for demonstrations of admiration on the part of the peo- 
ple. The first important move in the direction of success was in 1870, 
when the first public tramway company was inaugurated, and soon 
afterwards several others were formed. In 1873 Rosario and Parana 
had their first lines open. Rosario has been granted a concession 
since for electric traction. In 1875 the Barracas line was laid, 
and soon afterwards the principal towns throughout the country 
had each its system of tramways. In May, 1895, there were tram- 
ways in 11 provinces and in 19 towns. The number of tramways in 
that year was 39, of which 28 were Argentine and 11 foreign. The 
amount of capital expended was $84,044,581 national money. The 
length of line was 798 kilometers. These companies included in the 
city of Buenos Aires, 10; Barracas al Sud, 2; Lujan, 1; La Plata, 5; 
San Nicolas, 1 ; Mar del Plata, 1 ; Raf aela, 1 ; Rosario, 5 ; Santa Fe, 2 ; 
Gualegua} 7 chu, 1 ; Parana, 2, and one each also in Corrientes, Cordoba, 
Rio Cuarto, Mendoza, San Juan, Catamarca, Tucuman, and Salta. 
573a— 03 19 



290 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Electric traction. — In 1892 experiments were tried with electric trac- 
tion, and in 1897 the first electric tramway was constructed. Since 
then some 25 concessions for electric traction have been granted by the 
municipality. The tramway companies in Buenos Aires have to con- 
tribute to the municipality 6 per cent of their gross receipts and have 
to pay $50 per annum per square of single track of lines laid in paved 
streets. Thirty-three per cent of the cost of repaving or renewals must 
be paid by the companies and 5 per mil must be paid on the value of 
the property. The municipality may alter existing tariff rates. The 
tramways running in Buenos Aires, in La Plata, and in Rosario are 
owned by public companies. The remainder are private concerns. 

Tramway companies in 1895. — According to the census of 1895, 
there were in that year 39 tramway companies in the country, of 
which 28 were Argentine and 11 foreign ; the length of lines amounted 
to 740 kilometers. The capital amounted to $84,000,000 paper, or 
about $38,000,000 gold. The number of passengers carried in 1894 
was 88,306,866. In 1897 the passengers carried by the tramways in 
the city of Buenos Aires, which has a population of more than 850,000 
people, passed 100,000,000. 

TELEGRAPHS. 

The telegraph system of the Argentine Republic embraces national, 
provincial, railway, and private companies' lines, and all belong to 
the "Argentine convention," which also includes those of neighbor- 
ing provinces. 

The tariff is uniform over the different systems. The lines are all 
aerial, and the construction is on iron, palm, or quebracho poles. 
Now that the forests of quebracho are brought within easy transport 
by means of the railway, quebracho poles are coming largely into use, 
as they are the most durable of any yet known. 

The ivire is generally No. 7 galvanized iron, although the cable 
companies employ copper. 

The insulators are of the Bell pattern. The cost of construction 
varies from $155 per kilometer to $300 and more in outlying districts. 

All telegraph material for existing lines is imported duty free; the 
usual tariff ranges from 5 to 25 per cent. 

Wireless telegraphy. — In 1899 the Marconi system of wireless teleg- 
raphy was introduced with a view of revalidating the patents. This 
system will, in all probability, be adopted by the Argentine Govern- 
ment for the fa~ "outh and also between Martin Garcia (an island at 
the mouth of the Parana River) and the mainland. 

First telegraph line. — The first telegraph line constructed in this 
country dates back to August 30, 1857, and belonged to the Western 
Railway of Buenos Aires, and its length was onby 10 kilometers (6.2 
miles). The instruments used Avere those of the Breguet pattern. 
From this date to 1869 the length of the telegraph lines did not 
increase much, but on May 7 of that year a line was opened to Rosa- 



TELEGRAPHS. 



291 



rio, with a length of 410 kilometers (255 miles). The province of 
Buenos Aires built the line up to Arroyo del Medio, the boundary 
between the two provinces, and the National Government continued 
the line to Rosario. About the same time the towns of Mercedes, 
Carmen, Salta, Rojas, Pergamino, and San Nicolas were placed in 
telegraphic communication with the capital. 

The instruments used were of the Morse pattern. All the early 
lines were constructed by the province of Buenos Aires, and it was 
only in 1870 that the National Government commenced the construc- 
tion of lines. 

Length of line iii 1897. — At the end of 181)7 the length of line was 
18,531 kilometers (11,515 miles) and of the conductors 41,038 kilo- 
meters (25,510 miles). The number of offices was 383 and the number 
of telegrams sent was 5,296,184, which, for a population of 4,020,541 
inhabitants, gives an average of 1.314 telegrams per inhabitant. 

Length of line in 1900.— In 1900 the length of line was 19,609 kilo- 
meters (12,185 miles) and of conductors 44,578 kilometers (27,701 
miles), with 465 offices. 

Length of line in 1902. — The total length of the telegraph lines in 
1902 was 21,000 kilometers with a development of 45,000. These lines 
transmitted 6,425,773 telegrams which give a percentage of 1.2 per 
capita. 

Gradual development from 1870-1898. 



The following table shows 



the gradual development of the national lines, viz : 



Year. 


Kilome- 
ters. 


Miles. 


Year. 


Kilome- 
ters. 


Miles. 


1870 


600 
2, 200 
3,600 
4,200 
4.400 
4,800 
6,000 
7,200 
8,600 


372.8 
1,367 

2,237 

2,610 

2,734 

2,982.7 

3,728 

4,474 

5,344 


1884.. . 


11,200 

11,800 
14,600 
14,600 
15,100 
16,400 
18, 100 
18,800 


6,960 


1871 .. 


1885 

1889 

1893 


7,333 


1872 

1873 


9,072 
9,072 
9, 383 


1874 


1894 


1878 . 


1895 

1896 

1897-98 


10, 191 


1880 

1881 


11,247 
11,682 


1883 











From this it will be seen that from 1880 to 1889 the system was 
more than doubled, and it was not until 1894 that any further con- 
struction was undertaken. 

In June, 1898, there were 1,544 telegraph offices in the country, of 
which 422 belonged to the nation. 

School of telegraphy . — Attached to the central office in Buenos Aires 
there is a school of telegraphy, and the department has also a very 
well-equipped workshop for repairs as well as for manufacturing 
instruments. 

The instrument in use on the national line is the Morse, which has 
been reformed in the workshops, and is known as the " modelo Argen- 
tino, 1898" (Argentine model, 1898). The principal modifications are 
in the clockwork, which is hermetically closed. The contacts for the 



292 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

bobins are much stronger. The galvanometers have also been 
modified. 

The province of Buenos Aires was the first to construct a tele- 
graph line in the country. 

Average cost of lines.— The average cost of the lines in this province 
is $247 (paper currency) per kilometer (0.6214 mile), using palm 
poles. In 1898 the telegrams numbered 1,430,483, and the revenue 
was $527,959 (paper currency). 

The transmission and delivery of telegrams for and from all points 
of the Republic and the exterior which are in communication with the 
national lines are controlled by the Central Telegraph Department at 
Buenos Aires. 

The service of cable between the Argentine Republic and foreign 
countries is largely in the hands of private companies, which are 
bound to adhere to the terms of the St. Petersburg Convention and of 
the Revisions of the Berlin and Budapesth Conferences. 

These companies have a uniform tariff fixed at 8 cents gold per word 
for the passage of international telegrams over the lines of the Repub- 
lic or of the countries which have subscribed to the Argentine Tele- 
graphic Convention. The proceeds of this tariff rate are divided pro 
rata between the companies intervening in the transmission, the same 
principle being applied to press messages, which pay half tariff. The 
international cable and telegraph companies can not forward by the 
national lines other messages than those dispatched from the interior 
for other countries, or those which are received from abroad for places 
in the interior to which their lines do not extend, the Government of the 
Republic having in all cases the right to control the regulations of the 
private companies, as also the railway telegraphs, which are compelled 
to be open for public service at all times at such places where Gov- 
ernment offices have not been established. 

The companies must accept telegrams for any place in which either 
one of them has an office, provided the telegram submitted has to pass 
over any portion of the lines belonging to the company to which it is 
presented. According to the terms of the St. Petersburg Convention, 
the right of all persons to communicate by the international tele- 
graph lines is legally established and the States belonging to the con- 
vention undertake to secure secrecy in regard to all messages without 
holding themselves responsible, except in the case cited below, for 
the service thereof. 

Classification of messages. — Messages are classified under three 
heads, viz : Government telegrams, service telegrams, and private tele- 
grams. The transmission of private telegrams may be suspended 
when considered necessary in the interests of the State or when such 
telegrams shall be regarded as constituting a breach of the laws of 
the Republic. In the agreement between the various Governments 
as to uniformity and tariffs, the franc is the monetary unit applied. 



TELEGRAPHS. 293 

In the convention (January, 1899) "between the Argentine and 
Uruguay Republics, the latter undertook to establish a telegraphic 
office at Martin Garcia for the purpose of effecting a junction of the 
national lines of the two countries. The Uruguay Republic may also 
effect junctions with the Argentine lines at any other point on the 
coast of the River Uruguay, but it is precluded from entering into 
any similar undertaking with private companies already established 
or to be established in either country. The tariff for all messages is 
that charged by the companies at the time the convention was con- 
cluded, the minimum charge for a telegram being at the rate of ten 
words and the maximum at the rate of a hundred words. All points 
not dealt with in this convention are governed by the terms of the 
International Telegraph Convention. There is also a special conven- 
tion (June, 1899) between Argentina and Brazil based more or less 
upon the conditions set forth in the convention between Argentina 
and Uruguay. 

Telegraph lata. — The service of all national telegraph lines in Argen- 
tina is governed by the national telegraph law of 1875, the following 
being regarded as national lines for this purpose: (1) Telegraphs 
belonging to the nation; (2) those guaranteed or subsidized by the 
nation; (3) those which connect the federal territory with any of the 
provinces, and (4) those which connect one province with another. 

All the telegraph companies operating in the Republic are liable 
for any loss sustained by the receiver or sender of a telegram arising 
out of fraud nondispatch, excessive delay, errors in transmission, or 
other contributory neglect. 

Collated telegrams. — On all private and public lines within the 
Republic "collated" telegrams may be dispatched. These messages, 
for which an additional rate is charged, are repeated from office to 
office until it is ascertained that no mistake has been made, the 
national department as well as private companies being responsible 
for all damages arising out of errors in the transmission of messages 
accepted under this head. 

Registered telegrams. — Telegrams accepted as "registered" mes- 
sages are those in respect of which the receiving office is compelled to 
advise the sender of the exact time at which a message has been 
delivered. 

Code telegrams. — Code telegrams are accepted, as well as multiple 
messages, the latter being at slightly higher rates. Telegrams may 
be sent at double rates in the following languages: French, English, 
Italian, German, Portuguese, and Latin. The identity of the receiver 
must be established in all cases where messages relate to : (1) An order 
for payment of moneys; (2) to the quotation of public securities; (3) 
to orders for the acceptance of drafts; (4) to instructions for sale or 
purchase of public securities, and (5) to proposals and acceptance for 
conditions of contracts. 



*294 AEGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Total length of lines. — The total length of telegraph lines in the 
Republic is 45,262 kilometers, made up as follows: 

National 19, 808 

Provincial • 5, 074 

Railway 16, 317 

Other private lines 4, 063 

From Buenos Aires toward the south, as far as Cabo de las Yir- 
genes, there is a direct and continuous telegraph line 3,100 kilometers 
in length. From Buenos Aires toward the north, as far as La Qui- 
aca, there is another direct and continuous line of over 1,900 kilo- 
meters in length. The line from Cabo de las Virgenes is, therefore, 
5,000 kilometers in length. 

In 1902 there were 2,442 kilometers of telegraph lines in course of 
construction, and in addition to the private lines already in operation 
the following national lines are projected : Brandzen to Mar del Plata, 
Buenos Aires to Mendoza, Posadas to Villa Encarnacion, Soconcho 
to Sauce, Burruyacu to Potrero, Salta to Cachi, Perico to Oran, San 
Martin to La Rioja. 

The total number of post and telegraph empk^ees of the nation in 
1902 was 6,472, and the total expenses of this department amounted 
to $433,680 currency per month. 

TARIFFS. 

Telegraph tariffs. — Art. 3. For the application of the tariff in dis- 
patches transmitted over the national telegraph lines aud of those 
other companies which form part of the Argentine Convention ten 
words have been declared as the minimum to be taken on any internal 
telegram. 

Simple dispatch : For each one of the first ten words 5 cents, and for 
every successive word 3 cents. 

Urgent telegrams pay double that of a simple telegram. 

Conferential dispatches, four times that of a simple telegram con- 
taining an equal number of words. 

Conferential urgent dispatches, tariff six times that of a simple 
telegram of equal length. 

Dispatches with acknowledgment of receipt, in addition to the 
cost of the telegram 50 cents is charged for advice of delivery. 

Telegram duplicates, 20 cents for each copy of 100 words or fraction. 

Copies of telegrams, a fixed charge of $1. 

Conventional or abbreviated addresses, a fixed charge of 810 for 
six months for each separate address. 

For telegrams in language agreed upon, in letters or secret cipher, 
and which are admissible according to the law of October 7, 1S75. 
four times the simple tariff. 

The charge for a telegraphic conference is $20 for the first fifteen 
minutes and $5 for each subsequent five minutes. Passing one hour. 



POSTAL ORGANIZATION. 



295 



the charge is $10 for each five minutes in excess. No conference may 
last more than two hours. 

Telegrams in foreign languages pay double. 

No telegram can exceed 100 words. 

All words underlined, whether in plain or secret language, are 
charged double tariff. 

Telegrams to the press or stock exchange are allowed a rebate of 50 
per cent on the ordinary tariff. 

Cablegrams. — The national offices receive and dispatch cablegrams 
for all countries of the world at lower rates than those charged by 
the private companies, as may be seen in the following table : 



Destination. 


National 
offices 

per word 
(gold). 


Private 
companies 
per word 

(gold). 


Austria- Hungary 


$1. 025 

.93 

.995 

.99 

.95 

.97 

.95 

.91 

.95 

1.915 

.97 

.995 

.995 

1.01 

.945 

.915 

.995 

.998 

1.05 

1.015 

2.315 

2. 205 

.975 

1.215 




$1.23 
1.04 


Belgium 


Bosnia and Herzegovina 


1.15 


Denmark ... _ _. 


1 12 


France 


1 04 


Germany... ... 


1 04 


Gibraltar 


1.13 


Great Britain _ 


1 04 


Netherlands 


1 04 


India 


2 05 


Italy 


1.11 


Luxemburg . . 


1.09 


Montenegro . 


1.15 


Norway 


1.14 


Portugal ... 


1.13 


Roumania 


1.15 


Servia . 


1.15 


Spain.. . 


1 11 


Sweden .. 


1.15 




1 06 


Tonkin ... 


2.44 


Transvaal 


1 80 


Turkey in Europe 


1.16 


Turkey in As at 


1.26 


United States 


1 04 


Victoria 


2.125 
1.925 
2.165 


2.26 


Yemen 9 


2.07 


Zanzibar 


2 31 







POSTAL ORGANIZATION. 

Organisation of mails. — Under the constitution of the Argentine 
Republic the control of the organization and establishment of the 
national postal and telegraphic services is vested in Congress, which 
body passed a law in 1878 amalgamating the two branches, placing 
them under the direct supervision and responsibility of the ministry of 
the interior. The postal service comprises official mail matter, ordi- 
nary correspondence (letters and post cards), printed matter, samples 
and business papers, parcels post, registered letters, express letters, 
insured letters containing valuables, postal orders, and postal notes. 
The Argentine Republic having joined the postal union, all the above 
matter with the exception of postal notes is available for interchange 
with foreign countries. 

Postal service. — As showing the magnitude of the postal service of 
the Argentine Republic there are 38 post-offices in the capital and 



296 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

1,345 provincial branches. In the capital there are also 367 pillar 
boxes distributed over various parts of the city and in addition 1,700 
post-office boxes for subscribers, exclusive of outside deliveries. 
Hourly collections from the district offices and pillar boxes take place 
throughout the day, while there are 68 daily deliveries of letters with 
the result that a letter posted in any part of the city may be delivered 
in any other part within an average space of two hours. Correspond- 
ence for the interior of the Republic is dispatched daily to all those 
provinces and districts with constant railway service. To other parts 
of the Republic, twice or three times weekly, according to railway 
facilities. For all oversea countries in the postal union mails are dis- 
patched biweekly, via Genoa (Italian mail) on Tuesdays, and via 
Lisbon (alternately English and French mails) on Fridays, other 
steamers being also subventioned, but have no fixed days for sailing. 

In 1902 there were open to the public 1,675 postal and telegraph 
offices, of which 137 were in the national territories. During the year 
337,803,492 pieces of mail matter were carried, which means an 
increase of 6.69 pei cent over the preceding year. 6 

Mails for the United States of America are sent direct to New York, 
while for other countries the bags are divided into a number of sec- 
tions embracing various cities and towns. In reference to the dis- 
patch of mails to England and the United States the reason for con- 
fining the delivery of letters to the respective capitals of those 
countries is due to a special request to that effect by the two post- 
office administrations. 

The postal tariffs are as follows : 

DOMESTIC. 

Letter, for every 15 grams or fraction $0. 05 

Post cards .04 

Newspapers, for every 50 grains or fraction . 001 

Periodicals and reviews .01 

Printed forms, for every 100 grams or fraction .02 

Business papers, for every 100 grams or fraction .04 

Samples for first 100 grams .05 

Samples, for each additional 50 grams or fraction .01 

Registered letters, in addition to postage .25 

Correspondence by express to interior, in addition to postage .25 

Correspondence by express, suburban, in addition to postage .20 

Declared values, in addition to postage .12 

Declared commission for every $100 (national money) or fraction 1. 00 

Advice re reception of declared values. .15 

Postal orders for every $50 (national money) or fraction .50 

Advice of payment .20 

Telegraphic orders for every $50 (national money) or fraction 1. 00 

Advice payments .TO 

Parcels, for every 3 kilograms or fraction 1. 00 

a Argentine Yearbook, 1902. ''La Prensa, January 1. 1903. 



POSTAL ORGANIZATION. 297 

Parcels, over 3 kilograms and not exceeding 5 kilograms $1. 50 

Parcels delivered at destination .50 

Maximum weight allowed, 5 kilograms. 
Maximum size allowed, GO by 20 cubic centimeters. 

FOREIGN POSTAGE. 

Letters, for every 15 grams or fraction $0. 15 

Letters, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia .10 

Post cards: 

Single .06 

With reply paid ... .12 

Business papers: 

Up to 50 grams .12 

And every successive 50 grams .03 

Samples: 

Up to 50 grams .06 

And for every successive 50 grams to maximum of 350 grams .03 

Newspapers and printed forms, for every 50 grams or fraction .03 

Registered letters: 

With return receipt in addition to postage .24 

Without return receipt in addition to postage _ _ .12 



CHAPTER XIII. 

IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION— STATISTICS, LAWS, AND 

REGULATIONS. 

IMMIGRATION. 

First immigrant colony, 1856. — The Province of Santa Fe was the 
first to possess an emigrant colony, established on a practical basis in 
1856. Later on Entre Rios followed, and afterwards other provinces 
enacted laws in favor of developing such colonies. The Argentine 
Central Railway concession contributed to this effect, due to the Gov- 
ernment granting a league of land on either side of the railroad track, 
with the provision that these strips of land be colonized. 

Colonisation law, 1876. — In 1876 the National Congress passed the 
colonization law which secured the development of these rural estab- 
lishments by means of land concessions and special facilities, and since 
then, with the exception of a period of two } 7 ears (1887-89), the pros- 
perity of the immigrant colonies has been very marked. 

Increase of colonies, 1895. — The following list shows the increase in 
the number of colonies from 1856 to 1895 : 

Colonies. 

1856 3 

1860 5 

1870 36 

1880 J 7-4 

1890 257 

1895 365 

Immigration from 1857 to 1901. — The folloAving are the numbers of 
immigrants arrived from 1857 to 1901 : 

1857-1860 20,000 

1861-1870 119.570 

1871-1880 . 260,613 

1881-1890 846.568 

1891-1900 648,326 

Total 1.935.077 



«C. Lix Klett (Studies on the Argentine Republic), Vol. II, pp. 1158-1159. 

298 



IMMrGKATION. 



299 



Nationalities, 1857 to 1901. 

Italians 1,198,550 

Spaniards # 361,079 

French '. 162,636 

British 34, 031 

Austrians . 31, 698 

Germans 27, 834 

Swiss 24, 873 

Belgians 19, 082 

Other nationalities . _ _ 75, 294 

Total 1 , 935, 077 

Nationalities, 1901. 

Italians 58,314 

Spaniards : 18, 066 

French 2,788 

English . 439 

Austrians 2, 742 

Germans 836 

Swiss 363 

Belgians 117 

Other nationalities 6, 462 

Total '_ 90,127 

Immigration in 1897. — In 1897, out of the total immigration of 72,978, 
there were 27,593 who availed themselves of the laws of immigration 
in respect to taking up public lands. The provinces of the center and 
south have not so far attracted colonists, notwithstanding the numer- 
ous stations built at Rufino, Salas, Labunlaye, General Roca, etc. , and 
the laying of the Pacific railroad. The reason of this may be found 
in the buying up hy corporations of the land near the railway lines 
by which squatters are kept too far from them. The southern prov- 
inces of the Republic are in like manner practically closed to colonists 
from speculators having bought up most of the valuable land on them. 

Influence of immigration. — The direct influence of immigratiou on 
the' trade of the Republic is shown by Charles Wiener in the following 
table : 





Number 
of immi- 
grants. 


Export trade. 


1857 


4,000 
26,000 

54; 000 
144,000 
290,000 
236,000 
520,000 
674,000 
343, 664 


Francs. 
90,000,000 


1858-1862 . - _ 


245, 000, 000 


1863-1867 


450,(100,(11)0 


1868-1872 . 


750,000,000 


1873-1877.. 


1,880,000,000 
1,315,000,000 


1878-1882. . 


1883-1887.... 


2,000,000,000 


1888-1892 


2,520,000,000 


1893-1897. 


2,1340,000,000 







Immigration returns for 1901. — The immigration returns for 1901 
have been published and show that, during the twelve months cov- 
ered, 160,582 persons arrived in the Argentine Republic and 112,665 



300 



AKGENTINE KEPUBLIC. 



departed. Of the arrivals 125,951 were immigrants, of whom 90,127 
came direct from foreign lands and 35,824 by way. of Montevideo. The 
departures were represented by 80,251 emigrants and 32,414 passen- 
gers. In the year 1900 the total number of arrivals was 132,456, of 
whom 105,902 were immigrants; in 1899 the arrivals numbered 145,699, 
including 111,083 immigrants. The greater number of immigrants in 
1901 were Italians, though an increase in the arrivals of Polish Jews 
and Roumanians was also noted. The occupations of most of the 
immigrants were embraced under those connected with agriculture. 

Immigration returns for 1902. — According to official data, supplied 
by the director of immigration, returns for the year 1902 were as 
follows : 



Months. 



January . 
February 
March ... 

April 

May 

June 

July 



Immigrants from 


abroad. 


Arrivals. 


Depar- 
ture. 


4,797 


2,795 


4,039 


4,853 


3,627 


4,094 


2,590 


5,622 


2,966 


5,573 


3,419 


5,692 


2,056 


4,649 



Months. 



Immigrants from 
abroad. 



D S r 



August 

September 
October _.. 
November 
December . 

Total 



2,983 

3,701 

8,220 

10, 159 

11,353 



59,960 



3,341 
2,444 
1,899 
1,704 
1,668 



44.334 



There remained, therefore, in the country but 15,626 persons. Of 
the immigrants arrived in 1902, 25,234 formed 7,858 families and of 
those who departed 17,952 formed 5,546 families. 

The nationality of the immigration was distributed as follows: 

Italians, 30,287; Spaniards, 13,190; French, 2,323; Austrians, 2,109; 
Russians, 1,716; Syrians, 1,653; Germans, 946; British, 401; Rouman- 
ians, 281; Swiss, 262; Danish, 182; Belgians, 143; North Americans, 
126; Dutch, 37, and the remainder of different nationalities. 

The general movement of arrivals and departures of immigrants and 
passengers during the year 1902 from abroad and through Montevideo 
was the following: 



Passengers. 



Abroad. 



Monte- 
video. 



Immigrants 



Abroad. 



Monte- 
video. 



Total. 



Arrivals 

Departures 



,095 



31,977 
31.812 



59.960 ; 38.028 137,060 
44.334 34.469 i 116,300 



Advantages for immigrants. — The countiy affords many advantages 
for immigrants, who are taken charge of on their arrival by Govern- 
ment officials; are housed and fed for several days after reaching the 
country, and given free transportation to any part of the country. 
The immigration department is under able management, and full 
particulars regarding advantages offered, etc., can be obtained by 
addressing the department direct. The first returns are for the year 
1857, when 4,951 immigrants and 900 first-class passengers arrived in 
the country. 



IMMIGRATION. 



301 



The returns for the last five years are:" 



Year. 


Immi- 
grants. 


Passen- 
gers. 

19,648 
29,013 
25, 483 
28,956 
34,616 
537,629 


Total. 


1895 


80,988 
135,205 
105, 143 
95, 190 
111,083 
2,564,391 


100,636 
164,218 


1896 .. .. 


1897 


130, 626 
124, 146 


1898 


1899 


145,699 
3, 102, 020 


1857-1899 







The nationality of the immigrants in 1898 and 1899 was as follows: 



Nationality. 


1898. 


1899. 




39, 135 
18,716 

2,449 
632 
779 
593 
149 
261 

1,459 

1,503 
182 

1,272 


53,295 
19,798 

2,473 

477 










732 




950 




139 




343 




1,686 
2,658 


Turks 




481 




1,410 






Total 


67,130 


84,442 





The different parts of the country to which the greater number was 
sent by the immigration department were : 



Destination. 


1898. 


1899. 




876 

7,503 

1,184 

293 

6,577 

2,659 

456 

165 

345 

1,365 

252 

112 

254 

93 


1,736 

9,991 

1,575 

194 








Santa Fe. 


9,645 

3,953 

514 


Cordoba .-. _.- 






141 


Salta - 


224 




1,695 
269 






21 




509 




117 







Steamers conveying passengers and immigrants arrived at the port of Buenos 
Aires during the year 1900. 



Countries. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Total. 




8 
7 
4 
5 
2 


8 
7 
6 
5 
2 


9 
9 
5 
6 

2 


9 
7 
6 
4 
1 


8 
5 
6 
1 


7 
7 
5 
5 
2 


8 
8 
5 
5 
3 


8 
10 
7 
6 
2 


8 
5 
5 
5 
. 2 


8 
6 
5 
5 
3 


7 
8 
7 
5 
4 


7 
6 
6 
6 
3 


94 




88 




66 


English 

Spanish 


m 

27 


Total. __ 


26 


28 


31 


27 


27 


26 


29 


33 


25 


27 


31 


28 


338 



"John Grant's Argentine Commercial Guide, 1901-2. 



302 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



COMPARISON WITH FORMER YEARS. 





Number 
of steam- 
ers from 
abroad. 


Conveying — 


Year. 


Passen- 
gers. 


Immi- 
grants. 


1895 


259 

326 
327 
330 
349 
338 


4,333 

5,089 
5, 445 
5,221 
5,710 
7,108 


61,226 
102,673 

72,978 
67,130 
84,442 
84,851 


1896.. 


1897 


1898... . .... 


1899 . 


1900 





Immigration problem. — The Argentine Republic has in a satisfac- 
tory manner solved the vital problem of foreign immigration and 
colonization. In the speech which, at the meeting of the International 
American Conference, April 2, 1890, was delivered by the eminent 
statesman and accomplished scholar, Dr. Don Roque Saenz Peiia, the 
fact was forcibly stated that the Argentine Republic, by her wise 
laws and clever management in regard to this subject, had succeeded 
in attracting to her territory a regular and steady current of immi- 
gration, which amounted to about 300,000 persons annually, and which 
in no manner endangered or obstructed either the institutions of the 
country or the peace and safety of its inhabitants. 

Article 20 of the constitution of the Argentine nation reads as 
follows : 

Bights of aliens. — "Aliens shall enjoy in the territory of the nation 
the same civil rights as its citizens. They have full liberty to engage 
in all kinds of business, industrial, commercial, or professional, and 
are authorized to own, hold, and possess real estate, acquire it by 
purchase, inheritance, or any other legal means, and to sell or convey it 
to others. They are also allowed to navigate the rivers of the Repub- 
lic, and along the coasts of the same, and to practice freely their own 
religion. They can dispose by will of the property of which they are 
possessed, provided that the disposition which they make is not in 
contravention of the law of the country, and contract valid marriages, 
subject to the same proviso. They are entitled to obtain naturaliza- 
tion in the Republic if they so desire, upon application for that pur- 
pose, and sufficient proof that they have resided continuously within 
the limits of the country for the period of two years; but this period 
may be shortened at the discretion of the proper authorities, at the 
request of the applicant, and upon proof that he rendered some 
service to the Republic." 

By other sections of the constitution the following rights are guar- 
anteed to all residents of the Argentine nation: 

Liberties granted.— Absolute liberty to engage in all kinds of lawful 
work, industry, navigation, or commerce. Absolute and unrestricted 
right of petition to the authorities. Absolute and unrestricted freedom 
to enter the Argentine territory, travel through it, remain in it, or 
leave it. Absolute liberty to give the public, through the press, their 



EIGHTS OF ALIENS. 303 

own ideas on all matters, without previous censorship of any kind. 
Absolute right to hold and possess property of all kinds and freely 
dispose of it. Absolute freedom of association for all kinds of useful 
purposes. Unrestricted freedom of worship. Absolute liberty to 
teach and to learn. 

Equality before the law. No privileged classes, titles of nobility, 
or personal distinctions on account of birth, profession, etc., are rec- 
ognized by law. Equality also prevails in matters of taxation and in 
the distribution of public duties and burdens. 

Private property. — Private property can not be taken for public 
use, unless by operation of law and upon the previous payment of the 
proper indemnity. The penalty of confiscation of property is abso- 
lutely abolished. 

No punishment can be inflicted upon any inhabitant of the Republic 
except upon regular trial and for offenses which are declared to be 
such by laws previously enacted, nor can those trials be conducted by 
special commissions or by courts different from those which were of 
competent jurisdiction under the general laws in force prior to the 
offense. Absolute inviolability is guaranteed by law, both to the 
defense of all the inhabitants of the Republic in all their cases, 
whether civil or criminal, before the courts, and to the domicile of 
all of them and their private papers and correspondence. The penalty 
of death can not be inflicted for political offenses. 

Exemption from military service. — Naturalized citizens are exempted 
from military service during the ten years subsequent to their admis- 
sion to citizenship. But this privilege may be waived by them if they 
wish, and in that case they will be allowed to render this service. 

Article 25 provides as follows : 

Government promotes immigration. — "The Federal Government 
shall promote and encourage European immigration. It shall have 
no power to restrict, to limit, or to burden with taxes or charges of 
any kind the influx to the territory of the Republic of any foreigners 
coming to it to cultivate its soil, to improve its industries, or to 
introduce and teach the sciences aud arts." 

Laiu of immigration and colonization. — The law of immigration 
and colonization for the Argentine Republic, enacted October G, 1876, 
and still in force, established a general bureau of immigration, under 
the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. To the able manage- 
ment of this office and the liberality shown by the Government in 
the distribution of the public lands, as well as to the natural fertility 
of the country, the great success secured in this matter has undoubt- 
edly been due. 

This important law consists of two parts: I. "Immigration;" II. 
"Colonization." 



304 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The first part, subdivided into ten chapters, substantially provides 
as follows: 

Bureau of immigration. — Chapter I (sections 1 to 3), for the organi- 
zation of the bureau of immigration and the determination of its 
duties and powers. 

Immigration agents. — Chapter II (sections 4 and 5), for the appoint- 
ment of immigration agents in several localities of Europe and 
America. 

Immigration commissions. — Chapter III (sections 6 to 8), for the 
establishment of several commissions of immigration, subject to the 
general bureau, to sit at the capital of each province and at certain 
ports where immigrants are accustomed to land, and, if necessary, at 
any other place. 

Employment bureaus. — Chapter IV (sections 9 to 11), for the estab- 
lishment of employment bureaus, under the control and supervision 
of the local commission and the central bureau of immigration, to 
assist immigrants in finding profitable work and advising them in the 
matter of whatever contracts or obligations are proposed to them. 

Rights and duties of immigrants. — Chapter V, on immigrants, is as 
follows : 

"Sec. 12. Foreigners of both sexes, of good moral character and 
under the age of 60 years, whether day laborers, or capable of exer- 
cising a trade, or of working in an industrial establishment, farmers, 
or teachers who come to the Republic for the purpose of settling on 
its soil, and have arrived either on board a sailing vessel or a steamer 
as a second or third class passenger, or have had their passage paid 
by the nation, by some one of the provinces, or by some private colo- 
nization board or association, shall be, for all the purposes of the 
present law, deemed to be immigrants. 

"Sec. 13. Those, however, who may be unwilling, for reasons of 
their own, to be considered as such immigrants, even if they have all 
the qualifications required b}^ the preceding section, shall be per- 
mitted to set forth their wishes, either before starting on their voyage, 
by representing to the captain or master of the vessel, who shall be 
bound to make a record of it in his books, that they waive all their 
rights and privileges as immigrants, or after their arrival in the 
Argentine Republic by making a declaration to the same effect before 
the proper authorities. In both cases said passengers shall be deemed 
to be ordinary travellers. 

' ' This provision nevertheless shall not be applicable to those per- 
sons coming to the Republic, under proper contracts, to settle on its 
territory, whether in any colony or elsewhere. 

"Sec. 14. Every immigrant who gives sufficient evidence of his 
good moral character and shows his aptitude to engage in any indus- 
trial business, or in an}^ trade or useful occupation, shall be entitled, 
upon his arrival in the country, to the following: 

First. To be lodged and supported at the expense of the nation 



i i 



IMMIGKATION LAW. 305 

for the time set forth in sections 45, 46, and 47 of the present law 
(5 days to be counted from the date of landing if the immigrant is in 
good health, and in case of illness which prevents his removal at the 
expiration of 5 days, as many days as the illness may last. But 
immigrants under contract shall have hoard and lodging gratuitously 
until sent to their destination). 

"Second. To be given occupation in such branch of labor or indus- 
try existing in the country as he may wish to engage in. 

"Third. To be carried, at the expense of the nation, to any place 
of the Republic in which he may wish to establish his domicile. 

"Fourth. To be allowed to introduce, free from duty, his wearing- 
apparel, household furniture, agricultural implements, tools, instru- 
ments of his particular trade or art, and a fowling piece for each 
adult immigrant, up to the amount fixed by the Executive. 

"Sec. 15. The foregoing provisions shall be applicable, as far as 
possible, to the wives and children of the immigrants. 

"Sec. 16. The good moral conduct and industrial ability of the 
immigrant may be proved by certificates issued either by the Argen- 
tine consul or immigration agent at the place from which the immi- 
grant comes, or by the local authorities of the same place. In the 
latter case the certificates must be authenticated either by the consul 
or the immigration agent. 

"Sec. 17. All immigrants, farmers, who come under contracts to 
settle on any of the colonies established in the Republic, and engage 
therein in agricultural purposes, or who in the absence of such con- 
tracts are willing to go to the said colonies for the same purposes, 
shall be given the same special privileges and advantages in regard 
to the payment of passages, concessions of land, facilities for the cul- 
tivation of the lands, etc., as are granted under Chapter III, part 
second of the present law." 

Transportation of immigrants. — Chapter VI, ' ' On the vessels engaged 
in the transportation of immigrants," carefully regulates this matter. 
Its provisions (sections 18 to 37) are calculated to insure the safety 
and comfort of the immigrants, and to prevent abuses on the part of 
the captains or masters of the ships, and seem to have worked satis- 
factorily. 

Landing of immigrants. — Chapter VII, "On the landing of the 
immigrants," secures by its provisions (sections 38 to 41) the super- 
vision of the National Government, according to the rules made for 
that purpose. 

Immigrant depots. — Chapter VIII, "On the lodging and board of 
the immigrants" (sections 42 to 47), contains provisions for the estab- 
lishment of lodging houses, or depots for the immigrants and for their 
support, as follows: 

"Sec. 45. The immigrants shall be entitled to proper decent board- 

573a— 03 20 



306 AKGENTINE KEPUBLIC. 

ing and lodging at the expense of the nation during the five days 
immediately following the date of their landing. 

"Sec. 46. In case of serious illness, which rendered it impossible for 
the immigrant, at the expiration of the said five days, to move from 
that place, he shall be allowed to remain there and the Government 
shall continue to attend to his lodging and support until he recovers. 

"On all other circumstances the immigrant who remains at the 
establishment for a longer period than the five days above stated 
shall be bound to pay for it at the rate of half a dollar per day each 
person over 8 years of age and 25 cents each child under that age. 

"Sec. 47. The foregoing provisions shall not be applicable to such 
immigrants as come to the country under contracts made and entered 
into between them and the nation to settle in the colonies, said immi- 
grants being entitled to gratuitous boarding and lodging until they 
are sent to their places of destination." 

Securing occupation for immigrants. — Chapter IX deals with secur- 
ing occupation for the immigrants, their transportation to the respec- 
tive localities wherein they are to settle, and contains among others 
the following important provision: 

"Sec. 51. Whenever an immigrant should express his wish to reside 
in any province or colony of the Republic, in preference to any other 
place, he shall be immediately transported free, together with his 
family and baggage, to the locality selected by him. 

"Sec. 52. If he has chosen to reside in any of the provinces, he 
shall be supported by the respective commissions of immigration until 
reaching the place of destination during ten days. At the expiration 
of this time each person over 8 years shall pay half a dollar per day 
and each child under that age 25 cents. But in case of serious illness 
the State shall continue to pa}^ as long as it lasts. 

"Sec. 53. If the immigrant has chosen to go to a colony he shall be 
granted all the advantages to which colonists are entitled under the 
present law." 

Immigration fund. — Chapter X, under the heading of "The Immi- 
gration Fund," provides for the creation of a fund to this effect, con- 
sisting, first, of all moneys appropriated by Congress to encourage 
immigration; second, of all moneys collected through the office of 
lands and colonies; third, of all fines imposed to punish violations of 
the present law T ; fourth, of all moneys which the immigrants them- 
selves may pay under the provisions of this law. This chapter regu- 
lates, also, the distribution to be made of these funds and by whom 
and with what requisites and formalities. 

Part second, devoted to "Colonization," contains seven chapters, 
as follows : 

Land office. — Chapter I, "On the central office of lands and colo- 
nies," establishes a central office at the capital of the Republic, under 
the immediate supervision of the Secretary of the Interior, and regu- 



COLONIZATION. 307 

lates its functions and duties as well as its relations with the bureau 
and the commissions and agents of immigration. 

Division of territories. — Chapter II, "On the national territories 
and their divisions," provides for surveying the territories belonging 
to the nation, and the division of those best adapted for agriculture 
in sections of 20 kilometers square. This area, however, may be 
lesser or greater whenever a natural limit can be taken advantage of 
on any side, provided that the increase or the decrease resulting 
thereby does not exceed the 20 per cent of the regular size of the sec- 
tion. Each section is to be subdivided into 400 "lots " of 100 hectares. 

Four lots shall be set apart in the center of each section, if no 
better locality is found elsewhere, for the erection of a town, and 
76 others devoted to use as commons. The remaining 320 lots shall 
be subdivided in halves and quarters, designating the lots by num- 
bers, beginning at the northwestern angle and continuing from left 
to right to the end of the section and back again to the southwestern 
corner. The subdivisions shall be marked bv letters. 

Each section so subdivided shall be called a "partido," which shall 
be crossed from north to south and from east to west by two streets 
or roads 50 meters wide, meeting in the center of the principal square 
of the town. The roads between lot and lot shall be 25 meters wide. 

The four lots set apart for the building of the town shall be sub- 
divided into 256 manzanas, or blocks, of 100 meters on each side. 
The streets shall be 20 meters wide, but that one which marks the 
boundary shall have a width of 48 meters. The four central blocks 
shall be set apart to be used as principal square, and two other blocks 
opposite to them shall be left for the public buildings. 

The blocks or manzanas shall be subdivided into building lots 
{solar es) of 50 meters on each side. 

Sale and reservation of lands. — Chapter III, "On colonization, 
donations, sale, and reservation of lands," provides for the transpor- 
tation of the families destined to each section when ready for settle- 
ment. The first one hundred colonists in each section who are farmers 
and heads of a family shall be given gratuitously a lot of 100 hectares, 
the lots to be distributed alternately. The remaining rural lots shall 
be sold at the rate of $2 a hectare, to be paid in ten installments, the 
first not payable until the end of the second year. 

The sales may be limited to the fourth part of a lot, but can never 
exceed four lots in favor of only one purchaser. 

The office of lands and colonies shall advance the money neces- 
sary for the payment of the passage of the colonists from the place of 
embarkation to destination, also for their lodging, support, the ani- 
mals which they may acquire for breeding and working purposes, as 
well as seeds and implements, all of this for one year at least. But 
the sums so advanced shall never exceed $1,000 per colonist, and shall 
be repaid to the Government in five installments, the first of which 
shall not be due until after the expiration of the third year. 



308 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The building lots shall be sold at the rate of $2 each. 

The purchasers of lots, both building and rural, shall be bound to 
settle and dwell on the former within the period of one year, and to 
have the latter under cultivation for two continuous years. The 
failure to fulfill this requisite shall cause the lands to be forfeited. 

The Government may reserve some sections for colonization by 
private enterprises, for Indian reservations, or for grazing purposes. 

In case any private colonization company should ask the Govern- 
ment for any of the sections which it has the power to reserve for 
this purpose, the same shall be granted on condition that the survey 
and subdivisions of the ground be made in strict conformity with the 
provisions of law, and that at least 140 families devoted to agriculture 
be brought there and settled within two years. 

Each one of these families shall be the owner, either through dona- 
tion or purchase, of at least 50 hectares, and the colonists are to be 
provided with proper lodgings, implements of labor, animals for work- 
ing and breeding purposes, seeds, and board for at least one year, the 
actual value of which shall be repaid by them with an additional 
charge of 20 per cent, and interest at 10 per cent per annum, in 
easy annual installments, after the third year. 

All contracts entered into between the private associations and the 
colonists are to be examined by the office of lands and colonies so as 
to secure strict compliance with the provisions of the law. 

The colonization companies must give bonds in the sum of $4,000, 
which shall be forfeited in case of violation of the terms of the con- 
cession, and the concession itself shall be also forfeited in such cases 
as under the law such an additional penalty ought to be imposed. 

The national executive may grant tracts of lands in territories 
belonging to the nation but not yet surveyed and open to coloniza- 
tion as may be asked for by private colonization companies; but 
these concessions shall be made on condition that the company will 
strictly comply with the provisions of this law, and cause at least 
250 families devoted to agriculture to settle on the lands within a 
period of four years. A bond of $10,000 will be required. 

No more than two sections of land shall ever.be granted to one 
and the same company, which shall always pay for the surveys and 
all other expenses, except the transportation of the colonists from the 
place of landing to the site of the colony, which shall be paid by the 
nation. 

Land fund. — Chapter IY, consisting of six sections — from section 
106 to 111 — provides for the creation and management of a special 
land fund to meet all the necessities of this branch of the service. 

Donation of lands. — Chapter V empowers the National Executive to 
encourage by all possible means the development of agriculture, and 
make gratuitous concessions of lands to those colonists who have dis- 
tinguished themselves by their steady work and exceptional industry. 



COLONIZATION. 309 

But no more than two lots shall be granted in this way to the same 
person. 

Each colonist shall be entitled, within the first six years of his estab- 
lishment in the country, to a reward of $10 for each thousand trees 
two years old which he proves to have planted and to be in existence 
on his grounds. 

The national colonies shall be exempted from direct taxation of all 
kinds during the first ten years of their existence as such colonies. 

The agricultural implements, seeds, tools, furniture, and arms 
imported for the use of the immigrants shall be introduced in the colo- 
nies free from duties. 

Administration of colonies. — Chapter VI provides for the adminis- 
tration of the government of the colony under a commissioner (comis- 
ario) appointed by the Executive, who shall take charge of everything 
relative to lands, surveys, and colonization matters properly, and a 
justice of the peace and five aldermen elected by the colonies. But 
said election shall not take place until after the settlement on that 
particular locality of at least 50 families. 

Gratuitous transportation. — Chapter VII, which is the last, author- 
izes the National Executive to assist the provinces in promoting and 
encouraging colonization by granting gratuitous transportation of the 
colonists, by contributing $200 for each hundred families settled in the 
province, and by other measures of no less liberal character. 

Inducements to laborers. — The Immigration Law of the Argentine 
Republic affords abundant inducements to laborers of all classes. Its 
provisions were originally framed with a view to attracting an essen- 
tially agricultural population to the Provinces of the Republic where 
vast areas of rich soil, awaiting cultivation, are at the disposal of the 
National and Provincial Governments; but modifications have since 
been introduced into the regulations, framed in terms of the law, which 
offer equal advantages to the skilled or unskilled laborer in all branches. 
The Department is under the chief control of Dr. J. A. Alsina, Director- 
General of Immigration, who has organized depots and agencies in 
many European countries and in the United States of America, while, 
locally, employment and labor offices have been established at differ- 
ent points in the Republic for the purpose of procuring work on a 
liberal scale of wage to all immigrants who may apply for same. 
The agents abroad are instructed to supply the fullest information to 
applicants, and on being satisfied as to their character and quali- 
fications to give them all facilities, including free passages to the 
Republic. 

Immigration statistics. — During 1901, 90,127 immigrants from over- 
sea landed at various ports of entry in the Republic, which, together 
with the number of persons who otherwise entered its territory, aggre- 
gate 160,582. Comparing these figures with those of other countries, 
it will be found that Argentina ranks second among the countries of 



310 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



the world in its power to attract immigrants, its only rival in this respect 
being the United States of America. A table given below shows the 
proportion for 1901 of 18 immigrants per 1,000 of the population of the 
Argentine Republic as against 6 per 1,000 in the United States. 

The 90,127 actual immigrants referred to above came from their 
respective countries in the following proportions : 

Italy 54,866 

Spain . 14,778 

Brazil 8,206 

France 8, 193 

Germany 2, 581 

England 784 

Belgium 246 

Portugal 116 

Various 337 

Total 90,127 

In the previous 44 years, from 1857 to 1900, inclusive, 1,935,077 immi- 
grants from oversea and 735,216 via Montevideo (all exclusive of first- 
class passengers) entered the Republic, the immigrants of known 
nationality during that period being supplied by the following coun- 
tries in the respective proportions set out: 

Italy 1,198,550 

Spain 361,079 

France 162,636 

Great Britain 34, 031 

Austria 31,698 

Switzerland 24. 873 

Germany 27.834 

Belgium 19,082 

The explanation of the wide difference between the number of Italian 
and other immigrants is to be found in the fact that the climate, soil, 
language, and other conditions in the Argentine Republic are similar 
to those obtaining in Italy. 

Comparative table of the superficial area, population, and propoi^tion of immi- 
grants in the United States of America and the Argentine Republic 



United States 
of America. 



Argentine 
Republic. 



Superficial area square kilometers 

Population 

Immigration during 1901 

Square kilometers per immigrant- 

Immigrants per square kilometer 

Immigrants per each 1,000 inhabitants 



,752.810 

.395,000 

487, 918 

15 

.063 
6.30 



2, 885, 620 
4,794,149 

90, 127 
32 

.032 
18. 80 



CHAPTER XIV. 

INSTRUCTION— LAWS ON EDUCATION— REGULATIONS AND 
SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

EDUCATION. 

Public education comprises three divisions, viz: Primary, second- 
ary, and higher. 

Primary instruction is compulsory for all children of either sex from 
6 to 14 years of age, irrespective of nationality or religion, all ministers 
of religion being precluded from teaching other than secular subjects 
in public schools, except only in case of children who voluntarily 
remain after official hours. Public schools of this class extend through- 
out the country, while in all barracks, prisons, and public institu- 
tions there are also primary or common schools controlled by the 
National Board of Education. The whole of the instruction received 
in all these public schools is gratuitous. In the provinces where suf- 
ficient money is not voted for their support, subsidies in money are 
granted by the National Government under the national schools sub- 
ventions law. In the same class of primary education there are also 
schools for persons over 14 years of age, which may be attended dur- 
ing the day or evening, in which arithmetic, reading, writing, elemen- 
tary history, geography, etc., are taught free. 

Secondary education is not compulsory. It is, however, practically 
gratuitous, the only fees payable being those for matriculation and 
the annual examinations. The instruction comprised in secondary 
education includes the following subjects: Spanish grammar and lit- 
erature, arithmetic, geometry, algebra up to equations of the third 
grade, rectilinear trigonometry, physics, chemistry, natural sciences, 
and ancient, modern, and contemporaneous history, etc. These insti- 
tutions are known as national schools, of which there are 4 in the 
capital of the Republic and 1 in each of the capitals of the provinces. 
Pupils generally enter these national schools at the age of 14 and 
remain for five years. Upon the termination of their studies in the 
national schools students enter one of the faculties which form 
the university. There are 3 universities in Argentina, 1 in Cor- 
doba (the oldest), 1 in Buenos Aires, and another at La Plata, 
recently founded. To qualify in any of these universities for the 
practice of medicine, law, or engineering, a seven years' course is 
necessary for the first and six years for the two latter. Minor terms 
of special study are required for qualification for the professions of 
chemist, accoucheur, dental surgeon, surveyor, and architect. The 
qualification for a notary public is not granted by the university 

311 



312 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

council, and can only be acquired, by examination before the supreme 
court of the particular province in which the applicants seek admis- 
sion to practice. Further studies are required in addition to those 
of the faculties to obtain the degree of doctor in physical sciences, 
mathematics, and natural sciences. 

Technical education is largely encouraged throughout the Republic, 
there being several institutions created and maintained by the Gov- 
ernment for this purpose. 

National schools. — Prominent among these are the National School 
of Commerce, which trains and prepares mercantile experts, public 
accountants, and sworn translators; the Industrial School with its 
own workshops for the teaching of trades; the Agrarian and Vet- 
erinary School of Santa Catalina (province of Buenos Aires) ; a School 
of Mines in San Juan; two commercial schools in Cordoba and Bahia 
Blanca; the Viticultural Training School of Mendoza, where practical 
cultivation of the vine is taught ; the National School for Pilots, and 
various conservatories of music, as well as a drawing school enjoying 
official support. A number of schools for the study of agriculture and 
horticulture are being established by the Government. 

Naval and military colleges. — The naval and military colleges do 
not come within the scope of the Ministry of Public Instruction. The 
Argentine Government has likewise founded numerous scholarships 
and sends students to England, United States, Italy, France, and Ger- 
many. In the case of private schools, where primary and secondary 
education are imparted under the conditions imposed by the Ministry 
of Public Instruction, the students are permitted to pass the examina- 
tions at the national schools and to secure the necessary qualification 
for entrance into the university. Education has been much advanced 
in the Argentine Republic during recent years, and its promotion is 
largely encouraged by an annual vote in the national budget. 

School attendance, 1885 to 1901. — The following table shows the 
attendance at the schools during the quinquennial periods covering 
1885-1901: 



Year. 


Schools. 


Pupils. 


1885. 


2.486 
2. 897 
3.325 
4,131 
4.452 
4.538 


158,188 


1890 


242. 736 


1895 


285,854 


1899 


326. 752 


1900. 


451.247 


1901 . -..- 


460.229 







Schools in the Capital, 1902. — The report of the National Depart- 
ment of Education for 1902 states that the Government schools in the 
Federal Capital numbered 246, with 81,602 pupils, and that there were 
261 private schools, with 26,309 pupils, making a total of 507 schools, 
with 107,911 pupils, for the city of Buenos Aires. 

Schools in Territories. — The national territories, with 139,000 inhabi- 
tants, had 115 schools, with 7,006 pupils. The enrollment of pupils 



GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS. 



313 



throughout the Republic numbered 472,425, an increase of 12,196 
over 1901. The attendance at the schools represents 9.4 per cent of 
the population, the highest proportion of any South American State; 
Uruguay coming next, with 8.6 per cent. 

Expenditure on Government schools. — The expenditure on the 
Government schools was $4,426,726, and the revenue amounted to 
$4,429,206. New school buildings estimated at $2,600,000 are being- 
erected. 

The return for 1895, of 285,854 school children, according to the cen- 
sus of that year, gives an average of 7.5 per 100 of the population, 
the following being the proportion per 100 of the population in the 
various countries named : 

United States, 23; Prussia, 21; Canada, 21; Germany, 19; Great 
Britain and Ireland, 17.7; France, 17; Norway, 14.6; Austria, 13.3; 
Spain, 9.3; Uruguay, 8.2; Portugal, 5.4; Chile, 5.4; Mexico, 4.7; 
Colombia, 2.4; Peru, 2.6; Russia, 3; Bolivia, 1.3. 

University of Buenos Aires. — The number of students attending 
the University of Buenos Aires in 1901 amounted to 3,562, distributed 
as follows in the different faculties : 

Faculty of law and social sciences 1, 211 

Faculty of medicine 1, 964 

Faculty of exact, physical, and natural sciences 328 

Faculty of philosophy and letters. 59 

Total 3,562 

The proportion of students attending the universities during 1901 
was at the rate of 1 per 238.17 of the inhabitants of the capital on the 
municipal census returns of 848,367 at the end of December, 1901. 

The university budget in 1901 reached the sum of $974,000 currency, 
divided proportionately among the various faculties. 

Attendance. — The number of students attending the University of 
Cordoba in 1901 amounted to 288. 

Budgets in 1895, 1899, and 1900. — The succeeding table shows the 
educational budgets of the National and Provincial Government for 
the years 1895, 1899, and 1900: 





1895. 


1899. 


1900. 


The Nation 


$8,590,561 
3,256,624 
900,960 
462,400 
298,135 
468, 640 
127,720 
143,660 
359,289 
190,140 

56,280 
111,800 
306,300 
250,560 

62,396 


$8,201,171 
3,699,328 
674,460 
711,279 
319,109 
441,600 

57,319 
185,280 

86,910 
365,271 

21,076 

42.799 
483,819 

65,364 
102,559 


$8,588,314 




4,112,196 


Santa Fe 


622, 460 




52,960 




319, 110 


Cordoba _ . 


493,020 


San Luis 


54,079 


Santiago 


119, 220 


Mendoza 


111,636 




21,076 


Rioja 


42,800 


Catamarca 


185,280 


Tucuman 


487,740 


Salta 


77,168 


Jujuy 


93,880 






Total 


15,485,465 


15,457,344 


13,124,539 







314 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



The classification of Hie schools in 1900 was: Official, 3,231; applied, 
38; private, 1,183; a total of 4,452, as against 4,294 in 1899, and 4,087 
in 1898. 

The pupils inscribed numbered 451,247; average attendance was 
365,087, and the number of teachers 11,736. 

The number of pupils receiving State education in the normal and 
higher schools was 368,822, of whom 107,591 were boys and 171,231 
girls. The private schools had 82,425 pupils, of whom 43,932 were 
boys and 38,493 girls. 

Of the 4,538 primary schools in 1901, 3,298 were official, and 374,950 
alumni, and 1,240 were private, with 85,279 alumni. 

During the same year 16,160 pupils received instruction in the normal 
schools and national colleges and 3,850 took university courses, mak- 
ing a total expense to the nation and the provinces of $13,124,539 for 
the year 1900. 

The returns for 1900, 1895, and 1869 of the population of 6 years 
and upward who could read and write were : 



Population, 6 years and over 

Able to read and write 

Proportion per thousand 



1900. 



3,905,238 

1,832,580 

495 



1895. 



3,245,888 

1.479,704 

456 



1,421.278 

310. 259 

218 



The returns for the different provinces of those knowing how to 
read and write, per 1,000 inhabitants, were, in 1900: Federal capital, 
750. Provinces — Buenos Aires, 550; Santa Fe, 554; Entre Rios, 460; 
Mendoza, 450; San Juan, 400; Cordoba, 580; San Luis, 400; Rioja, 
350; Tucuman, 260; Catamarca, 300; Corrientes, 320; Salta, 265; 
Jujuy,. 240; Santiago del Estero, 180; National Territories, 290. 

The returns for 1900 on an estimated total population of 4,518,593 
inhabitants within the Republic were as follows : 



Population under 6 yearo of age 

Population from 6 to 14 years of age 

Population over 15 years of age 

Of the population of 6 to 14 years: 

Attended Government schools. 

Attended applied schools 

Attended private schools 

Did not go to school, but could read and write 
Did not go to school and were illiterate. 

Of the population over 15 years: 

Could read and write 

Illiterates 

Of the population over 6 years: 

Could read and write.. 

Illiterates 



Per cent. 



49. 5 
50. 5 



ISTimiber. 



813.349 

994.089 

2,711,155 

356.562 
12. 260 
82.425 

134, 202 

408.634 

1.247.131 
1.464.024 

1,838,880 
1,872,658 



Grades of public schools. — There are three different grades of pub- 
lic schools — schools for young children, elementary, and graduated 
schools. The kindergarten system has also been introduced as an 
annex to primary schools for children from 3 to 6 years of age. The 



PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 315 

normal schools for training teachers are divided into three classes: 
(1) Those for males only; (2) those for females only; (3) mixed schools 
for both sexes. 

A commercial school for ivomen was founded in Buenos Aires in 
1897. The students must be over 12 years of age, and the course of 
study is two years. The term of study in tlie two national schools 
of commerce is three years. 

The School of Pilots has for its object the training of young men 
for the position of officers in the national mercantile marine. The 
term of study is three years. 

The National School of Mines, situated at San Juan, was reorgan- 
ized in 1897, educating mining assayers, land surveyors, and mining 
engineers, the courses varying considerably in each case. There is 
an important agricultural school at San Juan and several others in 
various parts of the Republic. 

A school of viticulture was established in 1897 in the province of 
Mendoza. 

The national colleges fill the same place in the plan of secondary 
education that the high schools do in other countries, except that 
their term of studies is longer, six years being required for graduation. 

Impulse to public instruction. — It was in 1869 that the first impulse 
was given to the primary and normal schools. At that time the cen- 
sus of the Argentine Republic showed that 218 per thousand inhabit- 
ants could read and write. Twenty-fiye years later, in 1895, when the 
second census was taken, the number of persons who were able to 
read and write reached 476 per thousand, which meant an increase 
of five times the previous number. 

Attendance in 1869. — In 1869 the number of pupils from the ages 
of 6 to 14 years who attended schools amounted to 412,816, and in 
1895 to 877,810; the total attendance of both years being, respectively, 
82,671- and 259,865. Out of a population of 4,523,900 inhabitants in 
1899, there was an inscription of 995,259, an attendance of 351,659, 
and 134,202 who could read and write. The number of public and 
private primary schools in 1899 had reached a total of 4,294 with an 
inscription of 422,659 pupils and an attendance of 346,242. The-e 
schools were under the charge of 11,518 masters, of which 3,017 cor- 
respond to the 1,121 private schools. The Argentine Republic there- 
fore imparts instruction to an average of 43 per cent of its population, 
and 13 x^er cent can read and write but does not attend schools. 
There remains a 44 per cent which receives no instruction, but this 
percentage diminishes constantly in some provinces and in the Federal 
capital. 

This is the work which has been carried out by the National Gov- 
ernment, those of the provinces, and by private institutions. Regard- 
ing normal schools, there are now 25 in existence, from which 3,000 
masters have graduated. 



316 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Special institutions supported. — The special institutions supported 
by the nation are as follows : Three common schools, 2 in the Fed- 
eral capital and 1 in the city of Rosario ; a school for pilots, 2 for the 
blind and dumb, a military school, a naval school, and many others 
for the perfection of the army and navy, besides the industrial and 
agricultural schools. 

The common school of the capital was established in 1892. It is a 
day and night school. In 1899 the courses were attended by 318 day 
and 793 night pupils. 

The common school for women is a night school, dating from 1896, 
and has an attendance of 118 pupils. 

The common school for men in Rosario was attended in 1899 by 130 
day and 57 night pupils. 

The school for pilots, established in 1896, had an attendance of 50 
students. The schools for the deaf and blind date from 1900 — one for 
men and another for women. 

The military school was established in 1870. It had an inscription 
of 150 students in 1899 and turned out 34 lieutenants. The expense 
incurred in its maintenance was $193,500, silver. 

The naval school was established in 1872, from which 31 marine 
guards graduated in 1900. 

School of viticulture. — The next in importance after the agronomical 
and veterinary faculty of the province of Buenos Aires is the national 
school of viticulture of Mendo^a, which is a branch of the education 
division of the Department of Agriculture. It was opened in 1897, 
constitutes an experimental plant, and contained in 1899 over 20,000 
vine trees of different varieties. 

Three new agronomic and live stock schools are to be established in 
Villa Casilda in Las Delicias and in the outskirts of Cordoba. 

Agricidtural stations. — There are in existence four national agricul- 
tural stations in Tucuman, Bella Vista, San Juan, and in the colony 
of Terna. 

The province of Entre Rios has an agronomic school in Villa Urquiza. 

Industrial and agricultural normal instruction have just been started 
in the provinces. 

Congress passed a resolution establishing 25 scholarships for j'oung 
men from the ages of 18 to 25 years to be sent to the United States and 
Canada to follow special courses of study in industrial, live stock and 
agricultural schools. Three scholarships have been duly awarded. 

ARTICLES OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ACT. 

Art. 1. The sole object of the primary schools is to foster and 
direct simultaneously the moral, intellectual, and physical develop- 
ment of every child from six to fourteen years of age. 

Art. 2. The primary instruction must be compulsory, gratuitous, 
gradual, and given according to hygienic principles. 



PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 317 

Art. 3. The scholastic obligations are binding upon all parents, 
tutors, or guardians of children within the ages established in article 1. 

Art. 4. The scholastic obligations may be fulfilled in public or 
private schools or in the homes of the children ; they may be con- 
firmed by means of certificates and examinations and the observance 
of them enforced by warnings and progressive fines, employing public 
force- in extreme cases to conduct the children to school. 

Art. 5. The scholastic obligations suppose the existence of a gratui- 
tous public school within reach of the children of a school-going age. 
With this object, each neighborhood of a thousand to fifteen hundred 
inhabitants in the towns, and three hundred to five hundred in the 
colonies and national territories, shall constitute a scholastic district, 
with the right of possessing at least one public school, where the pri- 
mary instruction established by law may be given in all its branches. 

Art. 6. The 7ninimum of compulsory instruction comprises the fol- 
lowing subjects: Reading and writing; arithmetic (the four rules of 
whole numbers, and the knowledge of the decimal metrical system 
and national law of monej^, weights, and measures) ; special geogra- 
phy of the Republic and notions of general geography ; special his- 
tory of the Republic and notions of general history; the national 
language; morality and politeness; notions of hygiene; notions of 
mathematical, physical, and natural sciences ; notions of drawing and 
vocal music; gymnastics and a knowledge of the national constitution. 

It is further compulsory to girls to have a knowledge of sewing and 
notions of domestic economy. 

And to boys, a knowledge of simple military drill and evolutions; 
and in the country districts, notions of agriculture and cattle industry. 

Art. 7. All the subjects comprised in the minimum of compulsory 
instruction shall be taught in the public schools, the teaching being 
in accordance with the necessities of the district and the capacities of 
the scholastic edifices. 

Art. 8. Religious instruction shall only be given in the public 
schools by authorized ministers of the different persuasions to the 
children of their respective communions, before or after school hours. 



CHAPTER XV. 

PATENT AND TRADE-MARK REGULATIONS— THE ARMY AND 
NAVY— WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND VALUES. 

PATENTS. 

First patent laivs. — The first reference to legislation in regard to 
patents in the Argentine Republic is to be found in the minutes of 
the Constitutional Assembly of one of the sessions of the year 1813, 
wherein it is recorded that two patents had been conceded for a term 
of twelve years to a citizen of the United States of America. In the 
amended Constitutions of 1819, 1826, and 1853 the right of inventors 
to the exclusive privileges arising out of their inventions is duly 
recognized. 

Patent grants. — Patents are granted or refused after careful exami- 
nation regarding the originality and utility of the invention for which 
protection is claimed. This examination is conducted by a body com- 
posed of all the heads of the technical departments of the Govern- 
ment, this body being described as the sub-Commissioners of Patents. 

Fees. — The fees payable on patents granted for five, ten, or fifteen 
years are, respectively, $82. G6, $206.66, and $301.66, half to be paid on 
application and the remainder on the final cession of the patent. 

Inventors without means. — In the case of poor inventors, facilities 
under conditional guaranties are granted for the payment of the neces- 
sary fees by annual installments. 

Certificates of provisional protection are granted for the term of one 
year, with annual renewals, for a fee of $50, all payments made on 
account of provisional protection being deducted from the amount to 
be paid when the final and definite patent is granted. 

Provisional patents are granted without examination into their 
merits or originality, provided that the inventions for which protec- 
tion is sought are not of such a nature as to bring them into conflict 
with any of the laws of the Republic; and no other patent will be 
granted for the same inventions, or even with improvements therein, 
without previous notice, for purposes of opposition, to the holder of 
the definite patent. All inventions for which patents have been 
granted must be exploited in the Republic within a period of two 
years from date of grant, otherwise they will be liable to annulment. 

The patent law at present in force in the Republic was sanctioned 
and promulgated as far back as 1861, but notwithstanding its com- 
parative antiquity, many of its provisions were highly commended at 
the International Congress on Patents recently held in Paris. No 
318 



PATENTS AND TRADE-MARKS. 319 

patent will be granted in the Argentine Republic for pharmaceutical 
compositions, financial plans, discoveries or inventions which have 
been made public in or out of the country, either in works, pam- 
phlets, or printed periodicals ; ideas and discoveries which are entirely 
theoretical; and all such matters as have no industrial application 
and which may be contrary to the benefit or laws of the Republic. 
The authors or owners of inventions patented in other countries may 
be granted a patent in the Argentine Republic. 

Patent terms. — Patents are granted for terms of five, ten, and fifteen 
years, according to the merits of the inventions and the desire of the 
owners thereof. Foreign patented inventions can only be patented 
in the Republic for a maximum term of ten years or for such lesser 
term as ma}^ be current on the original patent granted to the inventor 
or owner abroad. 

A patent and trade-marks office was established in the Federal 
capital of the Republic in 1866, since which date 3,964 patents have 
been granted; 610 of these are inventions previously patented abroad, 
principally in England, Spain, France, United States, Belgium, and 
Germany; while of the remaining 3,354 it is estimated that not less 
than 50 per cent are the property of persons residing abroad. The 
same office has granted protection to 9,601 trade-marks, 40 per cent 
of which relate to articles produced in foreign countries. The total 
receipts of the office in fees from the date of its creation to December 
31, 1901, amounts to $1,055,173. 

Infringements. — Although no special legislation has been enacted 
in the Republic for the legal protection of patents granted other than 
the penalty clauses provided in the patent and trade-marks laws, the 
penal code and the general principles of the civil law are applicable 
to the. repression of abuses or frauds in the matter of infringements 
or colorable imitations. a 

TRADE-MARKS. 

Industrial rights. — This important branch of the rights to indus- 
trial property has received constant attention at the hands of the Leg- 
islature of the Republic since the first law was established, on August 
19, 1876. 

New law enacted. — An entirely new law, radically reforming previ- 
ous legislation, which was merely the adoption of the French law of 
1857 (which is still in force in that country), has been brought into 
operation. The two principal clauses in this enactment relate to the 
exclusive ownership of a registered mark and to the procedure ante- 
cedent to registration, allowing opposition thereto by third parties 
who may claim similar rights. 

Penalties. — The penalty clauses applying to infringements or imita- 
tions have likewise been modified in favor of the registered owners of 

« Argentine Yearbook, 1902. 



320 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

trade-marks. In certain eases industrial models and designs may also 
secure official protection, a project law upon this subject being now 
under consideration. 

Applications for patents. — It is desirable that all applications for 
patents or registration of trade-marks should be made through a 
qualified attorney of the Republic. 

Specification of a trade-mark. — The following constitute trade- 
marks in the Argentine Republic: The names of the objects them- 
selves, or those of persons' emblems, monograms, either engraved or 
stamped; seals, plain or in relief; words or fancy names; letters or 
numbers, either drawn in some special way or forming a combina- 
tion ; the wrappers or packages of the article, or other sign used for 
distinguishing a particular manufacture, commercial commodities, or 
other agricultural products; while the following can not be registered 
as trade-marks: The letters, words, names, or distinctive emblems 
which the nation uses or may use; the shape given to the articles by 
the manufacturer; the color of the product; terms or phrases which 
are in general use, or signs which do not show characteristics of nov- 
elty or specialty; the designations usually employed to describe the 
nature of the products or the class to which they belong, and all 
immoral drawing and expressions. a 

THE ARMY. 

Maintenance of army. — The maintenance of a standing army in 
time of peace, the number of troops, as well as the cost of the differ- 
ent branches of the service in detail, have to be sanctioned by an 
annual vote of Congress. The minister of war, who is assisted by 
an under-secretary, exercises administrative control over all army 
services, and the heads of the principal departments, both military 
and civil, are responsible to him for the discharge of their duties. 

Army footing. — According to the army estimates for 1900, the regu- 
lar army on January 1, 1900, comprised 698 commissioned officers and 
7,648 noncommissioned officers and rank and file. 

The national guard stood at 471,912 enrolled, being 263,857 on the 
active list, 94,069 reserve, and 111,986 territorial. The national guard 
is formed of all Argentine-born citizens from 18 years of age. At 
present, conscription exists for all youths of 20 years of age. 

Military port. — A strong military port is in course of construction 
at Puerto Belgrano, in the neighborhood of Bahia Blanca, on the 
South Atlantic coast of the Republic. It will be the largest in South 
America. The estimated cost is $7,000,000, gold. 

Compulsory service. — In 1901 a law (No. 4031) was sanctioned cre- 
ating compulsory military service. The obligation is for twenty-five 
years. Only Argentines or naturalized Argentines are allowed to 
serve in the army. By this law the arm} 7 is composed of (1) the line, 

« Argentine Yearbook, 1902. 



ARMY AND NAVY. 321 

which includes the reserve, and consists of 120,000 men; (2) national 
guard; (3) territorial guard. The line is formed of citizens from 20 
to 28 years of age. 

Conscripts of 20 years of age have to serve either two years or six 
months. 

The national guard is formed of citizens between 28 and 40 years, 
and the territorial guard of those between 40 and 45 years. 

Military districts. — The territory of the Republic is divided into 
seven military districts, with a general officer as district commander 
in each. 

The standing army is made up as follows : Eighteen battalions of 
infantiy, 12 regiments, of cavalry, 8 regiments of artillery, and 4 bat- 
talions of engineers. Among these are the following officers : Five 
lieutenant-generals, 3 generals of division, 12 brigadier -generals, 86 
colonels, 190 lieutenant-colonels, 195 majors, 210 captains, 220 first 
lieutenants, 265 second lieutenants, and 280 sublieutenants and cadets. 

Paraguayan warriors. — In addition to these there are the officers 
known as the Paraguayan warriors, those attached to the headquar- 
ters staff and the officers of the medical and sanitary corps. 

War budget. — It is estimated that under the new military law 500,000 
men could be placed in the field at short notice in case of war. The 
following is the war budget for 1902: 

Ministry $325,596 

War council 94, 200 

Army (salaries) 8, 846, 808 

Schools 874,852 

Administration 5, 437, 404 

Remount inspection. 104, 040 

Army, sanitary department 739, 940 

War arsenals 1 , 064, 580 

Shooting societies 120, 000 

Invalids 176,160 

General expenses 480, 000 

Maneuvers 240,000 

Total 18,001,580 

THE NAVY. 

Constitution. — According to a report of the minister of the navy, 
presented to Congress in 1901, the list of officers comprised 1 rear- 
admiral, 2 commodores, 17 capitanes de navio, 59 frigate captains, 76 
first lieutenants, 29 second lieutenants, and 84 sublieutenants, mak- 
ing a total of 321 officers on active service. The corps of engineers 
is composed of 1 inspector, 2 subinspectors, 8 chief engineers, 27 first- 
class, 53 second-class, 67 third-class; 4 first-class mechanics, 5 second, 
and 95 third. Eighty per cent of the engineers are Argentine citizens. 
The electrical staff is composed of 1 chief electrician, 3 first-class, 5 

573a— 03 21 



322 AEGENT1NE EEPUBLIC. 

second, 5 third, and 1 first-class mechanic, 3 second, and 25 third. 
There is a naval school at Flores, a school of mechanics in the North 
Basin, a school for artillery on board the cruiser Patagonia, and a 
school of torpedo practice at La Plata. The military port, Zarate 
Arsenal, and naval prison are garrisoned by a corps of coast artillery 
of 450 men. The total personnel of the navy varies from 5,000 to 
6,000 men. 

Organization. — Up to the year 1898 the ministries of war and marine 
constituted one organization. Since that time, however, the naval 
administration has been entirely remodeled and placed upon an inde- 
pendent basis so far as the general conduct of the department is con- 
cerned. All questions relating to movement of the fleet, armaments, 
machinery, observatories, hydrography, light-houses, buoys, and per- 
sonnel are dealt with by the various sections of the department. 
There is also an intelligence department in whose charge are all plans 
of maneuvers and information concerning foreign navies. 

Becruiting and service. — Recruiting for the navy is chiefly from 
the national guard and is effected by means of a conscription lottery, 
the term of service being for two years. The average number of con- 
scripts is about 2,000 per annum, all these being enrolled in the first 
reserve for a term of six years after the expiration of a fixed service. 
The reservists are liable to be called out for service at any time during 
the six years, after which they are placed in the second reserve (only 
called out in time of war), in which they remain until, by reason of 
age, their liability to serve ceases. It is estimated that the require- 
ments of the fleet in time of war would be at least 10,000 men. Under 
no circumstances can a conscript or reservist be awarded promotion 
to a higher rank, for the reason that all noncommissioned officers and 
the men belonging to the technical branches of the navy are compul- 
sorily recruited from the special training schools. The higher per- 
sonnel attain their rank by competitive examination and seniority, 
but a projected law dealing with the promotion and retirement of 
naval officers, now under the consideration of the Government, is 
likely to effect a change in the prevailing system. 

Laws and discipline. — The naval codes in force in Argentina pro- 
vide for tribunals composed of officers belonging both to the army 
and the navy. There is a supreme council of war with appellate juris- 
diction, which consists of four generals and two commodores, and is 
presided over by a lieutenant-general or vice-admiral, these being the 
highest ranks attainable in the respective services. There are also 
minor councils of war consisting of officers of both branches. 



ARMY AND NAVY. 323 

Forts and material. — The following military and naval establish- 
ments supply the material and requirements of the fleet: 

The naval arsenal, situated in the north basin of the port of Buenos 
Aires, possesses the largest mechanical workshops in South America, 
and effects all the necessary repairs to the ships. The dockyard at 
La Plata is the station for partially disarmed ships, and the torpedo 
division with an arsenal in which are deposited materials for subma- 
rine defense. The military port of Bahia Blanca, which is well forti- 
fied and contains submarine mines, has also repairing shops, a basin 
for the heavier ships, and a dry dock, said to be the largest in the 
world. The artillery depot at Zarate, on one of the affluents of the 
Parana, where are stored all the reserve cannon, cartridges, and other 
projectiles for the ships. And, lastly, there are the depots on the 
island of Martin Garcia and at Tigre on the River Lujan. 



324 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



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ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



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SANTA FELICITAS CHAPEL. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



327 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND VALUES. 

The metrical system of weights and measures is legalized for use in 
Argentina, but some of the old Spanish or old Argentine denomina- 
tion still survive in the provinces. 

The following are the old measurements : 

Vara = 34.09 inches English = 0.866 meter. 

One hundred varas = cuadra = 86.600 meters = 94.70 yards. 

One hundred and fifty varas = cuadra = 129.900 meters = 142.06 
yards. 

Six thousand varas = league = 5,196 meters = 5,682.51 yards. 

National metric league = 5,000 meters = 3.1069 miles. 

Square vara = 0.749956 square meters = 0.8969 square yards. 

Ten thousand square varas = square manzana = 7,499.56 square 
meters = 8,969.72 square yards. 

Cuadra (old square 150 varas X 150) = 4.17 acres = 22,500 square 
varas = 2,699.84 hectares = 16. 874 square meters = 1 hectare, 68 areas, 
71 cent. 

Square league = 6,672 acres = (1,600) squares = 10.424 square miles. 

Concession of land, usually 62-J- acres. 

Cubic vara = 0.6494 cubic meter — 0.8495 cubic yard. 

Quintal or fanega = 100 kilos = 220 pounds English = 3.67 bushels 
of 60 pounds = 1.37 hectoliters = 0.47 quarter. 

Fanega of 220 pounds per square = 0.85 bushel of 60 pounds per 
acre. 

Fanega of 220 pounds per hectare =1.47 bushels of 60 pounds per 
acre. 

Reciprocal tables. 

LINEAR MEASURE. 



Varas. 


Meters. 


Yards. 


Meters. 


Varas. 


Yards. 


Yards. 


Meters. 


Varas. 


1 


0.87 


0.95 


1 


1.16 


1.09 


1 


0.91 


1.06 


•2 


1.73 


1.89 


2 


2.31 


2.19 


2 


1.83 


2.11 


3 


2.60 


2.84 


3 


3.46 


3.28 


3 


2.74 


3.17 


4 


3.46 


3.79 


4 


4.62 


4.38 


4 


3.66 


4.22 


5 


4.33 


4.73 


5 


5.77 


5.47 


5 


4.57 


5.28 


6 


5.20 


5.68 


6 


6.93 


6.56 


6 


5.49 


6.34 


7 


6.06 


6.63 


7 


8.08 


7.66 


7 


6.40 


7.39 


8 


6.93 


7.58 


8 


9.24 


8.75 


8 


7.32 


8.45 


9 


7.79 


8.52 


9 


10.39 


9.84 


9 


8.23 


9.50 


10 


8.66 


9.47 


10 


11. 55 


10.94 


10 


9.14 


10.56 



SQUARE MEASURE. 



Square 


Centia- 


Square 


Centia- 


[Square 


Square 


Square 


Centia- 


Square 


varas. 


res. 


yards. 


res. 


varas. 


yards. 


yards. 


res. 


varas. 


1 


0.75 


0.90 


1 


1.33 


1.20 


1 


0.84 


1.11 


2 


1.50 


1.79 


2 


2.67 


2.39 


2 


1.67 


2.23 


3 


2.25 


2.69 


3 


4 


3.59 


3 


2.51 


3.35 


4 


3 


3.59 


4 


5.33 


4.78 


4 


3.34 


4.46 


5 


3.75 


4.48 


5 


6.67 


5.98 


5 


4.18 


5.57 


6 


4.50 


5.38 


6 


8 


7.18 


6 


5.02 


6 69 


7 


5.25 


6.28 


7 


9.34 


8.37 


7 


5.85 


7.80 


8 


6 


7.18 


8 


10.67 


9.57 


8 


6 69 


8.92 


9 


6.75 


8.07 


9 


12 


10.76 


9 


7.52 


10.03 


10 


7.50 


8.97 


10 


13.33 


11.96 


10 


8.36 


11.15 



328 



AKGENTLNE EEPUBLIC. 

Reciprocal tables — Continued. 

DRY AND FLUID MEASURES. 





Liters. 


Inches. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


Bushels. 


Milliliter 


0.001 
.01 
.1 
1 

10 

100 

1,000 

10,000 


0.061 
.61 
6.1 

61.03 
610.38 




0.00022 
.0022 
.022 
.23 
2.3 
32 
230 
2,200.967 




Centiliter 






Deciliter 




0.0027 


Liter « .. 


0.0353 
.353 
3.53 
35. 317 
353.17 


.0375 


Decaliter . 


.375 




3.751 


Kiloliterb.... - 




37.512 






27.5121 









LINEAR MEASURE. 





Meters. 


Reciprocals. 


Inch 


0.02539954 
.3047945 
.91438348 
5.029109 
20. 11644 
201.1644 
1,609.3149 


39.37079 


Foot 


3.380899 


Yard 


1.093633 


Pole 


.1988424 




.0497106 




.004971 


Mile 


.00063138 







SQUARE MEASURE. 



Square inch 
Square foot- 
Square yard 

Perch 

Rood 

Acre -. 

Square mile 



Square meters. 



0.000645137 1,550. 



.09289968 
. 8S6097 
25.29194 
1,011.678 
4,046.71 
,589,894.5 



Reciprocals. 



10. 7643 
1.196033 



.00098846 
. 00024711 
.00000038612 



CUBIC MEASURE. 



Cubic inch 
Cubic foot. 
Cubic yard 



Cubic meters. Reciprocals 



0.000016386 
.0283153 
. 764513 



6.027.05 
35. 31658 
1.30802 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 





Liters. 


Reciprocals. 


Gill ... 


0.141983 

.56793 

1. 13586 

4.543457 

9. 086915 

36. 34766 

290. 7813 


7.043094 


Pint 


1. 760773 


Quart ... 


. 8803868 


Gallon 


.2800967 


Peck. 


. 1100483 


Bushel 


.027512 


Quarters 


.003439 







a Liter =0.22009668 gallon=a cubic decimeter, 



&Kiloliter=a cubic meter 



RECIPROCAL TABLES. 



329 



Reciprocal tables — Continued. 

WEIGHTS. 



Drachm, avoirdupois 

Ounce, avoirdupois 

Pound, avoirdupois 

Hundredweight, avoirdupois 

Ton, avoirdupois 

Grain, troy- 

Pennyweight, troy 

Ounce, troy 

Pound, troy..- - 



Grammes. 



1. 771836 
28. 349375 
453. 59265 
,50,802.38 
1,016,047.5 

.06479895 
1.555175 
31. 1034615 
373. 2419 



Reciprocals. 



0.564383 
.0a52739 
.00220462 
.00001968 
.000000984 
15. 43235 
.6430146 
.03215073 
.00267923 



SQUARE MEASURE. 



Square 


















man- 
zana 
22,500 


Hec- 
tares. 


Acres. 


Hec- 
tares. 


Square 
man- 
zana. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Hec- 
tares. 


Square 
man- 


square 


















vara. 


















1 


1.69 


4.17 


1 


0.59 


2.47 


1 


0.40 


0.24 


2 


3.38 


8.34 


2 


1.19 


4.94 


2 


.81 


.48 


3 


5.06 


12. 51 


3 


1.78 


7.41 


3 


1.21 


.72 


4 


6.75 


16.68 


4 


2.37 


9.88 


4 


1.62 


.96 


5 


8.44 


20.85 


5 


2.96 


12.36 


5 


2.02 


1.20 


6 


10 12 


25.02 


6 


3.56 


14.83 


6 


2.43 


1.44 


7 


11.81 


29.19 


7 


4.15 


17.30 


7 


2.83 


1.68 


8 


13. 50 


33.36 


8 


4.74 


19.77 


8 


3.24 


1.92 


9 


15. 19 


37. 53 


9 


5. 33 


22.24 


9 


3.64 


2.16 


10 


16.87 


41.70 


10 


5.93 


24.71 


10 


4.05 


2.40 



SOLID MEASURE. 



Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


vara. 


meter. 


yards. 


meter. 


vara. 


yards. 


yards. 


meter. 


vara. 


1 


0.65 


0.85 


1 


1.54 


1.31 


1 


0.77 


1.18 


2 


. 1.30 


1.70 


1 2 


3.08 


2.62 


2 


1.53 


2.35 


3 


1.95 


2. 55 


3 


4.62 


3.92 


3 


2.29 


3.53 


4 


2.60 


3.40 


4 


6.16 


5.23 


4 


3.06 


4.71 


5 


3.25 


4.25 


5 


7.70 


6.54 


5 


3.82 


5.89 


6 


3.90 


5.10 


6 


9.24 


7.85 


6 


4.59 


7.06 


7 


4.55 


5.95 


7 


10.78 


9.16 


7 


5. 35 


8.24 


8 


5.20 


6.80 


8 


12.32 


10. 46 


8 


6.12 


9.42 


9 


5.85 


7.65 


9 


13.86 


11.77 


9 


6.88 


10. 59 


10 


6.49 


8.50 


10 


15.40 


13.08 


10 


7.65 


11.77 



LIQUID MEASURE. 



Argen- 
tine 
gallons. 


Liters. 


English 
gallons. 


Liters. 


Argen- 
tine 
gallons. 


English 
gallons. 


English 
gallons. 


Liters. 


Argen- 
tine 
gallons. 


1 


3.80 


0.84 


1 


0.26 


0,22 


1 


4.54 


1.20 


2 


7.60 


1.67 


2 


.53 


.44 


2 


9.09 


2.39 


3 


11.40 


2.51 


3 


.79 


.66 


3 


13. 63 


3.59 


4 


15. 20 


3.35 


4 


1.05 


.88 


4 


18. 17 


4.78 


5 


19.00 


4.18 


5 


1.32 


1.10 


5 


22.72 


5. 98 


6 


22.80 


5.02 


6 


1.58 


1.32 


6 


27.26 


7.17 


7 


26.60 


5.85 


7 


1.84 


1.54 


7 


31.80 


8.37 


8 


30.40 


6.69 


8 


2.11 


1.76 


8 


36. 35 


9.56 


9 


34.20 


7.53 


9 


2.37 


1.98 


9 


40.89 


10.76 


10 


38.00 


8.36 


10 


2.63 


2.20 


10 


45. 43 


11.96 



330 



AKGENTINE EEPUBLIC. 

Reciprocal tables — Continued. 
MEASURES OF CAPACITY— DRY. 



Fanegas. 


Hectoli- 
ters. 


Quar- 
ters. 


Hectoli- 
ters. 


Fanegas. 


Quar- 
ters. 


Quar- 
ters. 


Hectoli- 
ters. 


Fanegas. 


1 


1.37 


0.47 


1 


0.73 


0.34 


1 


2.91 


2.12 


2 


2.74 


.94 


2 


1.46 


.69 


2 


5.82 


4.24 


3 


4.12 


1.42 


3 


2.19 


1.03 


3 


8.72 


6.36 


4 


5.49 


1.89 


4 


2.92 


1.38 


4 


11.63 


8.48 


5 


6.86 


2.36 


5 


3.64 


1.72 


5 


14.54 


10.60 


6 


8.23 


2.83 


6 


4.37 


2.06 


6 


17.45 


12.72 


7 


9.60 


3.30 


7 


5.10 


2.41 


7 


20.36 


14.84 


8 


10.98 


3.77 


8 


5.83 


2.75 


8 


23.26 


16.96 


9 


12.35 


4.25 


9 


6.56 


3.10 


9 


26.17 


19.07 


10 


13.72 


4.72 


10 


7.29 


3.44 


10 


29.08 


21.19 



WEIGHTS. 



Argen- 
tine 
pounds. 


Metric 
kilo- 
grams. 


English 
pounds 
avoirdu- 
pois. 


Metric 
kilo- 
grams. 


Argen- 
tine 
pounds. 


English 
pounds 
avoirdu- 
pois. 


English 
pounds 
avoirdu- 
pois. 


Metric 

kilo- 
grams. 


Argen- 
tine 
pounds. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


0.46 
.92 
1.38 
1.84 
2.30 
2.76 
3.22 
3.68 
4.13 
4.59 


1.01 
2.03 
3.04 
4.05 
5.06 
6.08 
7.09 
8.10 
9.12 
10.13 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


2.18 

4.35 

6.53 

8.71 

10.88 

13.06 

15.24 

17.41 

19.59 

21. 77 


2.20 

4.41 

6.61 

8.82 

11.02 

13.23 

15.43 

17.64 

19.84 

22.05 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

8 

9 

10 


0.45 
.91 

1.36 
1.81 
2.27 
2.72 
3.18 
3.63 
4.08 
4.54 


0.99 
1.97 
2.96 
3.95 
4.94 
5.92 
6.91 
7.90 
8.89 
9.87 



SURFACE MEASURE. 



Square 


Square 

kilo- 
meter. 


Square 


Square 

kilo- 
meter. 


Square 


Square 


; Square 


Square 
kilo- 
meter. 


Square 


league. « 


miles. 


league. « 


miles. 


j miles. 


league." 


1 


27.00 


10.42 


1 


0.04 


0.39 


1 


2.59 


0.10 


2 


54. 00 


20.85 


2 


.07 


.77 


2 


5.18 


.19 


3 


81.00 


31.27 


3 


.11 


1.16 


3 


7 77 




29 


4 


107.99 


41.70 


4 


.15 


1.54 


4 


10.36 




38 


5 


134.99 


52.12 


5 


.18 


1.93 


5 


12.95 




48 


6 


161. 99 


62.55 


6 


.22 


2.32 


6 


15.54 




58 


7 


188.99 


72.97 


i 


.26 


2.70 


7 


18.13 




67 


8 


215. 99 


83.40 


8 


.30 


3.09 


8 


20.72 




77 


9 


242. 99 


93.82 


9 


.33 


3.48 


9 


23.31 




86 


10 


269.98 


104.25 


10 


.37 


3.86 


10 


25.90 




96 



a Square league of 36,000,000 square varas; there is also the square league of the National Met- 
rical System used in national territories which equals 25 square kilometers or 9.65 square miles. 



RECIPROCAL TABLES. 



331 



Specific gravity and weight per cubic meter of Argentine woods compared with 

foreign tvoods. 



Class of timber. 



Lignum vitse 

Urunday, A.R« 

Box 

Quebracho Colorado, A. R 

Ebony 

Lapacho, A. R 

Palo bianco, A. R 

Quebracho bianco, A. R.. 

Orcomoya, A. R 

Oreo cebil, A. R 

Curupay, A. R 

Lanza, A. R 

English oak 

Algarrobo negro, A. R ... 

Pitch pine 

Laurel, A. R 

Tipa, A. R - 

Viraro, A. R 

Nogal, A. R 

Ash. 

Teak 

Cedar, A. R 

Deal 

Cochucho, A. R .. 

Elm and larch 

White pine 

Pacara, A. R. 

Cork 



Specific 
gravity. 



Weight per 
cubic meter. 



0.90 to 
.82 to 



.70 to 
.70 to 



Kilogi 



9(H) 

s;.'(i 



700 



7(H) 



ams. 

1,330 

1,280 

1,280 

1,270 

1,180 

1,100 

1,040 

1,020 

1,000 

1,000 

970 

920 

to 770 

to 700 

770 

770 

760 

740 

to 520 

700 

700 

to 460 

680 

570 

550 

450 

370 



Table of decimal equivalents of fractions of an inch. 





Eighths: 


Thirty-seconds: 


Sixty -fourths: 


Sixty-fourths: 






|=.125 


^=.03125 


A =.015625 


ff=. 515625 






| = .250 


3 3 5 =. 09375 


^=.046875 


|| =.546875 






f=.375 


^=.15625 


&=. 078125 


§£=. 578125 






£ = .500 


&=. 21875 


/*=. 109375 


||=. 609375 






£ = .625 


# 2 =. 28125 


^=.140625 


$i=. 640625 






g=.750 


Ji=. 34375 


M = . 171875 


If =.671875 






|=.875 


M=- 40625 


M=- 203125 


M=. 703125 






Sixteenths: 


M=. 46875 


M=. 234375 


|| =.734375 






^=.0625 


hi=. 53125 


|f=.2&5625 


II =.765625 






&=.1875 


If =.59375 


M=- 296875 


li=. 796875 






r 6 B =.3125 


§£=.65625 


M=. 328125 


fl =.828125 






r 7 s = .4375 


§§=.71875 


§|=. 359375 


M=. 859375 






r 9 B =.5625 


§§=.78125 


-§f=. 390625 


|J=. 890625 






H=-6875 


if =.84375 


§£=.421875 


fi=. 921875 
Si=. 953125 






}i=.8125 


§§=.90625 


§f=. 453125 






if =.9375 


§£=.96875 


fi=. 484375 


M=. 984375 






QUEBRACHO CO 


LORADO POSTS. 






Posts. 


Length. 


Circu 
en 


mfer- 

ce. 


Point. 


Weight. 


Average 
weight 


j Wagon 
load. 




Vara. 


Cm. 


Inch. 


Cm. 


Inch. 


Cm. 


Kilos. 


Kilos. 


Nximber. 


Esquineros 


11/4 


238 


20-22 


48 53 


13 


31 


54-67 


62 


165 


Enteros 


11/4 


238 


18-20 


43-48 


12 


29 


42-54 


50 


205 


Enteros cortos 


10/4 


216 


18-20 


43-48 


12 


29 


40-51 


44 


220 


Medios r ef orzados . 


10/4 


216 


16-18 


38-43 


11 


26 


31-41 


36 


280 


Medios 


10/4 


216 


14-18 


34-43 


10 


24 


24-41 


30 


340 


Medios livianos . 


10/4 


216 


12-14 


29-34 


9 


22 


17-25 


22 


450 


Estaciones 
Postes de 2 




9/4 


195 
230 


10-12 


24-29 

43-48 


8 


19 

29 


11-17 
42-53 


15 

48 


660 


m30._ 


210 


Postes de 2 m 50 




250 




45-50 




30 


45-60 


52 


190 


Postes de 2 
Postes de c 


m60 




260 
300 




45-50 
45-60 




30 

40 


46-65 
60-120 


54 
75 


185 


mOO 




135 









a Argentine Republic. 



332 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Metrical system (compared with English), 

LONG MEASURE. 





Meters. 


Inches. 


Feet. 


Yards. 


Miles. 


Millimeter 


.001 
.01 
.1 
1 

10 

100 

1,000 

10,000 


.03937 
.3937 
3.937 
39.37079 


.00328 
.0328 
.328 
3.2809 
32. 809 
328 
3,280.9 


.00109 
.0109 
.1093 
1.09363 
10.936 
109. 36 
1,093.6 




Centimeter 




Decimeter .: 


.00006 


Meter 


00062 


Decameter 


.0062 


Hectometer 




.06214 


Kilometer 




62138 


Myriameter 




6. 21382 













SQUARE MEASURE. 





Square 
meters. 


Square 
inches. 


Square 
feet. 


Square 
yards. 


Acres. 


Milliare 


.1 

1 

10 

100 

1,000 

10,000 


155 

1,550 

15,501 


1.076 
10. 764 
107.64 
1,076.4 


.119 
1.19 

11.96 
119.6 
1,196 
11,960 




Centiare 


.00025 


Declare 


.0025 


Are 


.0247 


Decare 




.2471 


Hectare 






2. 4711 











SOLID MEASURE. 





Cubic 
meters. 


Cubic 
inches. 


Cubic 
feet. 


Cubic 
yards. 


Millistere 


.001 

.01 

.1 

1 

10 
100 


61.028 
610.28 
6,102.8 
61,028 








.353 
3.5317 
35.317 




Decistere 


.1308 




1.308 




13.08 


Hectostere 


! 


130.802 




i 





WEIGHTS. 





Grams. 


Avoirdu- 
pois 
ounces. 


Avoirdu- 
pois 
pounds. 


Hun- 
dred- 
weight. 


Ton. 


Grains 

troy. 




.001 
.01 
.1 
1 

10 
100 

1,000 

10,000 

100,000 

1,000,000 










.015 












.154 












1.543 




.035 

.35 

3.527 

35.2739 


.0022 

.022 

.22046 

2.2046 
22.04 
220.46 
2,204.62 






15.432349 














Kilogram -- 


.019 
.1968 
1. 9684 
19.684 


.00098 
.00984 
.0984 
.984206 


Ozs. troy. 
32.15 

























CONVERSION TABLE. 



333 



Foreign coins conversion table. 



: Value of foreign coins in paper 
dollars with gold at following 
prices. 


Value of $1 paper in fol- 
lowing coins. 


Gold 
at par. 


£, $5,040. 


Francs 

20, $4. 


Marks 
20, $4,940. 


£ m d. 


Francs 5. 


Marks 
4.048. 


227 


11.441 


9.080 


11. 214 


m 


2.202 


1. 783 


228 


11. 491 


9.120 


11.263- 


20* 


2.193 


1. 775 


229 


11.542 


9.160 


11.313 


20} 


2.183 


1.768 


280 


11.592 


9.200 


11. 362 


20} 


2.173 


1.760 


231 


11. 642 


9.240 


11. 411 


20f 


2.165 


1.752 


232 


11. 693 


9.280 


11. 461 


20* 


2.155 


1.745 


233 


11.743 


9.320 


11.510 


20* 


2.146 


1.737 


234 


11. 794 


9.360 


11.560 


20f 


2.138 


1.729 


235 


11.844 


9.400 


11.609 


20i 


2.128 


1.723 


236 


11.894 


9.440 


11.658 


20* 


2.119 


1.715 


237 


11. 945 


9.480 


11. 708 


20* 


2.110 


1.708 


238 


11.995 


9.520 


11. 757 


20 


2.101 


1.701 


239 


12.046 


9.560 


11.807 


19| 


2.092 


1.694 


240 


12.096 


9.600 


11.856 


m 


2.083 


1.687 


241 


12. 146 


9.640 


11.905 


m 


2.075 


1.680 


242 


12.197 


9.680 


11.955 


19| 


2.066 


1.672 


243 


12.247 


9.720 


12.004 


m 


2.057 


1.666 


244 


12.298 


9.760 


12.054 


m 


2.049 


1.659 


245 


12.348 


9.800 


12. 103 


19f 


2.041 


1.652 


246 


12. 398 


9.840 


12.152 


19| 


2.033 


1.646 


247 


12. 449 


9.880 


12.202 


19* 


2.024 


1.639 


248 


12.499 


9.920 


12.251 


m 


2.016 


1.632 


249 


12.550 


9.960 


12.301 


m 


2.008 


1.626 


250 


12.600 


10.000 


12.350 


19 


2.000 


1.619 


251 


12.650 


10.040 


12.399 


18* 


1.992 


1.613 


252 


12. 701 


10.080 


12. 449 


18| 


1.984 


1.606 


253 


12. 751 


10.120 


12.498 


18} 


1.976 


1.600 


254 


12.802 


10.160 


12.548 


18f 


1.968 


1.594 


255 


12.852 


10.200 


12.597 


18| 


1.960 


1.588 


256 


12.902 


10.240 


12. 646 


18* 


1.953 


1.581 


257 


12.953 


10.280 


12. 696 


18* 


1.945 


1.575 


258 


13.003 


10. 320 


12. 745 


18| 


1.937 


1.569 


259 


13.054 


10.360 


12.795 


18| 


1.930 


1.563 


260 


13.104 


10.400 


12.844 


18* 


1.923 


1.557 


261 


13.154 


10.440 


12.893 


18* 


1.915 


1.551 


262 


13.205 


10. 480 


12.943 


18* 


1.908 


1.545 


263 


13.255 


10.520 


12.992 


18* 


1.901 


1.539 


264 


13.306 


10.560 


13.042 


18 


1.894 


1.533 


265 


13.356 


10.600 


13.091 


17* 


1.886 


1.527 


266 


13.406 


10. 640 


13. 140 


17* 


1.879 


1.522 


267 


13. 457 


10.680 


13. 190 


17} 


1.872 


1.516 


268 


13.507 


10. 720 


13.239 


17} 


1.865 


1.510 


269 


13.558 


10.760 


13.289 


174 


1.858 


1.505 


270 


13. 608 


10.800 


13.338 


171 


1.851 


1.499 


271 


13.658 


10.840 


13.387 


17* 


1.845 


1.494 


272 


13. 709 


10. 880 


13.437 


17* 


1.838 


1.488 


273 


13. 759 


10.920 


13. 486 


17f 


1.831 


1.483 


274 


13. 810 


10.960 


13.536 


17| 


1.824 


1.477 


275 


13.860 


11.000 


13.585 


17* 


1.818 


1.472 


276 


13.910 


11.040 


13.634 


17* 


1.812 


1.466 


277 


13.961 


11.080 


13. 684 


17* 


1.806 


1.461 


278 


14. 011 


11.120 


13. 733 


17* 


1.800 


1.456 


279 


14.062 


11.160 


13. 783 


17 


1.793 


1.450 


280 


14. 112 


11.200 


13. 832 


17 


1.787 


1. 445 


281 


14.162 


11.240 


13. 881 


16* 


1.780 


1.441 


282 


14.213 


11. 280 


13.931 


16* 


1.773 


1. 436 


283 


14.263 


11. 320 


13.980 


16} 


1.766 


1.431 


284 


14.314 


11.360 


14.030 


16} 


1.760 


1.426 


285 


14.364 


11.400 


14. 079 


16| 


1.754 


1.420 


286 


14. 414 


11.440 


14. 128 


m 


1.748 


1.415 


287 


14.465 


11. 480 


14. 178 


16* 


1.742 


1.410 


288 


14.515 


11. 520 


14. 227 


16* 


1.736 


1.405 


289 


14.566 


11. 560 


14.277 


16f 


1. 730 


1.400 


290 


14.616 


11.600 


14.326 


16f 


1.724 


1.395 


291 


14. 666 


11.640 


14.375 


16* 


1.718 


1.391 


292 


14.717 


11.680 


14. 425 


16* 


1.712 


1.386 


293 


14. 767 


11.720 


14.474 


16* 


1.706 


1.381 


294 


14.818 


11.760 


14.524 


16| 


1.700 


1.376 


295 


14. 868 


11.800 


14.573 


16* 


1.694 


1.371 


296 


14.918 


11. 840 


14.622 


16 


1.688 


1.366 


297 


14. 969 


11.880 


14. 672 


16 


1.682 


1.362 


298 


15. 019 


11.920 


14. 721 


16 


1.677 


1.3&8 


299 


15.070 


11.960 


14. 771 


15* 


1.671 


1.353 


300 


15.120 


12.000 


14.820 


15* 


1.665 


1.349 



CHAPTER XVI. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY. 

Aside from the official publications of the Argentine Government, 
there exists an immense amount of literature, historical and descrip- 
tive, of the country, of which no extensive bibliography has been 
published. 

In 1892, with the assistance of the Museo de La Plata, Seiior Jose 
Toribio Medina issued the second part of his important work entitled 
" Historia y bibliografia de la imprenta en la America espanola," with 
the title "Historia y bibliografia en el antiguo vireinato del Rio de 
la Plata." It is an elaborate work giving the most minute biblio- 
graphical details and beautifully illustrated with portraits and fac- 
similes. Reference should also be made to the " Relacion de mapas, 
pianos, etc., del vireinato de Buenos Aires existentes en el Archivo 
General de las Indias " (Se villa), by Pedro Torres Lanzas. 

A list of maps of the Argentine Republic is published in the " List 
of Maps of America," compiled by Mr. P. Lee Phillips, Chief of the 
Division of Maps and Charts, Library of Congress, Washington. For 
those who may wish to push their inquiries farther than the limits of 
the present book, a useful list of works on the Argentine Republic is 
given below. A list of maps is also added, as is one of the principal 
periodicals published in the Republic. 

A SOUTH AMERICAN NEWSPAPER. 

The "World's Work" for February, 1902, contains a description 
by Bernard Meiklejohn of what is one of the most remarkable 
newspaper plants in the world, that of "La Prensa" (The Press), 
of Buenos Aires. The office of "La Prensa" is an imposing build- 
ing of gray marble, five stories in height, surmounted by a tower, and 
crowned by a colossal figure of golden bronze, t}*pical of the press. 
This building is situated on the finest boulevard of the city. Upon 
the ground floor, besides the usual business offices, are : A luxurious 
consulting room, where a physician with five assistants attends to the 
ailments of an average of 110 patients daily, free of charge: a law 
office, where the indigent can secure free legal advice; and a museum, 
where all the products and manufactures of the Argentine Republic 
may be inspected without charge. On the second floor are the sump- 
tuous offices of the proprietor, the editor, and the editorial writers; 
also a well-stocked library, particularly rich in legal, medical, and 
engineering works, which is open at all times to students without pay- 
ment; in an adjoining room the Spanish language is taught at the 
334 




PALACE OF "LA PRENSA," BUENOS AIRES. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 335 

expense of the journal; while there is a great hall in which the people 
of the city are at liberty to hold public meetings. Distinguished for- 
eigners visiting Buenos Aires find on the third floor the most remark- 
able feature of the establishment — a palatial suite of apartments for 
their reception. In addition, there is a "Salon des Fetes," copied 
exactly from the drawing-room at Fontainebleau, where literary, 
charitable, and scientific meetings are held on the invitation of "La 
Prensa." The proprietor's idea in providing such apartments is to 
glorify the city. On the top floors. are the composing room, the 
reporters' room, a restaurant, and a fencing salon. 

" La Prensa " is an eight-page journal, with the inside pages devoted 
to news, and the outside sheets to advertisements. It was established 
in 1869 by J. C. P. Paz, as editor and sole owner. The present editor 
is his son, Ezequiel P. Paz. The present home of the paper was com- 
pleted in 1896, at a cost of $2,000,000 gold. "La Prensa" has a cir- 
culation of 100,000 copies, and is sold for about 3 cents per copy 
(United States currency). ^For the first six months of 1901 its treas- 
urer's report showed gross receipts amounting to $1,033,905.47 gold, 
and expenses aggregating about $650,000. In the main the equip- 
ments for this magnificent establishment were purchased in the 
United States, where its supply of type and blank paper is also 
obtained. 

NEWSPAPERS IN THE CAPITAL. 

Buenos Aires boasts the possession of 189 newspapers and periodi- 
cals printed in the following languages: 

Spanish 154 

Basque 1 

Italian 14 

English 6 

French 2 

Scandinavian 3 

Russian 1 

German 8 

The greater part of the daily and weekly publications deal with 
news and general information, while many others treat special sub- 
jects only. The following classification, however, conveys a general 
idea of the nature of the periodical literature provided for the mixed 
population of Buenos Aires: 

General information (daily and weekly) 68 

Science and art 14 

Commercial . . 25 

Literary, historical, illustrated, etc 37 

Industrial 9 

Judicial, legal, and official 8 

Agriculture, camp, and sport 8 

Educational, statistical, etc _ 9 

Military and naval 5 

Directories and guides (various) 6 



336 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The first daily newspaper published in Argentina, of which there 
is any record, was El Telegrafo Mercantile in the year 1801; and the 
second, Sumario de Agricultural Industrias y Comercio, established 
in 1802. The leading daily newspapers of to-day are La Nacion, La 
Prensa, LI Pais, El Diario, El Tiempo, and La Tribuna. There 
are, besides, among the foreign publications, 2 English, 2 French, 2 
German, 1 Spanish, and 2 Italian daily papers. 

REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS ON THE ARGENTINE 

REPUBLIC. 

GENERAL REFERENCE 

Almanach de Gotha. (Annual. ) 

American encyclopedia. New York. 

Apple ton's annual encyclopedia, New York. 

Argentine yearbook. Bnenos Aires and London. 

Encyclopedia Britannica. London and New York. 

Larned's history for ready reference. Springfield. Mass., 1895. 

International encylopedia. New York. 

Statesman's yearbook. London. 

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. 

Annual reports of the Ministers of State to the Argentine Congress. 

Messages of the President of the Republic to the Argentine Congress. 

The Argentine Republic as a field for European emigration; a geographical review 
of the country and its resources, with all its various features, by Francisco 
Latzina, Chief of the Argentine Statistical Bureau. Buenos Aires, 1883. 
(With map.) 

Census. Reports of the national census bureau (Oficina Nacional del Censo). 

Segundo censo de la Republica, mayo 10 de 1895. 

Tomo 1. Territorio. 

Tomo 2. Poblacion. 

Tomo 3. Censos complementarios. 

Commercial statistics. 

Bulletins of the national bureau of statistics. Buenos Aires. (Direccion general 

de estadistica. ) 
Bulletins of the International Bureau of the American Republics, Washington. 
Commercial relations of the United States. Department of Commerce and Labor. 

Washington. 
United States consular reports. Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington. 
British diplomatic and consular reports. Foreign Office. London. 
Bulletins of the United States Bureau of Statistics. Department of Commerce 

and Labor, Washington. 

NONOFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. 

History. 

Argentine (The) confederation, by an American. The history of South America 
translated from the Spanish by Adnah D. Jones. London. 1899. 315 pp. 8°, 

Butterworth, Hezekiah: History of the Argentine Republic. (In his South 
America, New York, 1898. ) 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 337 

Deberle, Alfred- Joseph: Histoire de l'Amerique du Sud depuis la complete JTisqu'& 

nos jours . . . Paris, 1897. xix, 416 pp. 12°. 
Garcia Merou, Martin: Historia de la Republica Argentina. Obra escrita de 

acuerdo con el programa de los colegios nacionales de la Republica. Buenos 

Aires, 1899. 2 vols. 8°. 
Mitre, Bartolome: Historia de Belgrano y de la independencia argentina. 4 n 

edicion. Buenos Aires, 1887. 3 vols. 4°. 
Historia de San Martin y dela emancipacion sudamericana. Buenos Aires, 

1887, 1888. 3 vols. 8°. 
Poucel, Benjamin: Les otages de Durazno: Souvenirs du Rio de La Plata pendant 

1 " intervention anglo-francaise de 1845 a 1851 . . . Paris & Marseille, 1864. 

vii, 351 pp. 8°. 
Power, J.: " The land we live in." History of the Argentine Republic from the 

landing of Solis to the present day. Buenos Aires, 1891. 132 pp. illus., 

port. 8°. 

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, DESCRIPTION, AND TRAVEL. 

Aguirre, Diogenes: De Buenos Aires a la Isla de los Estados. 1884. (In the 
Revista de la^Sociedad Geografica Argentina, T. 2, p. 291.) 

Akers, C. E.: Argentine, Patagonian, and Chilian sketches, with a few notes on 
Uruguay. London, 1893. vi, 190 pp. 8°. 

Alsina, Juan A.: La inmigracion europea en la Republica Agentina. Buenos 
Aires, 1898. 336 pp. 8°. 

Andre, Gustave: Colonies agricolesdel'EntreRios. Deux cartes coloriees. Paris, 
1890. 160 pp. 8°. 

Bernardez, Manuel: De Buenos Aires al Iguazti. Cronicas de un viaje periodis- 
tico a Corrientes y Misiones. Con numeros grabados, un panorama y un piano 
de las grandes cataratas. 2a edicion. Buenos Aires, 1901. illus., 128 pp. 8°. 

Bove, Giacomo: Expedicion austral argentina. Buenos Aires, 1883. Maps, illus., 
217 pp. 8°. 

Burmeister, H. : Description physique de la Republique Argentine d'apres des 
observations personnelles et etrangeres . . . Tr. del'allemandparE. Maupas. 
Paris, 1876-1.880. 4 vols. 8°. Atlas, fol. 

Carrasco, Gabriel y Ballesteros-Zorraquin, A. J.: La provincia de Santa Fe. Bue- 
nos Aires, 1888. Map., 14,136 pp. 8°. 

Church, George Earl: Argentine geography and the ancient Pampean sea. Lon- 
don, 1898. 2 pis., maps, 16 pp. 8°. 

Corthell, Elmer L.: Argentine, past, present, and future. New York, 1903. 
Illus., 64 pp. 8°. 

Crawford, Robert: Across the Pampas and the Andes. London, 1884. 366 pp. 8°. 

Curtis, William Eleroy : Between the Andes and the Ocean; an account of an inter- 
esting journey down the west coast of South America, from the Isthmus of 
Panama to the Straits of Magellan. Chicago, 1900. 4 pis., 442 pp. 8°. 

Daireaux, Emile: La vie et les moeurs de La Plata. Paris, 1898. 2 vols. 8°. 

De Rancourt, Etienne: Fazendas et estancias. Notes de voyage sur le Bresil et 
la Republique Argentine. Paris, 1901. illus., maps, 286 (1) pp. 8°. 

Ebelot, Alfred: La Pampa; moeurs sud-americaines. Illustrations par Alfred 
Paris. Paris and Buenos Aires, 1890. 312 pp. 8°. 

Edgcumbe, Sir Edward Robert Pearce: Zephyrus; a holiday in Brazil and on the 
river Plata, with illustrations. London, 1887. 4 pis., 242 pp., front, map, 
illus. 8°. 

573a— 03 22 



338 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Fitz Gerald, E. A.: The highest Andes. A record of the first ascent of Aconcagua 
and Tnpengato in Argentina, and the exploration of the surrounding valley 
. . . with two maps, 51 illustrations, and panorama. London, 1899. 390 
pp. 8°. 

Gubernatis, Angelo D.: L' Argentina. Ricordi e lettere . . . Firenze, 1898. 
334 pp., 91 pp. 8°. 

Guilaine, Louis: La Republique Argentine, physique et economique: expose de 
ses conditions et ressources naturelles, de son agriculture, de ses industries, de 
son commerce, de son credit et de ses finances, au point de vue de 1' emigration 
et des capitaux europeens, d'apres les derniers documents ofiiciels . . . 
Preface d'Emile Gautier. Paris, 1889. xxxiii, 348 pp. 8°. 

Hoskold, H. D. : The Argentine Republic. (The International Geography, edited 
by Hugh R. Mill. New York, 1900.) 

Kaerger, Karl: Landwirtschaft und kolonisation im Spanischen Amerika. 2 vols. 
8°. Leipzig, 1901. Argentina, v. 1. 

Keane, A. H.: Central and South America. (Stanford's compendium of geog- 
raphy and travel.) Map and illustrations. London, 1901. 611 pp. 12°. 

Konig, Abraham: A traves de la Republica Argentina; diario de viaje por Abra- 
ham Konig. Santiago de Chile, 1890. 422 pp. 4°. 

Latzina, Francisco: Diccionario geografico argentino. Buenos Aires, 1895. 619 
pp. 4°. 

Geographie de la Republique Argentine, par F. Latzina . . . avec une 

introduction par M. Levasseur. . . . Buenos Aires, 1890. 488 pp. pls.,niaps. 
8°. 

Lix Klett, Carlos: Estudios sobre produccion, comercio, finanzas e intereses gene- 
rales de la Republica Argentina. Con una introduccion de Enrique M. Nel- 
son. Buenos Aires, 1900. 2 vols. , illus. 4°. 

Martens, P.: Sud- Amerika unter besonderer Berucksichtigung Argentiniens. 
Nach den neuesten amtlichen Quellen und auf Grand eigener Anschauung. 
Map, illus. Berlin, 1899. 284 pp. 8°. 

Markwick, W. Fisher, and Smith, William S.: The South American Republics. 
(The world and its people series.) New York, 1901. 348. 96 pp. 8°. 

Martinez, Alberto B. : Baedeker de la Republica Argentina. Ciudad de Buenos 
Aires. Lineas ferreas, etc. Buenos Aires, 1900. 369 pp. 12°. 

Medina, Jose Toribio: Historia y bibliografia de la imprenta en el antiguo virei- 
nato del Rio de la Plata . . . Buenos Aires and London, 1892. 4 pts., pis., 
port., facsim., initials, vign. fol. {In his Historia y bibliografia de la 
imprenta en la America espaiiola. Pte. 2.) 

Mill, Hugh Robert, editor: The littoral, central. Andean, and northern provinces. 
New York, 1900. (In his International geography.) 

Resources and prospective advantages of the Argentine Republic. (In his 

New lands. London, 1900.) 

Mitre, Bartolome: Arengas. Coleccion de discursos parlamentarios, politicos, 
economicos y literarios . . . 1848-1888. 2 a edition. Buenos Aires, 1889. 
915 pp. 4°. 

Mulhall, M. G. & E. T.: Handbook of the River Plate. Buenos Aires, 1892. 
686, 80 pp. 8°. 

Napp, Richard D.: The Argentine Republic. Buenos Aires. 1876. 240 pp. 8°. 

National Association of Manufacturers of the United States: Foreign trade of 
Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Philadelphia, 1897. 119 pp. 8. 

Odescalchi, Baldassare: Un viaggio in Argentina. Roma, 1900. 83 pp. 8°. 

Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe: Diccionario geografico, estadistico. national argen- 
tino . . . Buenos Aires, 1885. pi., x, 485 pp., fold. maps. S . Bibliog- 
raphy, p. 467. 



CARTOGRAPHY. 389 

Prichard, Hesketh Vernon: Through the heart of Patagonia . . . ; with illus- 
trations from drawings in color and black and white, by John Guille Millais 
. . . and from photographs. New York, 1902. xvi, 346 pp., maps. 8°. 

Rumbold, Horace: The great Silver River. Kotes of a residence in Buenos Aires 
in 1880 and 1881. London, 1890. illus. 566 pp. 8°. 

Schmitz, Otto: Die Finanzen Argentiniens. Nach den neuesten amtlichen Quellen. 
Leipzig, 1895. 267 pp. 8°. 

Seeber, Francisco: Importance economiqne et financiere de la Republique Argen- 
tine. Buenos Aires, 1888. 342 pp. 8°. 

Simons. E. M.: Eine Sudamerikafahrt: Reisekizzen von Dr. E. M. Simons. Mit 
Abbildungen . . . Berlin, 1901. 98 pp., incl. illus. pi. 8°. 

Turner, Thomas A.: Argentina and the Argentines. Notes ... of a five years' 
sojourn in the Argentine Republic, 1885-1890. New York, 1892. 370 pp. 8°. 

Varela, Luis Vicente: El Brasil y la Argentina: confraternidad sudamericana. 
Obra descriptiva, ilustrada con fotograbados . . . Buenos Aires, 1901. xviii, 
461 pp. pi., port. 4°. 

Vicuiia Mackenna, B.: Estudios geograficos y politicos. Santiago de Chile, 1880. 
254 pp. 8°. 

Villegas, Conrado: Campaiia de los Andes al sud de la Patagonia. Buenos Aires, 
1883. 664 pp. 8°. 

Wiener, Charles: La Republique Argentine. Paris, 1899. 677 pp. 4°. 

Walmesley, Oswald: Notes on the mining laws of the Argentine Republic. (In 
his Mining laws of the world. London, 1894. 199 pp. 8°.) 

Yfernet, Jean-M.: La Republique Argentine et ses colonies; description physique 
et statistique. Buenos Aires, 1885. 

Zeballos, Estanislao: Descripcion amena de la Republica Argentina . . . Bue- 
nos Aires, 1881-1883. 2 vols. 8°. 

Zubiaur, J. B.: Sinopsis de la educacion en la Repiiblica Argentina. Buenos 
Aires, 1901. 103 pp. 8°. 

MAPS. 

1756. Carte de la Riviere de la Plate dans 1' Amerique meridionale. Par M. Bellin, 
Ing r . de la Marine, 1756. 38.5x25 cm. 

[In Histoire du Paraguay, Charlevoix, 1756. Follows p. 150 in v. 2.] 

[1756] . Plan de la Ville de Buenos Ayres. 35 x 25 cm. 

[In Histoire du Paraguay, Charlevoix, 1756. Follows p. 166 in v. 1.] 

1806. Map of the city of Buenos Ayres. Published 4th Oct., 1806, by H. D. 
Symonds, London, England. 12.8x21.4 cm. 

[In History and description of the Republic of Buenos Ayres, Samuel Hull 
Wilcocke, 1820.] 

[1820] . Map of the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres with the surrounding states. 
26.5x21.4 cm. 

[In History and description of the Republic of Buenos Ayres, Samuel Hull 
Wilcocke, 1820.] 

[1853] . Map of the principal rivers of the Argentine Provinces. 20 x 32 cm. 
[In Two thousand miles through the Argentine Provinces, McCann.] 

1860. Piano de los terrenos del bajo y barranca del Rio Parana vendidos por el 
Gobierno de Santa Fe f rente a la Ciudad del Rosario. Bustinxa, Mayo 
22 de 1860. 70x38 cm. 

[In Informe sobre la propiedad de las Riberas e Islas del Rio Parana.] 

[1861]. Map of part of Patagonia by Henry L. Jones, Esq., to accompany his 
notes. 21 x 27 cm. Geographical Journal, London, v. 31, 1861, p. 204. 

1864, Map of part of the Argentine Republic to illustrate the paper by Mr. 
Consul Hutchinson. (Edw. Weller.) 21x20 cm. Geographical Jour- 
nal, London, v. 34, 1864, p. 226. 



340 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

[1865] . Map of the delta of the River Parana. 46 x 39.5 cm. 
. [In Buenos Ayres and Argentine Gleanings, Hutchinson.] 

1869-70. Patagonia, to illustrate Capt. Muster's route. 1869-70. 21x23 cm. 

Geographical Journal, London, v. 41, 1871, p. 59. 
1873. Map showing the projected railway route from Buenos Ayres to Chile, to 

accompany the paper by R. Crawford, Esq. 21x59 cm. Geographical 

Journal, London, v. 43, 1873, p. 47. 

1879. Itinerario del viaje al pais de los Araucanos por E. S. Zeballos. 86 x 65 cm. 
[In Descripcion amena de la Republica Argentina, Zeballos, T. 1.] 

1879. Francisco P. Moreno's Erforschung eines Theiles von Patagonien 1876 

& 1877. Mit Benutzung alterer Quellen hauptsachlich reducirt von 
Moreno's Originalkarte. (Buenos Aires, 1879.) Scale, 1: 1,750,000. 
24.6 x 19.4 cm. Petermann's Mitteilungen, Gotha, v. 25, 1879, p. 444. 

1880. Reise im sxidwestlichen Patagonien von J. T. Rogers und E. Poar, 1877. 

Scale, 1:3,500,000. 12.2x11 cm. Petermann's Mitteilungen, Gotha, 
v. 26, 1880, p. 49. 

1881. Territorio Argentino del Sur conquistado a los Indios Araucanos por el 

ejercito nacional a las ordenes del Ministro de la Guerra Don Julio A. 
Roca. Carta construida bajo la direccion del Doctor Dn. Estanislao S. 
Zeballos . . . para ilustrar el l er tomo de la obra: "Descripcion 
amena de la Republica Argentina. " 62 x 49 cm. 

[In Descripcion amena de la Republica Argentina, Zeballos, T. 1.] 

1882. Mapa geografico de la Republica Argentina compilado sobre la base de los 

datos mas recientes. Buenos Aires, 1882. Scale, 1: 6.000,000. 60 x 
89.5 cm. 

1883. Map of east central Patagonia. 9.6x10.6 cm. Geographical Proceedings. 

n. s., v. 5, 1883, p. 85. 

[1883] . Piano de la provincia de Santa Fe y sus colonias. 25 x 42 cm. 
[In Descripcion amena de la Republica Argentina, Zeballos, T. 2.] 

1888. Division administrativa de la provincia de Santa Fe en Departamentos y 
Distritos segun decreto de 12 de Julio de 1887. 24 x 32.5 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 233.] 

1888. Ferro-carriles y colonias [de la Provincia de Santa Fe].* 24x41 cm. 

[In La Provincia de Santa Fe . . . por Gabriel Carrasco, 1888. Follows p. 154.] 

[1888] . Piano escolar municipal de la Ciudad del Rosario de Santa Fe. 66 x 50 cm. 
[In Escuelas Municipales del Rosario de Santa Fe. Leyes y decretos nacionales y 
provinciales sobre Instruccion Primaria.' 1888.] 

1888. Provincia de Salta. Scale 1:980,000. 27 x 33 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 394.] 

1888. Provincia de Mendoza. Scale 2:025,000. 24 x 30 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 316.] 

1888. Provincia de Cordoba. 23.5 x 33.5 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republiqxie Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 280.] 

1888. Provinc ia de Catamarca. Scale 2: 100,000. 24 x 32 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 356.] 

[1889.] Carte de la Republique Argentine. 33 x 50 cm. 

[In Exposition Universelle Internationale, Paris, 1889.] 

1889. Distribution de la pluie et de la chaleur dans«la Republique Argentine. 

Scale 1 : 16,000,000. 24 x 31.5 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine. Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 90.] 

1889. The Grand Chaco, Argentine Republic, to illustrate the journeys of Capt. 
John Page, Argentine Navy. (F. S. Weller.) 15x23.5 cm. Geo- 
graphical Proceedings, n. s., v. 11, 1889, p. 130. 



CARTOGRAPHY. 341 

1889. Mapa general de la Republica Argentina. 29.5 x 48.5 cm. 

[In Geographic* de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 23.] 

[1889.] Mapa itinerario de las lineas de mensajerias nacionales. Scale 
1:6,000,000. 44x58 cm. 

[In Anuario de la Direccion General de Correos y Telegrafos, 1889.] 

1889. Mapa parcial de la Republica Argentina entre la latitnd 35 hasta 42 sud y 
longitud desde 62 hasta 74 oeste de Greenwich, con un registro grafico 
de las Gobernaciones Nacionales de la Pampa, del Rio Negro y del 
Neuquen y con las provincias correspondientes de la Republica de Chile. 
Pnblicado con autorizacion oficial . . . por Jorge J. Rohde. . . Bue- 
nos Aires, 1889. Scale, 1:1,000.000. (In 4 sheets.) Each sheet 
64x54.3 cm. 

[In Descripcion de las G-obernaciones Nacionales de la Pampa, del Rio Negro y 
del Neuquen . . . por Jorge J. Rohde, 1889.] 

1889. Piano de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y de los partidos federalizados de San 
Jose de Flores y de Belgrano. 60 x 49 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 136.] 

[1889] . Piano de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires con su actual division en 26 secciones 
de policia. 63 x 55 cm. 

[In Estndio topografico e historia demografica de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, 

Martinez.] 
Note.— This volume also contains 5 small maps relating to the city of Buenos 
Aires. 

[1889.] Piano topografico de la ciudad de Santiago del Estero . . . hecho bajo la 
administracion del Gobernador D. Absalon Rojas por el ingeniero Tulio 
Rusca. 21 x 52 cm. 

[In Memoria descriptiva de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, por Lorenzo 
Fazio. Follows p. 568.] 

1889. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Scale 1 : 3,000,000. 24 x 33 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 156.] 

[1889.] Provincia de Corrientes. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 31.7 x 24 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 364.] 

1889. Provincia de Entre Rios. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 32 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 250.] 

1889. Provincia de Jujuy. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 32 x 24 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 416.] 

1889. Provincia de La Rioja. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 30.5 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 344.] 

1889. Provincia de San Juan. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 31 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 328.] 

1889. Provincia de Santa Fe. Scale 1 : 3,000,000. 24 x 31 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 230.] 

1889. Provincia de San Luis. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 32 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 302.] 

1889. Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 32 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 370.] 

1889. Provincia de Tucuman. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 31 cm. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 382.] 

[1890.] Plan de Province de Entre Rios. 31 x 54 cm. 
[In Colonies agricoles de l'Entre Rios, Andre.] 

1890. Mapa de los ferro-carriles, correos y telegrafos de la Republica Argentina, 

formado con los datos oficiales mas recientes. Publicado por Felix 
Lajouane, editor. 1890. 58 x 98 cm. Scale 1 : 4,000,000. 

[In Geographie de la Republique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 484.] 



342 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

[1890.] Piano de la delineacion de la Colonia del Yerua de propiedad del Exmo. 
Gobierno Nacional, Provincia de Entre Rios. 90 x 44 cm. 
[In La Colonia Yerua. 1890.] 

1891. Agricultural and climatic map of Argentine Republic. Climatic figures 
and lines according to the observations of the National Observatory of 
Cordova. By Alois E. Fliess. 43 x 57 cm. 

[In Report for the year 1893 on the agricultural condition of the Argentine Repub- 
lic, Dip. & Cons. Repts., Ann. Ser. no. 1283, 1893. Follows p. 16.] 

[1891.] Piano general de los ferro-carriles de la provincia de Santa Fe. Copia 
exacta de los originales respectivos de los ferro-carriles. 27 x 47 cm. 
[In La Produccion agricola de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Fliess.] 

1893. Map of the Argentine Republic reproduced from the latest map published 
by the Argentine Geographical Institute. Scale 1 : 8,000,000. Wash- 
ington, D. C, 1893. 49 x 60 cm. 

[1893.] Map showing Dr. Siemiradski's routes in northwest Patagonia. (Turner 
and Shawe.) 15 x 23.5 cm. Geographical Journal. London, n. s., v. 2, 
1893, p. 158. 

1893. Map of the Argentine Republic reproduced from the latest map published 
by the Argentine Geographical Institute. Scale, 1:8,000,000. Wash- 
ington, D. C, 1893. 44 x 56 cm. 

[In Handbook of the Argentine Republic, Bureau of the American Republics. 1894.] 

1893. Mapa catastral grafico de la Provincia de Corrientes, Republica Argentina. 

Construido con los datos oficiales por el agrimensor Zacarias Sanchez. 

Talleres del Museo de La Plata,* 1893. (In 16 sheets.) Each sheet, 

64 x 57 cm. 

[1894.] Map of the Argentine Republic, showing the railway lines existing in 

January, 1894, with the isothermal lines and rainfall zones. 39 x 57 cm. 

[In Elementary education in the Argentine Republic. Offices of the Immigration 

Department.] 

[1894.] Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes. Scale, 1:3,000.000. 
25 x 35.7 cm. 

[In Report on Baron HirsclTs Jewish colonization scheme, Great Britain, Foreign 
Office, Dip. & Cons. Repts., Misc. Ser. No. 323, 1894.] 

[1894.] Provincia de San Luis. Publicado por Angel Estrada y Cia. General 
Commissioner's Office, General Department of Immigration, Buenos 
Aires. 20.5 x 28.5 cm. 

[In Province of San Luis, Offices of the Immigration Department.] 

1896-97. Itineraires en Patagonie par le Comte Henry de La Vaulx. Scale, 
1:7,000,000. 21x37 cm. 

[In Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris. T. 2. Follows p. 70.] 

1896. Mapa general de la Repriblica Argentina y de los Paises Limitrofes. Pu- 

blicado bajo los auspicios del Institute Geografico Argentino por el Coro- 
nel Don Jorge J. Rohde. Buenos Aires, 1896. Scale. 1: 2.500.000. (In 
four sheets.) Each sheet, 64 x 91.5 cm. 

1897. Inset map of South Patagonia. (W. & A. K. Johnston.) 11 x 11.1 cm. 

Geographical Journal, London, n. s.. v. 10, 1897, p 464. 
1897. Mapa demostrativo de la division politica [de la Republica Argentina] , por 
Carlos do Chapeaurouge. 60 x 90 cm. 

[In Segundo Censo Republica Argentina, 1895. III. Censos complementarios.] 

1897. Sketch map of the southwestern Patagonia from a survey by Otto Norden- 

skjold. (W. & A. K. Johnston.) 23.7 x 39 cm. Geographical Journal. 
London, n. s., v. 10, 1897. p. 464. 

1898. Atlas de la Republica Argentina construido y publicado por el " Institute 

Geografico Argentino." Biienos Aires, 1898. 28 maps. 06 pp. 



CARTOGRAPHY. 343 

[1898] . Limits between Chile and the Argentine Republic. 
See Puna de Atacama. 

1898. Map to illustrate Argentine geography and the ancient Pampean Sea by 
Colonel George Earl Church. (F. S. Weller.) 23.6 x 2;]. 7 cm. Geo- 
graphical Journal, London, n. s., v. 12, 1898, p. 444. (Two sheets of 
railway sections. ) ^ 

[1898] . Mapa especial de la Puna de Atacama. Scale 1 : 2,000,000. 14 x 24 cm. 

[In Boundary agreements in force between the Argentine Republic and Chili, by 
Dr. Emilio Lamarca.] 

[1898] . Mapa de los territorios litigiosos entre la Republica Argentina y la Repu- 
blica de Chile. Editado por Teodoro Alemann. Scale 1:4,000,000. 
18x100 cm. 

[In Boundary agreements in force between the Argentine Republic and Chili, by 
Dr. Emilio Lamarca.] 

[1898]. Mapa parcial de la region Andina Patagonica. Scale 1:1,500,000. 
17 x 59 cm. 

[In Boundary agreements in force between the Argentine Republic and Chili, by 
Dr. Emilio Lamarca.] 

[1898]. Puna de Atacama. 17.5x19 cm. 

[In Limites con Chile, M. A. Montes de Oca.] 

Note.— This volume also contains two small maps relating to limits between Chile 
and the Argentine Republic. 

1898. A railway map of the Argentine Republic to illustrate • rgentine geography 

and the ancient Pampean Sea. By Colonel George Earl Church. 
(Stanford's Geogl. Estabt.) 41.5x51 cm. Geographical Journal, 
London, n. s., v. 12, 1898, p. 444. 

1899. Argentine Railways. Issued by the Buenos Ayres and Pacific Railway 

Company, London, England. 66 x 86 cm. 

[This map appeared as a supplement to the South American Journal, London, 
Dec. 2, 1899.] 

1899. Limites Argentino-Chilenos. Croquis de la Puna de Atacama y regioens 

vecinas. 28.5x43 cm. 

[In La Cordillera de los Andes entre los paralelos 23° y 23° 52' 45".] 

[1900.] Mapa general de la Republica Argentina. 39 x 58 cm. 

[In Estudios sobre produccion, comercio, finanzas e intereses generales de la 
Republica Argentina, por Carlos Lix Klett. Follows p. 1696.] 

[1900] . Map of the railway system of Argentina. 6.5 x 9 cm. The International 
Geography, edited by Hugh R. Mill . . . New York, 1900, p. 853. 

1900. Mapa de los ferrocarriles de la Republica Argentina. 24 x 31 cm. 

1900. Piano parcial del Territorio de Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Scale 1: 666,800. 

70x106 cm. 

[In Memoria sobre el Territorio de Santa Cruz, por Carlos Burmeister, 1901.] 

[1900] . Piano topografico de la region Norte Argentina. Scale 1 : 575,000. 50 x 100 
cm. 

1901. Argentine Railways. Presented by the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway 

Company, Ld. London, Waterlow & Sons, [1901]. 66x85 cm. 

1901. Delta of the Rio Parana. From surveys by the Staff Engineers of the 
Department of Public Works, Argentine Republic, 1901. Published 
by the Royal Geographical Society. 54 x 26 cm. Geographical Journal, 
London, v. 17. (3d map following p. 460.) 

[1901]. Argentine Republic. 41.2x35.5 cm. Stanford's compendium of geog- 
raphy and travel. Central and South America, v. 1 . (Precedes p. 419. ) 

[1901] . Map of Patagonia. London, Bickers & Son. 21 x 35.5 cm. 
Lin Through Patagonia, by W. O. Campbell. Follows p. 96.] 



344 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

1901. Mapa de los ferrocarriles de la Republica Argentina. (Ministerio de 

ObrasPublicas.) Ano 1901. Scale 1:2,000,000. (In two sheets.) Each 

sheet 84x70 cm. 
[1901]. South Argentina. 25x46 cm. Stanford's compendium of geography 

and travel. Central and South America, v. 1. (Precedes p. 373.) 
[1901]. Atlas meteor ologico de la Republica Argentina. Primera parte: Pro- 

vincia de Buenos Aires. Por Enrique A. S. Delachaux. Buenos Aires. 

1901. 23 pp. 24 maps. 4°. 
— : Mapas de los ferro-carriles de la Republica Argentina. Formado con 

los datos oficiales mas recientes . . . Publicado por W. Wassermann. 

Buenos Aires, n. d. 6 maps in pamphlet form. 4°. 

LIST OF PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

The Anglo- Argentine. Buenos Aires. Weekly. Subscription $11.00 per annum. 
(Contains fashions, sports, and the usual illustrated magazine articles.) 

Archivos de Criminologia, Medicina Legal y Psiquiatria. Buenos Aires. Di- 
rector: Jose Ingegnieros. Monthly. Subscription $5.00 per annum. (Con- 
tains climatic observations, review of reviews, scientific articles, and bibli- 
ography.) 

Argentinisches Wochenblatt. Buenos Aires. Geschaftleitung und Redaktion, 
M. und Th. Aleman. Weekly. Subscription $6.00 per annum. (Contains 
market reports, statistics, and general information. 

El Banco y los Negocios. Buenos Aires. Director: Rafael Quintana. [Monthly.] 
Subscription $1.00 gold per annum. (Banks, commerce and industries. Ano 
1, Num. 1, was issued March 5, 1903.) 

Boletin de Agricultura y Ganaderia con las publicaciones y resoluciones oficiales 
del Ministerio de Agricultura. Buenos Aires. [Mensual.] Suscripcion 12 
pesos por un ano. (Contains statistics and general information on agricul- 
ture. 

Boletin del Centro Naval. Principio a publicarse en 1882 y continua hasta el dia. 

Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino. Published monthly since February, 
1879. 

Boletin de la Camara Mercantil. Barracas al Sud. Editada por la Comision 
directiva de la Camara Mercantil. General industrial information. 

Boletin de la Union Industrial Argentina. Gerente de la Asociacion: L. C. Hanon. 
Buenos Aires. (Contains general information relating to industries in the 
Argentine Republic.) 

Boletin Demografico Argentino. Publication de la Oficina Demografica Nacional 
(Ministerio del Interior) . Irregular. Este Boletin se remitira gratuitamente 
a todas las sociedades, instituciones cientificas, periodieos y hombres de letras 
que lo soliciten remitiendo en canje sus propias publicaciones. Issued in 
French and Spanish. (Contains demographic statistics.) Ano 1, Num. 1, 
was issued in August, 1899. 

Boletin Mensual. Direction General de Estadistica de la Provincia de Buenos 
Aires. La Plata. Director general: Carlos P. Salas. (Contains general sta- 
tistics relating to the Province of Buenos Aires.) Ano 1. Nmn. 1. was issued 
in August, 1900. 

Boletin Oficial de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires. Administration: Mi- 
nisterio de Justicia e Instruction Publica, Division de Justicia. Daily. Sus- 
cripcion $6.00 por un ano. (Contains decrees, laws, reports, etc.) 



CARTOGRAPHY. 345 

Bollettino mensile della Camera Italiana di Commercio ed Arti in Buenos Aires. 
Buenos Aires. Associazione un anno lire it. 10.00. (Contains general com- 
mercial information. ) 

Bolsa de Comercio de Bnenos Aires. Boletin Quincenal de Precios Corrientes. 
Buenos Aires. (Contains general commercial statistics.) 

Buenos Aires Handels Zeitung. Revista financiera y comercial. Propiedad de 
E. Kohn y Cia. Buenos Aires. Weekly. Subscription $2.50 gold for 3 
months. (Contains general trade notes, published in German and Spanish.) 

El Comercio Exterior Argentine Buenos Aires. Direccion General de Estadis- 
tica de la RepiYblica Argentina. Irregular. (Contains statistics of the Argen- 
tine Republic.) (Published in French and Spanish.) 

La Ilustracion Sud- Americana. Buenos Aires. [Semimonthly.] Subscription 
$10.00 gold. (An illustrated review of South America.) 

La Industria Molinera. Buenos Aires. Director: Carlos M. Maldonado. Semi- 
monthly. Subscription $8.00 per annum. (Organ of the flour and cereal 
industries. ) 

La Industria de Cueros y Calzado. Buenos Aires. Director: Antonio P. Mas- 
caro. Monthly. (National review of the leather industry.) [Ano 1, No. 1, 
was issued November 1, 1902.] 

Industria y Comercio. Buenos Aires. Director: Carlos M. Maldonado. Semi- 
Monthly. Subscription $10.00 gold per annum. (An illustrated review relat- 
ing to production, importation, and exportation in the Argentine Republic.) 

La Ingenieria. Buenos Aires. Donnell & Co., 203 Bennett Building, New York, 
United States agent. Semimonthly. Subscription $7.50 gold per annum. 
(Official organ of the " Centro Nacional de Ingenieros.") 

Monthly Bulletin of Municipal Statistics of the City of Buenos Aires. Buenos 
Aires. Issued by the Municipal Statistics Bureau. Monthly. 

La Nacion. Buenos Aires. Daily. Subscription $36 per annum. (Newspaper.) 

Suplemento Ilustrado. (An illustrated weekly supplement containing the 

usual magazine articles.) First edition appeared September 4, 1902. 

Patentes y Marcas. Revista Sud Americana de la Propiedad Intelectual e Indus- 
trial con la publicacion oficialdel Ministerio de Agricultura y Oficina Nacional 
de Patentes. Monthly. Director: T. A. Le Breton. (The official publica- 
tion of the Patent Office of the Argentine Republic. ) 

El Plata Literario. Periodico mensual, dirigido por Gregorio Uriarte y C. Vega 
Belgrano. Published since May 15, 1876. 

La Plata Post. Buenos Aires. Herausgeber. : Hermann Tjarcks & Co. Weekly. 
Subscription $1 per annum. (Contains general trade information) . 

La Prensa. Buenos Aires. Daily. Subscription $36 per annum. (Established 
October 18, 1869. ) (Newspaper. ) 

La Quincena. Revista de Letras. Buenos Aires. Subscription 20 pesos por ano. 

The Review of the River Plate. Buenos Aires. A weekly journal of commercial 
and general news. 

Revista Argentina de Historia Natural. Publicacion bimestral dirigida por Flor- 
entine Ameghino. Buenos Aires. (Contains articles relating to zoology, 
botany, mineralogy, etc.) 



346 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Revista Fotografica Ilustrada del Rio de La Plata. Buenos Aires. Director: 
Francisco Pociello. Monthly. Subscription 2 pesos oro un ano. (Contains 
general information relating to the photographic industry in Argentina. ) 

Revista Industrial, Patentes y Marcas, Legislacion, Jurisprudencia, comercio e 
Industria. Publicada por G. Breuer. Buenos Aires. Monthly. 

Revista Juridica y de Ciencias SOciales. Buenos Aires. Dr. C. O. Bunge, pub- 
lisher. Monthly. (Organ of the " Comision Directiva del Centro Juridico y 
de Ciencias Sociales.") 

Revista Mensual de la Camara Mercantil. Barracas al Sud. Gerente, Manuel 
Gerpe. Monthly. (Organ of the " Camara Mercantil," Barracas al Sud.) 

Revista Nacional. Buenos Aires. Director: Rudolfo W. Carranza. Monthly. 
(Contains articles relating to American history, social science, bibliography, 
etc.) 

Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina. Buenos Aires. Organized July 1, 
1881. 

Revista de la Sociedad Rural Santafecina. Rosario de Santa Fe. Published by 
the society. Semimonthly. (Organ of the agricultural and cattle interests 
of the Province of Santa Fe.) 

The Standard. Buenos Aires. (Daily newspaper.) 



Appendix No. 1. 

full text and amendments of the constitution of the 
argentine nation. 

We, the representatives of the people of the Argentine Nation, 
assembled in constitutional convention by the will and election of the 
Provinces of which it is composed, in pursuance of previous agree- 
ments, for the purpose of framing a constitution for 'the National 
Union, to establish justice, insure domestic peace, provide for the 
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the benefits 
of liberty to ourselves, our posterity, and to all men in the world who 
may desire to inhabit the Argentine soil, invoking the protection of 
God, source and origin of all reason and justice, do hereby ordain, 
decree, and establish this constitution for the Argentine Nation. 

PART FIRST. 
Sole Chapter. — Declarations, Rights, and Guaranties. 

Article 1. The Argentine Nation adopts for its Government the 
Federal republican representative form, as established by this Con- 
stitution. 

Art. 2. The Federal Government supports the Apostolic Roman 
Catholic Church. 

Art. 3. The authorities exercising the Federal Government shall 
reside in the city which may be declared by special act of Congress 
to be the capital of the Republic, a proper cession of the territory 
upon which it shall stand being previously made by one or more of 
the provincial Legislatures. a 

Art. 4. The Federal Government shall defray the expenses of the 
Nation with funds of the National Treasury, consisting of the receipts 
from import and export duties; the duties to be levied until I860 on the 
exports of domestic merchandise as provided in paragraph No. 1 of 
Article No. 67 of the present Constitution; b the sale or lease of 
national lands ; the postal service ; the taxes which the general Con- 
gress may levy, equitably and in proportion to the population; and 

« A law passed in 1880 established the national capital in the city of Buenos 
Aires, ceded by the legistature of the State of the same name. 

& The words printed in italics were ordered to be stricken out by the national 
convention held at Santa Fe on September 12, 1866. — See Amendment, page 366. 

347 



348 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

the loans and financial operations which the same Congress may 
decree to meet urgent national necessities, or for works or under- 
takings of national utility. 

Art. 5. Each Province shall have its own Constitution, framed upon 
the basis of a republican representative system of government, and in 
harmony with the principles, declarations, and guaranties of the 
National Constitution, which shall provide for the administration of 
justice, the administration of the local government, and the impart- 
ing of primary instruction. Upon these conditions, the Federal Gov- 
ernment guarantees to each Province the exercise and enjoyment of 
its own institutions. 

Art. 6. The Federal Government shall intervene in the territory of 
the Provinces to guarantee the republican form of government or repel 
foreign invasion; and, at the request of their constituted authorities, 
to sustain them in power, or to reestablish them if deposed by sedition 
or by invasion from another Province. 

Art. 7. Full credit shall be given in each Province to the public 
acts and judicial proceedings of all the others; and Congress shall 
have the power to provide by general laws how said acts and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and what legal effects they shall produce. 

Art. 8. The citizens of each Province shall enjoy in all the others 
all the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizenship. The extra- 
dition of criminals from one Province to another is reciprocally 
obligatory. 

Art. 9. There shall be no custom-houses in the whole Argentine 
territory unless they are national, which shall be governed by the 
tariff laws enacted by Congress. 

Art. 10. The circulation in the interior of the Republic of all arti- 
cles the product or manufacture of the Nation, and of all other goods 
and merchandise of all classes introduced into the country through 
the national custom-house, shall be free from duties. 

Art. 11. Articles of national or foreign production or manufacture, 
and cattle of all kinds, when passing from the territory of one Prov- 
ince into the territory of another shall be exempted from the duties 
called "of transit." The same freedom shall be enjoyed by the car- 
riages, ships, or beasts of burden used for their transportation, and 
no other duty, whatever its name niay be, shall be levied upon said 
articles and vehicles for passing through the territory. 

Art. 12. Vessels bound from one Province to another shall not be 
compelled to cast anchor and pay duties on account of transit, and 
in no case shall any preference be given by law or commercial regu- 
lations to one port over another. 

Art. 13. New Provinces may be admitted into the Nation, but no 
new Province shall be erected within the territory of another, nor 
shall two or more Provinces be consolidated into one, without the con- 
sent of the Legislatures of the interested Provinces and of Congress. 



CONSTITUTION. 349 

Art. 14. All the inhabitants of the Nation shall enjoy, subject to 
the laws regulating their exercise, the following rights, namely : The 
right to work and engage in lawful industry; the right to navigate 
and engage in commerce; the right to petition the authorities; the 
right to enter the Argentine territory, remain in it, travel through it, 
or leave it; the right to publish their own ideas through the press 
without previous censorship; the right to use and dispose of their 
own property ; the right to associate themselves for useful purposes ; 
the right to freely profess their own religion, and the right to teach 
and to learn. 

Art. 15. There shall be no slaves in the Argentine Nation. Those 
few who now exist in it shall become free at the very moment in which 
this Constitution goes into effect. The indemnifications which this 
declaration may entail shall be provided for by special law. Any 
contracts involving the purchase or sale of a person shall be held to 
be a criminal offense, for which the contracting parties, as well as the 
notary or official before whom the agreement was executed, shall be 
made responsible. Slaves introduced in any way whatever into the 
country shall become free by the mere fact of treading on the territory 
of the Republic. 

Art. 16. The Argentine Nation does not recognize privileges of 
blood or birth, personal privileges, or titles of nobility. All her 
inhabitants are equal before the law, and their eligibility to office shall 
depend only upon their fitness. Equality is the basis of taxation and 
of all public burdens. 

Art. 17. Private property is inviolable, and no inhabitant of the 
Nation shall be deprived of it except by judicial decision founded on 
law. Condemnation of property for public use shall be regulated by 
law, and the payment of the indemnification shall be previously made. 
Congress alone shall have the power to impose the taxes referred to in 
Article 4. No personal service shall be required of anyone, except 
when provided by law or by judicial decision founded on law. 

Authors or inventors are the exclusive owners of their works, inven- 
tions, or discoveries for the length of time established by law. 

Confiscation of property is forever stricken out of the Argentine 
penal code. No armed body can make requisitions or demand assist- 
ance of any kind. 

Art. 18. No inhabitant of the Nation can be punished except upon 
proper trial and conviction, and for charges based on laws preexist- 
ing the offense ; neither shall he be tried by special commissions, nor 
removed from the jurisdiction of the courts which, under the laws in 
force at the time in which the offense was committed, had cognizance 
of the case. No one shall be compelled to testify against himself; 
neither can anyone be arrested unless upon an order in writing issued 
by the proper authority. The defense of persons and rights during 
the trial is inviolable. The domicile is inviolable, as also private cor- 



350 ARGENTINE EEPU13LIO. 

respondenoe and papers ; and a law shall establish when and upon 
what evidence the seizure thereof may be ordered. The penalty of 
death for political offenses is hereby abolished, and also all kinds of 
torture and the whipping post. The national jails shall be healthy 
and clean, intended for the safe-keeping and not for the punishment 
of the prisoners, and auy measure which, under color of precaution, 
may tend to subject the prisoners to more hardships than are required 
for their security shall render the court authorizing it liable to answer 
for it. 

Art. 19. Private actions which in no way offend public order or 
morals, or are not injurious to a third party, are reserved to God alone, 
and are declared to be beyond the jurisdiction of the constituted 
authority. No inhabitant of the Nation shall be bound to do what is 
not ordered by law, nor shall he be forbidden to do that which it does 
not prohibit. 

Art. 20. Aliens shall enjoy in the territory of the Nation the same 
civil rights as the citizens; they shall be allowed to engage in indus- 
trial, commercial, and professional occupations; to own, hold, and sell 
real estate ; to navigate the rivers and travel along the coasts ; to prac- 
tice freely their religion; to dispose by will of their property, and to 
contract marriage according to the laws. They are not bound to 
become citizens or to pay forced extraordinary taxes. They can obtain 
naturalization by residing two consecutive years in the Republic, but 
this period of time can be shortened upon application and sufficient 
proof that the applicant has rendered services to the Republic. 

Art. 21. Every Argentine citizen is bound to do military service in 
defense of his country and of the present Constitution in the manner 
and way which may be provided by the laws of Congress and the 
decrees of the National Executive enacted to that effect. Citizens by 
naturalization are free to render or refuse military service during the 
ten years following the day of their naturalization. 

Art. 22. The people do not deliberate or administer the Govern- 
ment except through their representatives and authorities created by 
this Constitution. Any armed force or gathering of persons assuming 
to represent the rights of the people and petitioning in their behalf 
commit the crime of sedition. 

Art. 23. In case of domestic disturbance or foreign attack Avhich 
places in danger the execution of this Constitution and the authorities 
created by it, a state of siege will be declared in the Province or terri- 
tory wherein the peace is disturbed, and the constitutional guaranties 
shall be suspended there. But during this suspension the President 
of the Republic shall have no power by himself to condemn or to 
inflict punishments. His power shall be limited in such cases, so far 
as the persons engaged in the affair are concerned, to cause them to 
be arrested or removed to some other section of the country should 
the} 7 not prefer to leave the Argentine territory. 



CONSTITUTION. 351 

Art. 24. Congress shall promote the reform of the present legisla- 
tion in all its branches, and the establishment of trials by jury. 

Art. 25. The Federal Government shall encourage European immi- 
gration, and shall not restrict, limit, or encumber, by taxation of any 
kind, the entry into the Argentine territory of foreigners who come 
for the purpose of engaging in the cultivation of the soil, the improve- 
ment of industrial business, or the introduction and teaching of arts 
and sciences. 

Art. 26. Navigation on the rivers in the interior of the Republic is 
free to all nations and subject only to such regulations as may be 
enacted by the national authority. 

Art. 27. The Federal Government shall be bound to strengthen, by 
means of treaties consistent with the principles of public law estab- 
lished by this Constitution, the commercial and peaceful relations of 
the Argentine Nation with foreign countries. 

Art. 28. No principle, guaranty, or right recognized in the forego- 
ing articles can be altered by the laws which may be enacted to carry 
it into practice. 

Art. 29. Neither the National Executive nor the provincial gov- 
ernors can ever be vested by Congress or by the provincial legislatures, 
respectively, as the case may be, with extraordinary faculties, or the 
whole of the public authority, or be empowered to accept submission 
or supremacy through which the lives, the honor, or the property of 
Argentines may be placed at the mercy of governments or persons 
whatsoever. Acts of this character shall be utterly void, and shall 
render its authors, or those who consent to it, or authorize it with 
their signatures, liable to be adjudged and punished as infamous 
traitors to their country. 

Art. 30. The Constitution can be amended either wholly or in part. 
The necessity for such amendment shall be declared by Congress, by 
a vote of at least two-thirds of the members; but the amendment 
itself shall not be made except by a convention convoked for that 
purpose. 

Art. 31. The present Constitution, the national laws which in pur- 
suance thereof may be enacted by Congress, and the treaties with 
foreign nations are the supreme law of the Nation; and the provincial 
authorities shall be bound to abide by them, any provision in their 
own provincial constitution or laws to the contrary notwithstanding. 
This rule is not applicable to the Province of Buenos Aires so far as 
the treaties ratified after the compact of the 11th of November, 1859, 
are concerned. 

Art. 32. The Federal Congress shall not pass any law restrictive of 
the liberty of the press or subjecting it to Federal jurisdiction. 

Art. 33. The declarations and statements of rights and guaranties 
made by the present Constitution shall not be construed as involving 
the denial of an}^ other rights and guaranties not enumerated, but 



352 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

naturally derived from the principle of the sovereignty of the people 
and of the republican form of government. 

Art. 34. The justices and judges of the Federal courts shall not be 
allowed to serve at the same time in any judicial capacity in the pro- 
vincial courts. The tenure of a Federal position in any branch of the 
service, whether civil or military, shall not confer domicile in the 
Province wherein it is held, unless it is the habitual abode of the 
employee, this provision being made to prevent said officers from 
soliciting positions in the Province in which they accidentally find 
themselves. 

Art. 35. The names of " The United Provinces of the River Plate," 
" The Argentine Republic," "The Argentine Confederation," adopted 
in succession ever since 1810, shall be allowed in the future to be used 
indistinctive^ for the official designation of the government and the 
territorj^ of the Provinces, but the name of "The Argentine Nation" 
shall be used in the enactment and approval of the laws. 

PART SECOND.— AUTHORITIES OF THE NATION. 
TITLE L— THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 

SECTION I. — THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. 

Art. 36. — The legislative power of the Nation is vested in a Congress 
consisting of two Chambers, one called the Chamber of Deputies and 
the other the Chamber of Senators of the Provinces or of the capital. 

Chapter I. — The Chamber of Deputies. 

Art. 37. a — The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of repre- 
sentatives elected directly by the people of the Provinces and of the 
capital. Both the Provinces and the capital shall be considered for 
this purpose as mere electoral districts of the whole Nation. The elec- 
tion shall be by plurality of votes in the proportion of 1 Deputy for each 
20,000 inhabitants or fraction of this number not less than 10,000. 

Art. 38. The Deputies for the First Congress shall be selected in 
the following proportion: For the Province of Buenos Aires, 12; for 
the Province of Cordoba, 6 ; for the Province of Catamarca, 3 ; for the 
Province of Corrientes, 1 ; for the Province of Entre-Rios, 2 ; for the 
Province of Jujui, 2; for the Province of Mendoza, 3; for the Province 
of Rioja, 2; for the Province of Salta, 3; for the Province of Santiago. 
4; for the Province of San Juan, 2; for the Province of Santa Fe, 2; 
for the Province of San Luis, 2; for the Province of Tucuman, 3. 

Art. 39. A general census shall be taken before the Second Con- 
gress, and the election of Deputies shall then be made according to 
its return. The census shall be taken every ten years and no oftener. 

Art. 40. No person can be elected a Deputy who is not over 25 years 

«See amended article, page 366. 



CONSTITUTION. 353 

of age and a citizen for four years, and either a native or a resident 
for the two preceding years of the Province electing him. 

Art. 41. The measures to secure the election of Deputies by direct 
vote of the people of the Province shall be taken this time by the 
provincial legislatures. In the future, the whole matter shall be regu- 
lated by Federal law, enacted by Congress. 

Art. 42. The Deputies shall be elected to serve for four years, and 
are reeligible. The Chamber, however, shall be renewed by halves 
every two years, and for this purpose the Deputies elected to the First 
Congress shall draw lots as soon as they meet, and determine in this 
way those who shall leave at the end of the first period. 

Art. 43. In case of vacancy, the governor of the Province or of the 
capital shall order the election of a new member. 

Art. 44. The initiative of all laws touching the levying of taxes 
and the recruiting of troops belongs exclusively to the Chamber of 
Deputies. 

Art. 45. The Chamber of Deputies alone has the right to present 
before the Senate articles of impeachment against the President, 
the Vice-President, the members of the Cabinet, the Justices of the 
Supreme Court, and the judges of other national tribunals for mal- 
feasance in the exercise of their functions, or for crimes and misde- 
meanors of any kind; said presentation to be made upon resolutions 
passed by two-thirds of the Deputies present, after full discussion of 
the subject. 

Chapter II. — The Senate. 

Art. 46. The Senate shall consist of two Senators for each Province, 
elected by a plurality of votes b}^ the respective legislatures. There 
shall be also two Senators for the capital or Federal district, who shall 
be elected in the same way as the President of the Nation. Each Sen- 
ator shall have one vote. 

Art. 47. No person shall be elected Senator who does not possess 
the following qualifications : To be at least 30 years old, to have been 
a citizen of the Nation for six years, to have an annual income of 
$2,000, and be either a native of the Province which elects him or have 
resided in it the two next preceding years. 

Art. 48. Senators shall serve for nine years, and are reeligible 
indefinitely. But the Senate shall be renewed by thirds every three 
years. To this effect the Senators themselves shall decide by lot 
those who shall leave at the expiration of the first and second period 
of three years. 

Art. 49. The Vice-President of the Nation shall be President of 
the Senate ; but shall have no vote unless the Chamber be equally 
divided. 

573a— 03 23 



354 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Art. 50. The Senate shall elect a President pro tempore to replace 
the Vice-President in case of absence, or when the latter is called to 
act as President of the Republic. 

Art. 51. The Senate shall have the sole power to try in public the 
officials impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, and Senators, when 
sitting for that purpose, shall be sworn. When the impeached offi- 
cial is President of the Nation, the Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court shall preside in the Senate. No person shall be convicted 
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Art. 52. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend fur- 
ther than to removal from office or disqualification to hold and enjoy 
any office of honor, trust, or profit under the Nation, but the party 
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
and punishment according to law, in and by the ordinary courts. 

Art. 53. It is also incumbent upon the Senate to authorize the 
President of the Nation to declare a state of siege at one or more 
points in the national territory in case of foreign aggression. 

Art. 54. When a vacancy happens on account of the death or resig- 
nation of a Senator or for any other reason, the executive authority 
shall order immediately the election of a new member. 

Chapter III. — Provisions governing both Chambers. 

Art. 55. Both Chambers shall meet in ordinary session on the 1st 
day of May of each year and shall continue their sessions until the 
30th of September. They may also be convene 1 in extraordinary 
session or adjourned by the President of the Nation. 

Art. 56. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, rights, and 
titles of its own members, in so far as the question of their validity is 
concerned. Neither House shall meet to do business without a quorum 
consisting of an absolute majority of its members; but a smaller num- 
ber shall have the power to compel the attendance of absent members 
by such means and under such penalties as each House may provide. 

Art. 57. Both Chambers shall sit simultaneously. Neither shall 
have the power, during the session of Congress, to adjourn, without 
the consent of the other, for more than three days. 

Art. 58. Each Chamber may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of its members, punish any 
one of the same for disorderly behavior in the discharge of his func- 
tions, remove him for plrysical or moral inability subsequent to his 
admission, or expel him from the body. An absolute majority shall 
be sufficient to act upon the resignation of a member voluntarily 
made. 

Art. 59. Senators and Deputies, on taking their seats, shall be 
sworn to perform their duties in the proper way and to act in all 
things in accordance with the present Constitution. 

Art. 60. No member of Congress shall be indicted, judicially 



CONSTITUTION. 355 

questioned, or molested for opinions or speeches delivered by him 
while fulfilling his duty as a legislator. 

Art. 61: No Senator or Deputy, from the day of his election to the 
day on which he ceases to be such, can be arrested for crimes or 
offenses, unless when caught in the act, and the crime or offense is of 
the kind punished by death, or any other penalty entailing bodily 
suffering or disgrace, in which case the proper report shall be made 
to the Chamber to which the member belongs, accompanied by a sum- 
mary statement of all the facts. 

Art. 62. Should any charge be made in writing, before the ordi- 
nary tribunals, against a Senator or Deputy, the Chamber to which he 
belongs may, by a two-thirds vote, and upon examination in public 
of the merits of the case, suspend him from his legislative functions 
and surrender him for trial to the proper court. 

Art. 63. Each Chamber may summon to its presence the members 
of the Cabinet, in order to hear from them such explanation or 
reports as it may be deemed advisable to ask from them. 

Art 64. No member of Congress shall receive from the Executive 
any appointment for any office of honor, trust, or profit without first 
obtaining the consent of the Chamber to which he belongs. This 
article is not applicable to cases in which the appointment is merely 
a promotion. 

Art. 65. Ecclesiastics of the regular orders can not be elected mem- 
bers of any Chamber. Provincial governors are also disqualified to 
serve in representation of the Province where they exercise their 
functions. 

Art. 66. The remuneration of the services of both Senators and 
Deputies shall be fixed bylaw and paid out of the funds of the National 
Treasury. 

Chapter IV. — Powers of Congress. 

Art. 67. The National Congress shall have power: 

(1) To legislate in regard to custom-houses for foreign commerce 
and establish import duties, which, as well as the appraisements on 
which they must be based, shall be uniform in the whole nation, it 
being understood, however, that both these duties and all other taxes 
of national character may be paid in the currency of the respective 
Provinces in their just equivalent value. The power to establish 
export duties also belongs to Congress; but these duties shall cease to 
be levied as a national tax on and after 1866. They shall not be levied 
either as a provincial tax. a 

(2) To raise funds, through direct taxation, for a fixed period of 
time and in a manner proportionately equal in all the territory of the 

« The words printed in italics were ordered to be stricken out by the National 
Convention of Santa Fe, September 1.2, 1866. 

The words printed in italics were again included in the National Constitution, 
according to respective amendment, page 366. 



356 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

nation whenever the defense of the country, the common safety, or 
the public good may require it. 

(3) To contract loans, pledging to their payment the nation's credit. 

(4) To provide for the use, sale, and disposition of the national lands. 

(5) To establish at the capital a national bank, with power to estab- 
lish branch offices in the Provinces, to issue paper currency, and make 
rules for the transaction of its business. 

(6) To make arrangements for the payment of the national debt, 
both foreign and domestic. 

(7) To make annually the necessary appropriations to meet the 
expenses of the National Government, and to approve or disapprove 
the accounts of their disbursement. 

(8) To grant subsidies, to be paid out of the National Treasury to 
those Provinces whose revenues, according to their own estimates, 
prove to be insufficient to meet their ordinary expenses. 

(9) To make rules for the free navigation of the rivers in the inte- 
rior of the country, to declare ports of entry those which may be 
deemed fit therefor, and to establish and abolish custom-houses; but 
the custom-houses for forcing commerce, existing in each Province at 
the time of its coming into the National Union, shall not be abolished. 

(10) To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, 
and adopt a uniform system of weights and measures for the whole 
nation. 

(11) To enact the civil, commercial, penal, and mineral codes of 
the nation, provided that such codes do not alter the local jurisdic- 
tions, and their provisions shall be enforced either by Federal or pro- 
vincial courts, as the case may be, according to the nature and con- 
dition of the things or persons affected by them; and especially to 
pass and enact laws on naturalization and citizenship), general for the 
whole nation, and based upon the principle of citizenship by nativity; 
laws on the subject of bankruptcy, forgery, and counterfeiting of 
current money and State public documents, and the establishment of 
trial by jury. 

(12) To regulate the commerce by land and sea with foreign coun- 
tries, and with the Provinces among themselves. 

(13) To establish post-offices and regulate the national postal 
service. 

(14) To settle finally the limits of the Republic, to fix those of the 
Provinces, to create new provinces, and to provide by special laws for 
the organization and the administration of the government of the 
national territories, which are left outside the limits of the Province. 

(15) To provide for the security of the frontiers and the preserva- 
tion of peaceful intercourse with the Indians, and to promote their 
conversion to the Catholic religion. 

(16) To provide for everything conducive to increasing the pros- 
perity of the country, the progress and welfare of all the Provinces, 
and the enlightenment of the people, and by promoting industrial 



CONSTITUTION. 357 

enterprise, foreign immigration, the construction of railroads and 
navigable canals, the colonization of the national lands, the intro- 
duction and establishment of new industries, the importation of for- 
eign capital, and the exploration of the interior rivers, all of it by 
means of protective laws conducive to those ends, and of temporary 
concessions of privileges and rewards offered as inducements. 

(17) To establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court of Justice, 
to create and abolish offices, to fix the duties of the same, to grant 
pensions, to decree honors, and to promulgate general amnesties. 

(18) To accept, or refuse to accept, the resignation of the Presi- 
dent or Vice-President of the Nation, and declare that the time has 
arrived to proceed to a new election, to count the returns thereof, and 
to ascertain the result. 

(19) To approve or reject the treaties concluded with any foreign 
nations, and the concordats entered into with the Holy See, and to 
make rules for the exercise of patronage in church matters in the 
whole Nation 

(20) To admit into the Republic new religious orders additional to 
those now existing. 

(21) To authorize the executive power to declare war or make 
peace. 

(22) To grant letters of marque and reprisal and make rules con- 
cerning prizes. 

(23) To fix the strength of the land and naval forces of the Nation, 
both in time of peace and of war, and to make rules and ordinances 
for the government of the army and navy. 

(24) To authorize the calling out of the militia of any or all of the 
Provinces whenever necessary for the execution of the laws of the 
Nation, or for repressing insurrections, or repelling invasions; and to 
provide for the organization, equipment, and discipline of said militia, 
and the command and government of the part thereof which may be 
employed in the service of the Nation, leaving to the Provinces them- 
selves the power to appoint the chiefs and officers of their respective 
militias, and to enforce in them the discipline established by Congress. 

(25) To permit the introduction of foreign troops into the territory 
of the Republic, and the departure from it of the national ones. 

(26) To proclaim a state of siege in one or more places in the Nation 
in case of internal disturbances, and to approve or suspend the state 
of siege declared during the recess of Congress by the Executive Power. 

(27) To exercise exclusive legislation in all the territorj^ of the 
national capital and in all other places acquired by purchase or 
cession in any Province for the establishment of forts, arsenals, 
magazines, or other useful national establishments. 

(28) To enact all the laws and regulations which may be deemed 
necessary to carry into effect the powers and faculties hereinbefore 
enumerated and all others granted by the present Constitution to the 
Government of the Argentine Nation. 



358 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Chapter V. — The enacting and approving of the laics. 

Art. 68. Laws may originate in either Chamber of Congress by 
means of bills introduced by the members thereof or recommended by 
the Executive, but this provision does not apply to laws dealing with 
the subjects mentioned in article 44. 

Art. 69. When a bill has been passed in the Chamber where it 
originated, it shall be sent to the other Chamber for discussion. Hav- 
ing been passed by both, it shall be sent to the Executive of the Nation 
for consideration and approval. If approved, the Executive shall 
promulgate it as a law. 

Art. 70. All bills not returned by the Executive within ten working 
days shall be considered approved. 

Art. 71. No bill totally rejected in one Chamber shall be introduced 
again during the same year. But if the bill was not totally rejected 
but merely amended or modified by the other Chamber, it shall then 
be returned to the one where it originated, and if the amendments or 
modifications are adopted there by absolute majority, then it shall be 
sent for approval to the Executive Power of the Nation. If the addi- 
tions or amendments are rejected, the bill shall be sent back a second 
time to the Chamber where they were made, and if insisted upon by a 
majority of two-thirds of the members, the bill shall come again to 
the other Chamber, where it will not be deemed to be rejected unless 
the rejection is made by a majority of two-thirds of the members 
present. 

Art. 72. A bill not approved, whether wholly or in part, by the 
Executive shall be returned with the objections made to it by the latter 
to the Chamber where it originated. Said Chamber shall discuss it 
again, and if it passes it by a two-thirds majority shall send it for the 
second time to the other Chamber. If the bill passes both Chambers 
by the said majority it becomes a law and passes to the Executive for 
its promulgation. The vote in this case shall be by yeas and nays, 
and the names of the members who took part in the vote as well as 
the grounds upon which they founded their votes and the objections 
of the Executive shall be immediately published by the press. If the 
Chambers disagree in regard to the objections, the bill shall fail and 
shall not be allowed to be presented again during that year. 

Art. 73. The form of the enacting clause of the laws passed by Con- 
gress shall be as follows: " The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies 
of the Argentine Nation, in Congress assembled, decree and enact:" 

SECTION II. — THE EXECUTIVE POWER. 

Chapter I. — Its nature and duration. 

Art. 74. The Executive Power of the Nation shall be vested in a 
citizen with the title of "President of the Argentine Nation." 

Art. 75. In case of illness, absence from the capital, death, resig- 



CONSTITUTION. 359 

nation, or removal of the President, the Executive Power shall be 
exercised by the Vice-President of the Nation. In case of removal, 
death, resignation, or inability of both the President and Vice- 
President of the Nation, Congress shall determine what officer shall 
then act as President until the disability is removed or a new Presi- 
dent is elected." 

ART. 76. To be elected President or Vice-President of the Nation it 
is necessary to have been born in the Argentine Territory, or if born 
in a foreign country to be the son of a native citizen; to belong to the 
Apostolic Roman Catholic religion, and to have all the other qualifi- 
cations required to be a senator. 

Art. 77. The President and the Vice-President shall hold their 
offices during a term of six years, but neither can be reelected until 
after an intermission of a full term. 

Art. 78. The President shall cease to exercise his powers on the 
same day on which his term of six years expires, and no event of any 
kind which may have interrupted said term may ever be alleged as a 
reason for completing it afterwards. 

Art. 79. The President and Vice-President shall receive salaries, 
to be paid by the National Treasury, which can not be changed during 
their term of office. During the same period they shall not be quali- 
fied to fill any other office or receive any other emolument, either 
national or provincial. 

Art. 80. On taking possession of their offices the President and the 
Vice-President shall take an oath, which shall be administered to 
them the first time by the president of the Constitutional Congress 
and subsequently by the president of the Senate, Congress being in 
session, in the following terms: 

"I, ,'do swear, before God our Lord and these Holy 

Gospels, to fill loyally and patriotically the office of President (or 
Vice-President) of the Nation, and observe and cause to be observed, 

"Laiv No. 252 of September 10, 1868. 

The Senate and the House of Representatives, etc. 

Article 1. In case of vacancy of the Presidency, due to the default of a President 
or Vice-President of the Nation, the Executive Power will be vested in the first 
instance in the provisional President of the Senate and in the second in the Presi- 
dent of the House of Representatives, and in default of these in the President of 
the Supreme Court. 

Art. 2. For the purposes of this law each House shall ax>point its President 
thirty days before the closing of the ordinary session. 

Art. 3. The functionary called upon to exercise the National Executive Power 
in the cases of article first shall convene the people of the Republic to a new elec- 
tion for President and Vice-President within the thirty days following his assum- 
ing command, provided that their inability be permanent. 

Art. 4. The functionary who shall exercise the Executive Power in the cases of 
article first of this law, on taking possession of the office, before Congress, and 
in its absence before the Supreme Court of Justice, shall take the oath prescribed 
by article eighty of the Constitution. 



360 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



faithfully, the Constitution of the Argentine Nation. Should I fail to 
do so, may God and the Nation demand it from me. " 

Chapter II.— Manner and time of electing the President and Vice- 
President of the Nation. 

Art. 81. The election of the President and the Vice-President of the 
Nation shall be made in the following manner: The Capital and each 
one of the Provinces shall appoint, by direct vote, an electoral college, 
consisting of twice as many members as the number of Senators and 
Deputies constituting their respective representation in Congress, who 
shall have the same qualifications, and shall be elected in the same 
manner, as provided in the present Constitution for the election of 
Deputies. 

Deputies, Senators, or officials receiving pay from the Federal Gov- 
ernment shall be disqualified to be electors. 

The electors shall meet as follows : Those chosen by the Capital in 
the Capital, and those chosen by the Provinces in their respective 
Capitals, four months before the expiration of the Presidential term, 
and then they shall proceed to elect by ballot the President and Vice- 
President of the Nation. Each elector shall give his vote by means of 
two tickets signed by him, one expressing his choice for President and 
the other for Vice-President. 

Two lists shall be made of all the persons named for President and 
two others of thos^ named for Vice-President, with the expression in 
each case of the number of votes cast in favor of the respective can- 
didates. These lists shall be signed by the electors and sent by them 
under sealed envelope, two (one of each class) to the President of the 
Provincial Legislature, and in the case of the capital to the President 
of the Municipal Council— to be filed and kept, with their seals 
unbroken, in their respective archives— and the other two to the 
President of the Senate (the first time to the President of the Constitu- 
tional Congress). 

Art. 82. The President of the Senate (the first time the President 
of the Constitutional Convention), having all the lists in his posses- 
sion, shall open them in the presence of the two Chambers. Four 
members of Congress, selected by lot, shall assist the secretaries in 
counting and announcing the votes cast for each candidate, either 
for President or for Vice-President of the Nation. Those receiving 
• in each case an absolute majority of all the votes shall be immediately 
proclaimed President or Vice-President. 

Art. 83. In case the vote is divided and no absolute majority can 
thus be obtained, Congress shall make the election by choosing one 
out of the two persons who obtained the greatest number of votes. 
If the first majority obtained proves to be in favor of more than two 
persons, Congress shall make its choice out of all of them. 

If the first majority proves to be in favor of only one person and 
two or more persons are favored with the next largest majority, the 
choice of Congress shall be made out of all those who obtained such 
majorities. 



CONSTITUTION. 361 

Art. 84. This choice shall be made by an absolute majority of 
votes, the name of each voting to be entered on the record. If the 
absolute majority is not secured on the first ballot, a second vote 
shall be taken, but onty to select one out of the two persons in whose 
favor the greatest number of votes was cast. If the vote is equally 
divided the balloting shall be repeated, but if it again results in an 
equal division, the President of the Senate (the first time the Presi- 
dent of the Constitutional Convention) shall decide by his vote. The 
counting of the votes in these elections shall not be made without 
three-fourths of all the members of Congress being present. 

Art. 85. The election of the President and the Vice-President of 
the Nation shall be made only in one sitting of Congress, and the 
result thereof, as well as the journal of the electoral proceedings, 
shall be published immediately through the newspapers. 

Chapter III. — Powers of the Executive. 

Art. 86. The President of the Nation shall have the following 
powers : 

1. He is the Chief Magistrate of the Nation, and has in his charge 
the general administration of all the executive business of the country. 

2. He can issue such instructions and make such rules as may be 
necessary for the execution of the laws of the Nation, taking care not 
to change the spirit thereof with exceptional regulations. 

3. He is the immediate and local Chief Magistrate of the Nation. 

4. He assists, in the manner provided for in the Constitution, in the 
making of the laws, gives them his approval, and causes them to be 
promulgated. 

5. He appoints, with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Jus- 
tices of the Supreme Court and of all the other Federal tribunals. 

6. He can grant pardons and commute sentences in cases of offenses 
sifbject to the Federal jurisdiction, except, however, in cases of 
impeachment by the Chamber of Deputies. Before granting such 
pardons and commutations the report of the court which passed the 
sentence shall be heard and considered. 

7. He can place on the retired list with pay or pension, when per- 
mitted by the laws of the Nation, all classes of national officials, and 
grant pensions and leaves of absence in accordance with the same 
laws. 

8. He exercises the right of ecclesiastical patronage in the nomina- 
tion of bishops for the cathedral churches of the Nation by selecting 
one name out of three suggested to him for this purpose by the Senate. 

9. He can, with the advice and consent of the Supreme Court, grant 
or refuse assent to the decrees of the councils, the bulls, briefs, and 
rescripts of the Supreme Pontiff of Rome, but said granting or refusal 
shall have to be made by law whenever the ecclesiastical enactments 
affected by either action contain provisions of general or permanent 
character. 



362 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

10. He appoints or removes, with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, the ministers plenipotentiary and charges d'affaires, and by 
himself alone, without Senatorial action, the Cabinet ministers, the 
officials of the Departments, the consular agents, and all the Govern- 
ment employes when appointment is not otherwise regulated by the 
present Constitution. 

11. He opens every year, in the presence of the two Chambers assem- 
bled for this purpose in the hall of the Senate, the sessions of Con- 
gress, and gives on this occasion information to them of the state 
of the Nation, and of the stage which has been reached in the work of 
reform promised by the Constitution, and makes such recommenda- 
tions as he may deem to be proper and advisable. 

12. He can prorogue Congress when sitting in ordinary session, or 
convene it in extraordinary session, whenever a grave interest of 
order or progress may require it. 

13. He causes the revenue of the Nation to be collected, and decrees 
the disbursement of the national money, in conformity with the pro- 
visions of the appropriation laws. 

14. He concludes and signs the treaties of peace, commerce, naviga- 
tion, alliance, limits, and neutrality, as well as the concordats and all 
other arrangements or agreements required for the maintenance of 
friendly relations with the foreign powers. He also receives the 
Ministers accredited by the latter and admits their Consuls. 

15. He is the commander in chief of all the land and naval forces 
of the Nation. 

16. He makes the appointments for all the military officers in the 
Nation ; but the advice and consent of the Senate shall be required 
when the position to be filled, or the rank to be given, is that of a 
superior officer in either the Army or the Navy. He does not need, how- 
ever, Senatorial approval for any appointment or concession of rank 
he may make on the battlefield. 

17. He manages the land and naval forces of the Nation and attends 
to their organization and distribution, according to the necessities of 
the case. 

18. He can, with the authority and approval of Congress, declare 
war and grant letters of marque and reprisal. 

19. He can, in case of foreign attack, for a limited time and with 
the consent of the Senate, declare some place or places of the Nation 
to be in a state of siege. Should the trouble be merely domestic, the 
power to make the declaration shall be exercised only during the recess 
of Congress; otherwise it belongs to the latter. The President shall 
exercise this power with the limitations provided for in Article 23. 

20. He can ask of the heads of all the bureaus and departments of 
the Government, and through them of all other employes, whatever 
information he may desire, and said officials are bound to give it. 

21. The President shall not leave the national capital without the 
permission of Congress. During the recess of the latter, he may. 



CONSTITUTION. 363 

however, absent himself from the capital without such permission if 
some grave necessity of the public service demands it. 

22. He shall have the power to fill all vacancies which may happen 
during the recess of Congress and which need the approval of the 
Senate. In this case the appointment shall expire at the closing of 
the next session. 

Chapter IV. — The Members of the Cabinet. 

Art. 87." Five Ministers, Secretaries of State — respectively named 
of the Interior; of Foreign Affairs; of the Treasury; of Justice, Wor- 
ship, and Public Instruction, and of War and the Navy — shall have 
charge Of the Nation's business, and shall countersign and attest all 
the acts of the President; and none of these acts shall have validity 
when lacking the signature of the respective Ministers. The scope of 
the business of each Department shall be determined by law. 

Art. 88. Each Minister is individually responsible for the acts 
signed by him, and jointly with his colleagues for all others agreed 
upon between him and the other Ministers. 

Art. 89. The Ministers can not, in any case, take individual action 
on any subject, unless it is concerning the internal government of 
their own respective Departments. 

Art. 90. As soon as Congress meets, each Minister shall submit to 
it a report on the state of the Nation, as far as represented by his own 
Department. 

Art. 91. No Minister can be either Senator or Deputy without first 
resigning his position in the Cabinet. 

Art. 92. The Ministers may attend the sessions of Congress and 
take part in the debates, but they can not vote. 

Art. 93. The Ministers shall receive for their services such salary 
as may be established by law; but this salaiy can not be increased or 
decreased in favor or against the incumbent of the position. 

SECTION III — THE JUDICIAL POWER. 

Chapter I. — Its Nature and Duration. 

Art. 94. The judicial power of the Nation shall be vested in a 
supreme court of justice and in the inferior tribunals Avhich Congress 
may establish in the national territory. 

Art. 95. The President of the Republic shall have no power in any 
case whatever to exercise judicial functions, or take cognizance of 
any pending case or reopen or revive cases already decided. 

Art. 96. The Justices of the Supreme Court and the judges of the 
inferior tribunals shall hold their offices during good behavior, and 
shall receive for their services such compensation as may be fixed by 

a See article amended, page 366. 



364 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

law, which shall never be diminished in any way or manner while 
exercising their functions. 

Art. 97. No person can be made a Justice of the Supreme Court of 
the Nation who is not a lawyer admitted to practice in the Nation and 
m actual practice for eight years, and who has not the qualifications 
necessary to be a Senator. 

Art. 98. On the first assembling of the Supreme Court under the 
present Constitution, the Justices thereof shall take an oath which 
shall be administered to them by the President of the Nation to fulfill 
their duties, and administer justice well and legally and in accordance 
with the provisions of the Constitution. In the future the oath shall 
be administered by the Chief Justice. 

Art. 99. The Supreme Court shall make its own rules and regula- 
tions for the proper conduct of its business, and shall appoint all its 
subordinate employes. 

Chapter II.— Functions of the Judicial Power. 

Art. 100. The Supreme Court, as well as the Federal inferior tri- 
bunals, shall have jurisdiction in all cases and causes not mentioned 
m Number 11 of Article 67 of the present Constitution, involving 
points to be decided either by the same Constitution, the Federal laws* 
or foreign treaties, and also in all cases and causes concerning ambas- 
sadors, public ministers, and foreign consuls, admiralty cases, or cases 
falling under maritime jurisdiction, or cases and causes in which the 
Nation has an interest as a party thereto, or cases between two or 
more Provinces, or between a Province and the citizens of another 
or between citizens of different Provinces or between a Province or its 
citizens against a foreign citizen or State. 

^ Art. 101. In all the cases and causes above named the Supreme 
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, under such rules and excep- 
tions thereto as Congress may establish. But in the cases concerning 
foreign ambassadors, ministers, and consuls, and in those in which a 
Province shall be a party, the jurisdiction of the court shall be original 
and exclusive. 

Art. 102. The trial of all ordinary crimes, except in cases of 
impeachment, shall be by jury, as soon as this institution is estab- 
lished in the Nation. Such trial shall be held in the Province where 
the offense was committed; but when the wrong was done outside the 
limits of the Nation, and in violation of the law of nations. Congress 
shall decide, by a special law, the locality in which the trial shall 
take place. 

Art. 103. Treason against the Nation shall consist only in taking 
up arms against it or in joining its enemies and lending them aid and 
succor. Congress shall by a special law fix the penalty for this crime. 
but the punishment shall not go beyond the person of the offender. 
nor shall any infamy resulting therefrom attaint his relatives in what- 
ever degree. 



CONSTITUTION. 365 

TITLE II.— PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS. 

Art. 101. The Provinces retain all the powers not delegated by 
the present Constitution to the Federal Government, as well as all the 
powers expressly reserved by them through special agreements at the 
time of their admission into the Union. 

Art. 105. Each Province shall have its own local institutions and 
laws and shall be governed by them. Thejr elect their governors, 
legislators, and provincial functionaries of all classes without inter- 
vention of the Federal Government. 

Art. 10G. Each Province shall enact its own constitution, subject to 
the provisions of Article V. 

Art. 107. The Provinces shall have the power to conclude, with the 
knowledge of the Federal Congress, such partial treaties as may be 
necessary for the purposes of administration of justice or for regulat- 
ing financial interests or undertaking public works, and to promote, 
by means of protective laws and at their own expense, their own 
industries, immigration into their territories, the building of railroads 
and navigable canals, the settlement and colonization of the provincial 
lands, the introduction and establishment of new industries, the 
importation of foreign capital, and the exploration of their rivers. 

Art. 108. The Provinces can not exercise any power delegated to 
the Nation. They can not, without authority from the Federal Con- 
gress, enter into any partial treaties of a political character, or pass 
laws relating to the domestic or foreign commerce or navigation, or 
establish provincial custom-houses, coin money, or create banks of 
emission; neither can they enact any civil, commercial, criminal, or 
mineral codes, subsequent to the promulgation of the national ones 
enacted by Congress, or pass laws especially applicable to themselves 
on the subjects of citizenship, naturalization, bankruptcies, and coun- 
terfeiting of money or State bonds, or establish tonnage dues, arm 
war vessels, or raise armies, except in case of foreign invasion or of 
such imminent danger as to admit of no delay, and on condition that 
they give full and prompt account of it to the Federal Government, 
or appoint or receive foreign agents, or admit new religious orders. 

Art. 109. No Province can declare or wage war against another. 
Their complaints against each other must be admitted to and settled by 
the Supreme Court of Justice. Actual hostilities on the part of one 
Province against another shall be deemed acts of civil war, seditious 
and riotous, which the Federal Government should put down and 
repress according to the laws. 

Art. 110. The governors of the Provinces shall be the natural agents 
of the Federal Government for the enforcement of the Constitution 
and the laws of the Nation. 

Hall of Sessions of the National Convention at the city of Santa Fe, 
on the 25th day of September, 1860. 



366 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

AMENDMENTS ADOPTED SEPTEMBER 12, 1866. 

The National Convention enacts the following: 

First. That part of Article 4 of the National Constitution which 
reads: "Until 18G6, in conformity with the enactments of Art. 67, 
Clause I," shall be stricken out, the said article to read as follows: 

: 'The Federal Government shall defray the expenses of the Nation 
with funds of the National Treasury, consisting of the receipts from 
import and export duties; the sale or lease of national lands; the 
postal service; the taxes which the general Congress may levy, equi- 
tably and in proportion to the population, and the loans and financial 
operations which the same Congress may decree to meet urgent national 
necessities or for works or undertakings of national utility." 

Second. The last part of Clause I, Article 67, which reads: "Until 
1866, at which time they will cease as a national tax, the same being 
prohibited as provisional taxes," shall be stricken out and therefore 
said clause will read : 

" (1) To legislate in regard to custom-houses for foreign commerce 
and establish import duties which, as well as the appraisements on 
which they must be based, shall be uniform in the whole Nation, it 
being understood, however, that both these duties and all other taxes 
of national character may be paid in the currency of the respective 
Provinces in their just equivalent value. The power to establish 
export duties also belongs to Congress." 

AMENDMENTS ADOPTED MARCH 15, 1898. 

The National Convention assembled in the capital of the Republic, 
in accordance with law No. 3507 of September 3, 1867, sanctions: 

First. Articles 37 and 87 of the National Constitution are hereby 
amended as follows : 

"Art. 37. The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of repre- 
sentatives elected directly by the people of the Provinces and of the 
capital. Both the Provinces and the capital shall be considered for 
this purpose as mere electoral districts of the whole Nation. The 
election shall be in the proportion of one deputy for each thirty-three 
thousand inhabitants or fraction not less than sixteen thousand five 
hundred. After the taking of each census Congress shall fix, accord- 
ing to its results, the rate of representation, which in no case shall be 
less than the one now established for each deputy. 

"Art. 87. Eight ministers secretaries shall have charge of the 
despatch of the affairs of the nation, and shall countersign and 
attest with their signatures the acts of the President, without which 
requisite they lack validity. A special law shall determine the class 
of business belonging to each department. " 



INDEX 



Page. 

Administration of justice 58 

Agriculture Ill 

Acquisition of land 124 

Agricultural census— 

1888 Ill 

1895 112 

Agricultural products 186, 201 

Agricultural provinces 114, 121 

Area under cultivation. Ill, 112, 114 

Cereals 119 

Cost of cultivation 115 

Crop estimates for 1903 116 

Economical conditions 113 

Exports of flaxseed 123 

Exports of maize 123 

Exports of wheat 123 

Export products, value of 120 

Land laws 126 

Linseed crop 117, 123 

Maize crop 117, 122 

Pastoral industry 123 

Peanuts 117 

Progress in 121 

Rye crop 122 

Stations, agricultural 316 

Sugar cane 118 

Tobacco 117 

Vines 117 

Vineyards 119 

Wheat crop 116, 121 

Wheat market 121 

Wool clip.. 123 

Agronomic schools 316 

Alcohols 163 

Allotments, mining 160 

Amended statutes of companies . . 258 

Analysis of industries 174 

Ancient Pampean Lake 24 

Andes, territory of the 107 

Animals 33 

Animal products 168 



Page. 

Animal sanitary laws 143 

Animal sanitary regulations 145 

Application for mining concessions 160 

Area in vineyards 173 

Area and population 9 

Area under cultivation 1 11, 11 2, 1 14 

Argentine Great Western Railway . 276 

Argentine Northeastern Railway. . 276 

Army 320 

Compulsory service 320 

Footing 320 

Forts and materials 323 

Maintenance of 320 

Military districts 321 

Military port 320 

National Guard 320 

Standing 321 

War budget 321 

Award of King Edward VII 12 

Bahia Blanca, port of 269 

Banks 254 

Banks and financial trusts 254 

Banks, joint-stock 254 

Banking laws 249 

Bankruptcy 65 

Administration 70 

Assets, distribution of 69 

Assignment 66 

Closing of proceedings 71 

Composition 66 

Culpability of a bankrupt 71 

Legal effects of 70 

Liquidation in 67 

Ranking of creditors 68 

Remuneration 70 

Bankruptcy law 65 

Barometric pressures 17 

Basins, lacustrine 22 

Beef-salting factories 142 

Bibliography 336-339 

Bills of exchange law 64 

367 



368 



INDEX. 



Birds 

Boundaries, settlement of 

Boundary: 

Award of King Edward VII. . 

With Bolivia 

With Brazil 

With Chile 

With Paraguay 

With Uruguay 

Brazil, commerce with 

Breweries 

Budget law 

Buenos Aires, city of 

Area in 1869 

Arsenal 

Aspect of 

Buenos Aires Bolsa ( exchange ) 

Buildings, height of 

Buildings, public 

Central produce market 

Committee of 12 

Conveyances 

Council, deliberative 

Councilors, town 

Demographic returns for 1902. 

Department of hygiene 

Division, territorial 

Drainage 

Entries of goods (1896-1901) . 

Foundation of 

Harbor works 

Hospitals and asylums 

Length of city 

Libraries 

Lighting 

Manufactures j 

Municipal divisions 

Newspapers 

Number of houses 

Origin of name 

Police force 

Population — 

1869 

1902 

- Press, the 

Principal square 

Provincial municipalities 

Public charities 

Eailroads (starting point) 

Rate of wages 

Schools 

Situation of 

Social institutions 



Page. 
33 
11 

12 
11 
14 
12 
11 
12 
200 
162 
242 
73 
73 
76 
74 
80 
74 
76 
81 
77 
78 



74 

78 
73 
75 
82 



78 
78 

335 
74 
73 



80 

76 



Page. 
Buenos Aires, city of — Continued. 

Squares 74 

Street car returns ( 1902 ) 79 

Street car service 79 

Territorial division 73 

Water supply 75 

Buenos Aires, docks of 198 

Buenos Aires, exports from 182 

Buenos Aires Great Southern Bail- 
way 276 

Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway. 277 

Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway . 278 
Buenos Aires and Valparaiso Trans- 

andine Railway 278 

Buenos Aires Western Railway. . . 281 

Buenos Aires, port of 197, 264 

Buenos Aires, province of 83 

Buenos Aires, taxes on production 

in the province of 84 

Buenos Aires, University of 313 

Bureau of mines 156 

Butcher industry 138 

Butter and cheese factories 142 

Cabinet 57 

Cartography 339-344 

Catamarca, province of 93 

-Cattle . 140 

Cattle, sheep, etc. — 

Exports of 140 

Imports of 141 

Census — 

Agricultural 112 

1895 7 

Central Argentine Railway 282 

Central Produce Market 81 

Cereals 119 

Chaco Territory 99 

Changes in gold premium 250 

Channel, proposed 27 

Chilled meat 194 

Process 194 

Chubut territory 104 

Cities- 
Comparative altitude and lon- 
gitude 31 

Population of 10 

Principal height of 31 

Various 109 

City of Buenos Aires 73 

City of Cordoba 1 OS 

City of La Plata 108 

City of Mendoza 109 

Citv of Rosario 107 



INDEX. 



369 



Page. 

City of Santa Fe 109 

City of Tucuman 108 

Citizenship, law of 60 

Civil and commercial cases 59 

Civil and commercial laws 63 

Classification of mines 156 

First class „ 157 

Second class 157 

Third class 157 

Climatology 15 

Coast lights 271 

Code, mining 156 

Code telegrams 293 

Collated telegrams 293 

Colleges — 

National 315 

Naval and military 312 

Colonization law 298, 307 

Commerce 178 

Additional ad valorem duty . . 193 

Administration of 1 78 

Agricultural products 186, 201 

Balance of trade (1893-1901) . 180 

Chilled meat 194 

Process 194 

Comparative tables 191 

Competitors 196 

Customs duties 197 

Domestic 178 

Electric installations 194 

Foreign 178 

Foreign trade — 

1900 189 

1901.. 183 

1902 180 

Forestry products 201 

Importers 196 

Live stock products 184 

Manufactured vegetable prod- 
ucts 201 

Mineral products 201 

Percentage of foreign trade. . . 206 

Preparation of salt 194 

Principal ports 197 

Statistics 182 

Tariffs 178 

Terms of credit 197 

Trade conditions 196 

Values 178 

With Brazil 200 

Wool exports 207 

Wool production 186 

573a— 03 24 



Page. 

Commercial conditions 178 

Commercial documents 236 

Commercial intercourse 264 

Commercial registrations 236 

Commercial school for women 315 

Commercial statistics 182 

Commercial travelers 196 

Communication, means of 262 

Companies, amended statutes of . . 258 
Companies dissolved by official 

decree 259 

Companies, insurance 254 

Companies, railway 276 

Companies registered 258 

Companies, tramway 289 

Comparative tables, commerce 191 

Comparative table of railways 286 

Comparison of port dues 267 

Compulsory military service 320 

Concessions for mining 155, 158 

Conditions, trade 196 

Constitution 56 

Constitution, full text of 347-366 

Constitution and Government 56 

Constitution of navy 321 

Consumption, national 175 

Conventions and treaties 238 

Conversion foreign coins 333 

Conversion law 249 

Copper deposits 153 

Cordoba Central Railway 282 

Cordoba, city of 108 

Cordoba and Northwestern Rail- 
way 282 

Cordoba, province of 85 

Cordoba and Rosario Railway 282 

Corrientes, province of 86 

Cost of Government schools 313 

Courts, federal and provincial 58 

Courts in the capital 59 

Credit, terms of 197 

Crops 122 

Estimates for 1903 116 

Linseed 116 

Maize 117,122,123 

Rye 122 

Wheat 116 

Cultivation of land, cost of 115 

Currency 249 

Currency, paper 249 

Customs duties 197 

Customs tariff 208-234 



370 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Customs tariffs, methods of assess- 
ing 208 

Dairying. 142,162 

Data, mining 150 

Debts 246 

Debt, municipal 248 

Debt, national external, 1901 247 

Debt, national internal 248 

Declarations, articles regarding 61 

Declaration of independence 56 

Deeds and contracts law 64 

Defrayal of expenses 242 

Delta of River Plate Estuary 29 

Department of hygiene of Buenos 

Aires 78 

Departures of steamships 269 

Deposits, copper 153 

Deposits, gold 153 

Deposits, lime 152 

Depth of waters, law governing 27 

Development, industrial 174 

Dispositions, transitory 61 

Dissolved companies by official 

decree 259 

Distances from Buenos Aires, com- 
parative 31 

Distilleries 162 

Dockdues 271 

Docks of Buenos Aires 198 

Documents, commercial 236 

Domestic commerce 178 

Drainage of Buenos Aires 75 

Dredging of San Pedro Bar 29 

Dues: 

Dock 271 

Tonnage 271 

Duty, additional ad valorem 193 

Duties: 

Customs 197 

Import 179 

Specific 208 

Duties of ministers 58 

East Argentine Eail way 283 

Economical conditions 113 

Education 311 

Public 311 

Secondary 311 

Technical 312 

Electric installation 194 

Entre Rios, province Oi.' -. . 87 

Entre Rios Railway 283 



Page. 

Entries, steamship 269 

Estimate of population (1901) .... 7 

Executive power 57 

Exemption from military service . 303 

Expenses, defrayal of 242 

Exports: 

Agricultural and pastoral 

(1900-1901) 192 

Articles (1900) 191 

By articles for 1900 191 

By countries ( 1900-1901 ) 192 

Butter 194 

Cattle 182 

Cattle and sheep 140 

Destination of 188 

Flaxseed 123 

Flour 167 

Forestry products 201 

From Buenos Aires 182 

From 1892 to 1901 206 

Frozen mutton 208 

Horses 141 

In 1901 183 

Live stock 138, 208 

Maize 123 

Manufactured vegetable prod- 
ucts 201 

Minerals 154 

Mineral products 201 

Nature of 204 

Principal (1898-1901) 206 

Products, value of 120 

Quebracho wood 195 

To different countries 1S1 

Total value of (1880-1901 ) . . . 205 

Value of 179, 200 

1901 1S4 

Wheat 123 

Wool 207 

Extension of River Plate 29 

External debt, national 247 

Fabrics, textile 170 

Facilities for mining 155 

Factories — 

Beef-salting 142 

Butter and cheese 142 

Hat 171 

Match 169 

Fauna — 

Birds 33 

Carnivora 33 



INDEX. 



371 



Page. 
Fauna — Continued. 

Larger Fauna 33 

Monkeys 33 

Reptiles 33 

Ruminants 33 

Federal and provincial courts 58 

Financial organization 241 

Financial trusts 254 

Financial trusts and banks 254 

Flaxseed, exports of 123 

Fleet .". 326 

Flora- 
Alpine Prairies formation 32 

Antarctic Woods formation . . 32 

Chanar formation 32 

Mesopotamian formation 33 

Patagonian formation 32 

Pampa formation 32 

Paraguayan formation 33 

Sub-Tropical Region formation 32 

Flour 163 

Flour, exportation of 167 

Foreign coins conversion table . . . 333 

Foreign commerce 178 

Foreign postage 297 

Foreign shipping 263 

Foreign trade: 

Inl900 189 

In 1901 183 

In 1902 180 

Percentage of 206 

Forestry products, exportation of. 201 

Formation, geological 14 

Formosa Territory 98 

Forts and materials 323 

Free imports 234 

Frozen meat industry 167 

Geographical position 7 

Geography, physical 15 

Geological formation 14 

Gold deposits 153 

Gold premium, changes in 250 

Gold quotations 249 

Government 56 

Government lines 288 

Government railways 275 

Government schools 313 

Grants, patent 318 

Grasses 138 

Guarantees, articles regarding 61 

Hailstorms 21 



Page. 

Harbor works of Buenos Aires 75 

Hat factories 171 

Horses, export of 141 

Hospitals and asylumns of Buenos 

Aires 76 

Houses, number of, inhabited 11 

Humidity 17 

Hydrography 22 

Hygiene, department of Buenos 

Aires 78 

Immigration 298 

Administration of colonies . . . 309 

Advantages for immigrants. . . 300 

Colonization law 298 

Destination 301 

Donation of lands 308 

Exemption from military serv- 
ice 303 

First immigrant colony 298 

Freedom granted 302 

Gratuitous transportation 309 

Inl897 299 

Increase of colonies 298 

Inducements to laborers 309 

Influence of 299 

Land fund 308 

Law of 303 

Nationality of immigrants 301 

Private property 303 

Returns for 1901 299 

Rights of aliens 302 

Solution of immigration prob- 
lem 302 

Statistics 310 

Transportation of immigrants . 305 

Immigration law 303 

Immigration statistics 310 

Imports : 

Articles (1900) 191 

Automobiles 194 

Cattle 182 

Cattle, sheep, etc 141 

Classified ( 1900-1901 ) 192 

Coal 193 

Duties 179 

(1901) 187 

Electrical appliances 195 

Free 234 

From different countries 181 

From the United States 184 

From 1892 to 1901 206 



372 



INDEX. 



Imports — Continued. Page. 

Increase in 1901 191 

Live stock 137 

Lumber 195 

Mineral oils 196 

Natureof 204 

Principal 193 

Ratio of, by articles 193 

Special reduction in 179 

Total value of ( 1880-1901 ) . . . 205 

Value of 179,200 

Importers 196 

Indebtedness, advance payment of . 246 

Impoverished inventors 318 

Independence, declaration of 56 

Industrial development 174 

Industries, analysis of 174 

Butcher 138 

Dairying 162 

Frozen meat 167 

Iron and steel 169 

Livestock 141 

Manufacturing 162, 196 

Mining 1 55 

Pastoral 123 

Textile 171 

Wine 172 

Inhabitants, nationality of 10 

Inhabited houses, number of 11 

Inland navigation 264 

Institutions, social 75 

Instruction 311 

Public 315 

Insurance 237 

Insurance companies 254 

Progress of 256 

Insurance-stamp law 238 

Intercourse, commercial 264 

Internal debt, national 248 

Internal-tax law 237 

Iron and steel industries 169 

Joint-stock banks 254 

Joint-stock companies, law 64 

Judicial power in provinces 59 

Judicial power in territories 59 

Jujuy, province of 95 

Justice, administration of 58 

Lacustrine basins 22 

Lakes 25 

Land, acquisition of 124 

Land and property tax law 237 

Land laws 126 



La Plata: Page. 

Cityof ' 108 

Port dues at 199 

Port of 198,268 

La Rioja, province of 92 

Laws: 

Animal sanitary 143 

Banking 249 

Bankruptcy 65 

Bills of exchange 64 

Budget 242 

Citizenship 60 

Civil and commercial 63 

Colonization 298, 307 

Conversion 249 

Deeds and contract 64 

Governing depth of waters. . . 27 

Immigration 303 

Insurance stamps 238 

Internaltax 237 

Joint-stock companies 64 

Land 126,131 

Land and propert y tax 237 

Legal status 64 

License 236 

Mercantile books 64 

Mining 155 

Mortgages 65 

Public education 316 

Naturalized citizens 60 

Patent 318 

Real estate 64 

Succession 64 

Telegraph 293 

Laws and discipline, naval 322 

Laws and duties, stamp 235 

Legal labor, mining 160 

Legal-status laws 64 

Legislative power 56 

Libraries of Buenos Aires 76 

License law 236 

Lighting of Buenos Aires 78 

Lights : 

Coast 271 

River Plate 272 

Lime deposits 152 

Limits, mining 161 

Lines: 

Government 288 

Secondary railway 288 

Steamship - 262 

Trans- Atlantic 262 



INDEX. 



373 



Page. 

Linseed 117 

Live stock 135 

Export of 138 

Imports of 137 

Live-stock industry 141 

Live-stock products 1 84 

Low-water plane 27 

Maintenance of army 320 

Maize 117,122 

Exportsof 123 

Manufactured vegetable products, 

exportation of 201 

Manufactures in Buenos Aires 78 

Manufacturing industries 162, 196 

Map, railway 272,274 

Match factories 169 

Means of communication 262 

Measures 327 

Mendoza: 

City of 109 

Province of 89 

Mercantile books law 64 

Meteorology 15 

Methods of assessing customs tar- 
iffs 208 

Military districts 321 

Military port 320 

Military service, exemption from . 303 

Mine ownership 158 

Mineralogy 150 

Mineral exports 154 

Minerals in provinces and territo- 
ries 154 

Mineral products, exportation of. . 201 

Mineral regions 150 

Mineral resources 155 

Minerals, transportation of 152 

Mineral veins 151 

Mineral wealth.. 153 

Mines: 

Bureau of 156 

Classification of 156 

National school of 315 

Sales of 161 

Mines in operation 156 

Mining: 

Allotments 160 

Code 156 

Concessions 155-158 

Application for 160 

Data 150 



Page. 
Mining — Continued. 

Facilities 155 

Industry 155 

Laws 155 

Legal labor 160 

Limits 161 

Operations 150 

Prospecting permits 159 

Provinces 151 

Survey 160 

Ministers, duties of 58 

Mint 250 

Misiones Territory 95 

Money in circulation 250 

Mortgages law 65 

Municipal debt 248 

National colleges 315 

National consumption 175 

National external debt 247 

National Guard 320 

National internal debt 248 

National schools 312 

National territories 95 

Nationality of inhabitants 10 

Native races 33, 55 

Naturalized citizens, law of 60 

Naval and military colleges 312 

Navigation, inland 264 

Navy 321 

Constitution 321 

Fleet 326 

Laws and discipline 322 

Organization 322 

Recruiting service 322 

Newspapers in Buenos Aires 335 

Neequen Territory 103 

North Argentine Railway 283 

Operations, mining 150 

Organization — 

Financial 241 

Postal 295 

Organization of navy 322 

Orography 14 

Ownership of mines 158 

Pampa, territory of the 1 00 

Paper currency 249 

Patagonia 109 

Patents 318 

Application for 320 

Fees 318 

Impoverished inventors 318 



374 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Patents — Continued . 

Industrial rights 319 

Infringements 319 

Penalties 319 

Patent and trade-marks office 319 

Patent grants 318 

Patent law 318 

Paj'ment of indebtedness, advance 246 

Peanuts 117 

Percentage of foreign trade 206 

Periodicals 344-346 

Physical geography 15 

Pilots, school for 315 

Police force of Buenos Aires 78 

Political rights of Argentines 61 

Population 7 

Area and sex 9 

At various periods 8 

Estimate of 1901 7 

Foreign — 

Inl899 10 

Inl900 10 

Of Buenos Aires (1902) 73,74 

Of cities 10 

Urban and rural 8,9 

Port dues at La Plata 199 

Port dues, comparison of 267 

Port of Bahia Blanca 269 

Port of Buenos Aires 197, 264 

Port of La Plata 198,268 

Port of Kosario 268 

Port of San Nicolas 199 

Port of transshipment 198 

Ports, principal 197 

Postage, foreign 297 

Postal organization 295 

Postal tariffs 296 

Press, the 78 

Principal ports 197 

Private railways 275 

Products : 

Agricultural 186, 201 

Animal 168 

Average price of 140 

Live stock 184 

Production of wool 186 

Progress in agriculture 121 

Progress of insurance companies . . 256 

Proposed channel 27 

Prospecting permits, mining 159 

Provinces and territories 8 

Provinces of the Republic 83 



Page. 
Provinces: 

Agricultural 121 

Judicial power in 59 

Mining 151 

Provinces and territories, minerals 

in 154 

Province of Buenos Aires 83 

Province of Catamarca 93 

Province of Cordoba , 85 

Province of Corrientes 86 

Province of Entre Rios 87 

Province of Jujuy 95 

Province of La Rioja 92 

Province of Mendoza 89 

Province of Salta 94 

Province of San Juan 91 

Province of San Luis 88 

Province of Santa Fe 87 

Province of Santa Fe Railway 

(French) 284 

Province of Santiago del Estero.. 89 

Province of Tucuman 93 

Public education 311 

Public education law 316 

Public instruction 315 

Quarries 169 

Quebracho wood 195, 283, 290 

Quotations, gold 249 

Races, native 33-55 

Railways 272 

Railway companies 276 

Argentine Great Western 276 

Argentine Northeastern 276 

Buenos Aires Great Southern. 276 

Buenos Aires and Pacific 277 

Buenos Aires and Rosario 278 

Buenos Aires and Valparaiso 

Transandine 278 

Buenos Aires Western 281 

Central Argentine 282 

Cordoba and Rosario 2>2 

Cordoba Central 282 

Cordoba and Northwestern. . . 2S2 

East Argentine 283 

Entre Rios 2S3 

North Argentine 2S3 

Province of Santa Fe (Frefich ) . 284 
Railways: 

Comparative table of 286 

Government 275 

Private 275 

Starting point 77 



INDEX. 



375 



Page. 

Rail ways in course of construction . 287 

Railway map 272, 274 

Railway receipts for 1900 275 

Railway returns for 1902 275 

Railway trackage 274 

Rainfall: 

Comparative 19 

Distribution of 18 

Heaviest 20 

In Buenos Aires (1900) 19 

Intensity of 20 

In various parts of country... 20 

Yearly 18 

Yearly average in various 

cities 20 

Rate of wages in Buenos Aires ... 80 

Real estate law 64 

Receipts for 1900, rail way 275 

Recruiting and service, naval 322 

Regions, mineral 150 

Registered companies 258 

Registered telegrams 293 

Registrations, commercial 236 

Regulations, animal sanitary 145 

Religion 72 

Reptiles 33 

Resources, mineral 155 

Returns for 1902, railway 275 

Revenues 241 

Rights, articles regarding 61 

Rights of Argentines, political 61 

Rio Negro Territory 101 

Rivers: 

Argento-Patagonian River ... 22 

Bermejo River 31 

Paraguay River 30 

Parana River 22, 24, 25 

Pilcomayo River 30 

Rio Negro 31 

River Plate Estuary 28 

Uruguay River 22, 26 

River-bed improvements 26 

River Plate and tributaries 23 

River Plate, extension of 29 

River Plate lights 272 

River system 22 

River systems, union of three 28 

Rosario : 

City of 107 

Port of 268 

Rule of Spanish Government 56 

Rye 122 



Page. 

Sales of mines 161 

Salt, preparation of 194 

Salta, province of 94 

San Luis, province of 88 

San Pedro bar, dredging of 29 

Santa Cruz Territory 105 

Santa Fe: 

City of 109 

Province of 87 

San Juan, province of 91 

San Nicolas, port of 199 

Santiago del Estero, province of . . 89 
Schools: 

Agronomic 316 

Attendance 312 

Commercial, for women 315 

Forpilots 315 

Government 313 

Costof 313 

In Buenos Ayres 76 

Live stock 316 

National 312 

National School of Mines 315 

Of telegraphy 291 

Of viticulture 315 

Secondary education 311 

Secondary railway lines 288 

Settlement of boundaries 11 

Sheep, export of 140 

Shipping, foreign 263 

Social institutions 75 

Spanish Government, rule of 56 

Specific duties 208 

Stamp laws and duties 235 

Starting point, railroads 77 

Standing army 321 

Statistics: 

Commercial 182 

Immigration 310 

Steamship departures 269 

Steamship entries 269 

Steamship lines 262 

Stock exchange 236 

Stock of wine 173 

Stock raising 134 

Animal sanitary laws and regu- 
lations 143 

Arable land 134 

Average price of products 140 

Beef-salting factories 142 

Butcher industry 138 

Butter and cheese factories. . . 142 



376 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Stock raising — Continued. 

Conditions 134 

Dairying 142 

Export of cattle and sheep . . . 140 

Export of horses 141 

Export of live stock 138 

Imports of cattle, sheep, etc.. 141 

Imports of live stock 137 

Live stock 135 

Live-stock industry 141 

Sheep and cattle 135 

Soil 134 

Water supply 138 

Wells 138 

Storms: 

Geographical distribution of . . 21 

Hailstorms 21 

Succession law 64 

Sugar 170 

Sugar cane 118 

Survey of mines 160 

Tariff: 

Customs 208-234 

Postal 296 

Telegraph 294 

Technical education 312 

Telegrams : 

C6de 293 

Collated 293 

Registered 293 

Telegraphs 290 

Telegraph law 293 

Telegraph tariffs 294 

Temperature: 

Average, region 16 

Average, season 16 

Daily average difference 16 

Maximum and minimum 17 

Territories, national 95 

Territory of the Andes 107 

Territory of Chaco 99 

Territory of Chubut 104 

Territory of Formosa 98 

Territory of Missiones 95 

Territory of the Neuquen 103 

Territory of the Pampa 100 

Territory of Rio Negro 101 

Territory of Santa Cruz 105 



Page. 

Territory of Tierra del Fuego 106 

Territories, judicial power in 59 

Terms of credit 197 

Text of Constitution 347-366 

Textile fabrics 170 

Textile industries 171 

Tierra del Fuego, territory of 106 

Tobacco 117,171 

Tonnage dues 271 

Topography 14 

Trackage, railway 274 

Trade, conditions 196 

Trade-marks 319 

Tramway companies 289 

Trans- Atlantic lines 262 

Transitory dispositions 61 

Transportation of minerals 152 

Transportation, system of 28 

Transshipment, port of 198 

Travelers, commercial 196 

Treaties and conventions 238 

Trusts, financial 254 

Tucuman: 

City of 108 

Province of 93 

University of Buenos Aires 313 

Values 327 

Vineyards 119 

Vineyards, area in 173 

Viticulture, school of 315 

Wages, rate of, in Buenos Aires. . . 80 

War budget 321 

Water supply 138 

Weights "... 327 

Measures and values 327 

Wells 138 

Wheat 116 

Exports of 123 

Wheat crop 121 

Wheat market 121 

Winds 17 

Wind velocity 21 

Wine industry 172 

Wine, stock of 173 

Wood, quebracho 195, 283. 290 

Wool clip 123 

Wool exports 207 

Wool production 186 



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